Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 46 - arkisto.gsf.fi

of clayey rocks were found in the drill core at the
bottom of the Bolshoy Vud’javr Lake, situated along
the lineament of the 1st order (Fig. 1, point 7).
The available geological data indicate that tectonic
zones are expressed as linear segments of disintegrated
rocks. They coincide with negative land
forms, which represent lineaments (block divides or
tectonic zone) of different orders.
The landscape features of tectonic zones are
variably expressed on the surface. The link between
the negative topographic forms and the fracture
system of the alkaline rocks through the intermediate
disintegrated zones and the linear weathering
crust explains the radial-concentric stream pattern
within the Khibiny Mountains The direct relationship
between the spatial location of the valleys and
tectonic zones is confi rmed by model constructions
(Mel’nikov 2002, Korsakova et al. 2005) allows
multiordered stream valleys to be considered as
their main landform feature.
The interstream areas in Khibiny Mountains are
seen mainly in the plateau-lake surfaces. The plain
usage of morphometric method is able to only ap-
Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 46
Landscape and geological features of tectonic zones in the Khibiny Mountains,
Kola Peninsula, NW Russia
proximately determine the lineaments position here.
In this case, the indicators of tectonic zones are precisely
identifi ed during fi eld investigations.
The most evident indicators of tectonic zones
within the interstream areas are the negative structural
forms and relief elements (graben-like gorges,
fractures (Fig. 3a) and low-amplitude ledges of
topographic surface (Fig. 3b)). As a rule, these indicators
are characteristics of the block divides of the
lowest (the 5th) order. The structural forms of higher
order tectonic zones have a larger set of landscape
features. During the fi eld investigation, the different
landscape features of tectonic zones were also
established: the linear zones of highly disintegrated
rocks in the plateau-like interstream areas (Fig. 3c);
permafrost landforms (stone polygons, solifl uction
bands (Fig. 3d)) spatially confi ned to linear zones of
highly disintegrated rocks; ground water discharges
at the bottom of the graben-like gorges and along
the slopes of ridges (Fig. 4a); the linearly localized
soil and specifi c vegetation (Fig. 4b); the fi rns forming
in ancient cirques and in the younger grabens
and fractures (Fig. 4c).
Fig. 4. Landscape features of tectonics zones on the interstream areas expressed in the peculiarities of waters, soil, vegetation: a
- ground water discharges at the bottom of the graben-like gorge, b - linear localization of the soil and vegetation, c - fi rns in the
younger graben.
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