Electrophysiological Evidence for Sentence Comprehension - Wings

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agrammatically. But the presupposition of this interpretation is that children, normally, process sentences the same way as adults and that only the grammatical module is affected. Our data suggest that the modularization is the final state of language development, perhaps an evolutionary optimal way of processing language data with limited capacities. SLI children do not reach this stage, not in the extent their peers do. The obtained data show how conservative the hypotheses 2.2., 2.2.1 and 2.2.2. are. They can all be confirmed since they predicted only latency shifts for relevant components. Indeed, the latencies of the P600 were later both in ‘case-chi’ and ‘tense-chi’ experiments in the SLI group, as predicted in the H2.2.1 and H2.2.2. The only prediction that could not be confirmed was the later latency of LAN in ‘case-chi’ experiment due to the fact that LAN was not obtained in this experiment neither in the TLD group nor in the SLI group (H2.2.1.). Lack of difference between experiments was not directly predicted, but it is exactly this similarity between results in different experiments which allow for making a stronger claim: since SLI children lack dissociation between different aspects of syntactic processing, they lack adult-like modularized sentence processing. Compensatory mechanisms that can be observed on a behavioral level correspond to this developmental trait of children with SLI. In this respect the hypothesis 2.3. stating that it is not to be expected that children with SLI lack only one language component (but that the deficit is more general, on a processing level) can be fully confirmed. 149
5.3.3.. The results in the light of language processing models The results of the ‘case’ and ‘gender’ experiments correspond to numerous ERP experiments in which both LAN and P600 components were obtained in some sort of grammatical violation paradigm. While P600 is usually related to either integration processes (especially if the target word is in the sentence final position) or repair and reanalysis (particularly in serial processing models), there is no general agreement in the functional analyses of LAN since it can be obtained in a number of experiments in which some aspect of morphosyntax is violated. The results obtained in ‘case’ and ‘gender’ experiment fit into the model proposed by Bornkessel & Schlesewsky (in press), a model that is of interest here because it uses some notions of RRG. In their model LAN is functionally related to establishing agreement and linking (macrorole mismatch). While the model is predominantly serial (three phases, with parallel processes within each phase), it is sensitive to the recent findings which weaken the opposition between syntax related and semantics related components in electrophysiological research in sentence comprehension (Kuperberg et al., 2006, Kim & Osterhout, 2005) especially when grammatical categories interfere with thematic relations (in Kim & Osterhout experiment thematic roles were inversed as in ‘at breakfast the eggs would eat…’ where (morpho)syntax and semantics are interwoven). Therefore, Dative where Accusative is expected might be interpreted as thematic role violation (non-macrorole instead of macrorole) with LAN as an electrophysiological signature obtained in similar experiments for e.g. Dutch and German. The same components, LAN and P600 obtained in ‘gender’ experiment can be interpreted as agreement error; again, in accordance with eADM model. At the same time it should be noted that all results that make the 150
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University of Zagreb Interdisciplin
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TABLE OF CONTENT 1. Introduction 5
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Electrophysiological results 131 5.
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How people comprehend language is o
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1.1. Sentence comprehension There i
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syntactic structure obtained by the
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this process many other factors pla
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exploring sentence comprehension re
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The major advantage of eye-tracking
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ERP waveform. Components are conven
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earlier syntactic component, early
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enzyme activity, receptors or trans
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the formulation of the models that
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and disposes the wrong one as soon
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not provide such an output. In the
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itself) is called 'pragmatic normal
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grammatical knowledge, resembling p
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components. However, the models tha
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The ‘syntax-first’ model is obv
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in which any information is process
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into brain functions that are not n
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Figure 4. The layered structure of
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Activity verbs, in contrast, refer
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step in Levelt’s model perfectly
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language functioning and (2) scores
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are included, as well (e.g. the Bus
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Binding, to be more precise) to exp
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the changes in language related com
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esearch project, as well. The proje
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2. AIMS AND PROBLEMS 58
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2.2. Sentence Comprehension in Typi
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The hypotheses can be grouped accor
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4. METHODS 64
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On the basis of the test results 6
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data collected within a group of ad
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Figure 10. The presentation of the
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The violation condition consists of
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In Croatian adjectives usually prec
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object). This constitutes the viola
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‘tense’ experiments as well as
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Phonological abilities were tested
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. In addition, Homonyms, synonyms a
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software was used. The caps employe
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5.1. Adults 5.1.1. Behavioral resul
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the processes underlying comprehens
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Table 5. Statistical significance o
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calculated by subtracting the non-c
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assigned when the verb is presented
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Figure 22. Average waveform for Pz
Page 99 and 100: Table 8 gives the statistical signi
Page 101 and 102: Figure 26. The LAN effect in the
Page 103 and 104: Figure 28. P600 effect on the CPz e
Page 105 and 106: Figure 30. The waveforms at the FCz
Page 107 and 108: semantics distinction more relative
Page 109 and 110: could, in fact, be the focus of the
Page 111 and 112: Subject: Neuroscan EEG file: adults
Page 113 and 114: Figure 38. The P600 in the ‘tense
Page 115 and 116: Figure 41. Distribution maps in the
Page 117 and 118: The results of the two experiments
Page 119 and 120: Statistical analysis reveals P600 e
Page 121 and 122: Subject: Neuroscan EEG file: chiten
Page 123 and 124: Subject: EEG file: chitensechin2_1s
Page 125 and 126: Subject: Neuroscan EEG file: casech
Page 127 and 128: Figure 55. Difference in latency be
Page 129 and 130: only relatively good instrument for
Page 131 and 132: similar words or pseudo-words. Quic
Page 133 and 134: Subject: Neuroscan EEG file: slicas
Page 135 and 136: Subject: EEG file: slicasechi2_1s.a
Page 137 and 138: Subject: Neuroscan EEG file: sli_te
Page 139 and 140: Table 25. ANOVA results for the fro
Page 141 and 142: Subject: Neuroscan EEG file: casech
Page 143 and 144: Subject: Neuroscan EEG file: chiten
Page 145 and 146: 5.3. General Discussion 5.3.1. Sent
Page 147 and 148: Croatian. In this respect ERP metho
Page 149: Figure 72. Difference between the e
Page 153 and 154: operator projection of the clause (
Page 155 and 156: Leonard’s words, of ‘low phonet
Page 157 and 158: the ‘case-chi’ experiment and t
Page 159 and 160: Six ERP experiments were performed
Page 161 and 162: corpus of data. Future work should
Page 163 and 164: - Aaronson, D., Scarborough, H.S. (
Page 165 and 166: - Bishop, D. V. M., Frazier-Norbury
Page 167 and 168: - Conti-Ramsden, G., Jones, M. (199
Page 169 and 170: - Frazier, L., & Rayner, K. (1982).
Page 171 and 172: - Hagoort, P., Brown, C., Groothuse
Page 173 and 174: - Jurafsky, D. (2002). Probabilisti
Page 175 and 176: - Kovačević, M., Jelaska, Z., Kuv
Page 177 and 178: - Molfese, D., Molfese, V, Key, A.
Page 179 and 180: typically developing peers. Journal
Page 181 and 182: - Rumelhart, D.E., McClelland, J.L.
Page 183 and 184: - Tallal, P. (1976). Rapid auditory
Page 185 and 186: - Weber, F. M., Friederici, A. D. (
Page 187 and 188: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. The proce
Page 189 and 190: Figure 54. Difference between adult
Page 191 and 192: SUMMARY The method of event-related
Page 193 and 194: EXTENDED SUMMARY IN CROATIAN SAŽET
Page 195 and 196: teorija jezične obrade (razumijeva
Page 197 and 198: (kad se događa radnja), taj se val
Page 199 and 200: eferenci. Modularnost se, s druge s
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