Life_under_Siege_The_Jews_of_Magdeburg_under_Nazi_Rule.pdf

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famous of the cultural institutions in the city was the B’nai B’rith Lodge, known as the Mendelssohn-Loge XII 357. Founded on 31 May 1885, it also operated the Frauenbund der Mendelssohn-Loge. 57 Magdeburg possessed its own branch of the CV, the Centralverein Deutscher Staatsbürger Jüdischen Glaubens – Landesverband Provinz Sachsen, Ortsgruppe Magdeburg 58 and its own branch of the World War One Jewish veterans’ association, the Reichsbund jüdischer Frontsoldaten, Ortsgruppe Magdeburg. 59 The branch also included the sports group of the veterans’ association, Der Schild, which attracted a substantial membership, particularly amongst its youth. 60 The Magdeburg branch of the popular youth movement known as the ‘Ring’, Bund deutsch-jüdischer Jugend, renamed the Bund Jüdischer Jugend in 1936, 61 was also well represented numerically. 62 Of particular interest due to its role as a cultural and educational wing of the community was the Jüdischer Verein Freundschaft zu Magdeburg, established on 18 March 1928, which eventually became the Jüdische Kultur-Gesellschaft zu Magdeburg on 12 January 1933. 63 Two other organisations, which appear to have group did not feature in any of the public notices in the Magdeburg Jewish press for 1932, however, it did feature in previous years. 57 Gesetze der Mendelssohn-Loge, XII Nr. 357 U. O. B. B. zu Magdeburg, Collection D/Ma3, File XII.9, CAHJP, op. cit. Historical details of and membership list of the Mendelssohn Lodge for 1928, Archiv des Landesverbandes Jüdischer Gemeinden Sachsen-Anhalt (ALJGSA). 58 Correspondence from the Magdeburg branch of the CV to the head office of the CV in Berlin, 9 April 1935, Collection RG-11.00M.31, Reel 130, File 721-1-2845, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives (USHMMA), p. 426. 59 This was an important organisation, given the large number of war veterans in the community, together with the families of the thirty-six men who gave their lives for their country in World War One. See Spanier, op. cit., p. 44. 60 Personal interview with Gerry Levy AM (recorded), Sydney, 7 November 1996. 61 Kaplan, op. cit., p. 110. 62 Personal interview with Hans Jensen (recorded), Sydney, 14 June 1999. 63 Jüdischer Verein Freundschaft zu Magdeburg; Jüdische Kultur-Gesellschaft zu Magdeburg, Collection JM, File 11266.4, YVA, pp. 1–92. 35
een Magdeburg-based, were the youth group, the Jüdisch-liberaler Jugendbund ‘Heimat’ and the sports association, the Jüdischer Turn- und Sportverein ‘Bar Kochba’ zu Magdeburg, 64 which was a member of the German and the international Maccabi federations. Two further organisations advertised in the local Jewish press of the day, which also appear to be Magdeburg-based, were the Israelitischer Frauenverein and the Walter Rathenau-Club. 65 The remaining organisations and institutions were all Zionist-based. The Zionistische Vereinigung für Deutschland, Ortsgruppe Magdeburg also operated the Palästina-Amt Berlin, Zweigstelle Magdeburg. 66 Magdeburg was also home to a branch of the Zeiri Misrachi für Deutschland and to the Poale Zion. 67 Both Habonim and Hechalutz 68 were operational, as the youth groups also organised a local Hachsharah, 69 in addition to operating the Brith Chaluzim Dathiim. 70 Another organisation that appears to have been active was the Union der Zionisten Revisionisten, Ortsgruppe Magdeburg. 71 Whilst this discussion has only addressed the subject of the structure of Jewish cultural organisations and institutions in Magdeburg, what must not be overlooked is that within the social and cultural framework of the city until 1933, Jews fully 64 Jüdischer Turn- und Sportverein ‘Bar Kochba’ zu Magdeburg, Bestand Rep. C 129, Signatur Nr. 2346, LHASA MD, pp. 9–13, 27, 39, 47. 65 Jüdisches Wochenblatt für Magdeburg und Umgegend, 30. Dezember 1932, Nr. 53, 7. Jahrgang, ASGM, op. cit., p. 342. 66 Correspondence from Walter Heinemann to Pastor W. Lüdecke, 21 March 1935, Bestand Rep. A, Spec. K, Signatur Nr. 2429, Archiv des Konsistoriums der Evangelischen Kirche der Kirchenprovinz Sachsen, Magdeburg (AKPS), unnumbered page, one page. 67 Jüdisches Wochenblatt für Magdeburg und Umgegend, 16. Dezember 1932, Nr. 51, 7. Jahrgang, ASGM. 68 H. and S. Freeman, op. cit., 13 May 1998. 69 Ibid. 70 Protokoll der Hauptversammlung des Provinzial-Verband für jüdische Wohlfahrtspflege in Sachsen-Anhalt, 11. März 1934, ALJGSA, p. 2. 71 Jüdisches Wochenblatt für Magdeburg und Umgegend, 16. Dezember 1932, Nr. 51, 7. Jahrgang, ASGM, op. cit., p. 328. 36
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Life under Siege: The Jews of Magde
Page 3 and 4:
Chapter Five: Daily Lives of Childr
Page 5 and 6: Abstract This regional study docume
Page 7 and 8: Dedication This thesis is dedicated
Page 9 and 10: RM Reichsmark. Unit of currency in
Page 11 and 12: Bund Nationalsozialistscher Deutsch
Page 13 and 14: Jüdische Kultusvereinigung - Jewis
Page 15 and 16: Polnische Juden (literally ‘Polis
Page 17 and 18: Union der Zionisten Revisionisten,
Page 19 and 20: In Magdeburg, Peter Ledermann and t
Page 21 and 22: xxi
Page 23 and 24: Concentration Camp. 2 Prior to this
Page 25 and 26: The History of the Community until
Page 27 and 28: during this period. In 1492 an argu
Page 29 and 30: 2,356 in 1925, 20 and then dropped
Page 31 and 32: esmirch the Jewish effort during th
Page 33 and 34: possible to combine archival source
Page 35 and 36: surviving material with which to at
Page 37 and 38: In the case of reconstructing the h
Page 39 and 40: This thesis does not purport to she
Page 41 and 42: Chapter One: The Structure of the J
Page 43 and 44: immigrants. 8 Of this figure, 976 w
Page 45 and 46: Not atypically, Hemmi Freeman’s f
Page 47 and 48: one of the later versions of the do
Page 49 and 50: Magdeburg. 35 The former Synagogen-
Page 51 and 52: streets.’ 44 There existed, never
Page 53 and 54: varying periods of their own famili
Page 55: Wilde must be placed at the centre
Page 59 and 60: forms of bank deposits and fixed in
Page 61 and 62: The expenditure for social welfare
Page 63 and 64: quarter were still relatively low,
Page 65 and 66: details the financial hardship of c
Page 67 and 68: activities of all Jewish organisati
Page 69 and 70: On 23 May 1936, the Gestapa issued
Page 71 and 72: September 1938. 118 All property be
Page 73 and 74: Jüdische Bezirksdarlehnskasse on 5
Page 75 and 76: These dissolutions led to a number
Page 77 and 78: where he remained until his emigrat
Page 79 and 80: Wilde was also widely recognised as
Page 81 and 82: of synagogue sexton and was still i
Page 83 and 84: Not surprisingly, the social elemen
Page 85 and 86: every Shabbes. These people, some o
Page 87 and 88: ensure physical survival in the cit
Page 89 and 90: Regular meetings of the Magdeburg b
Page 91 and 92: temporary removal of antisemitic si
Page 93 and 94: equest and the remains were interre
Page 95 and 96: Hachsharah camps. In March 1934 app
Page 97 and 98: HAGO’s Kreisamtsleiter, neither t
Page 99 and 100: Chapter Two: The Destruction of Jew
Page 101 and 102: confirmed that prior to 1933, their
Page 103 and 104: though a local member of the SA sto
Page 105 and 106: that the number of shops willing to
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day-to-day goods and services. The
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each day and report his findings. 3
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usiness in Magdeburg is further con
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gave up the old shop and rented a c
Page 115 and 116:
cycle up there and get the key and
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professionals were targeted by the
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children Werner and Jutta. Due to t
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100 public. In addition to this abu
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102 1938 that after 30 November 193
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104 were ‘non-Aryan and enemies o
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106 be trusted. 102 From September
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108 of the Reichsbürgergesetz of 1
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110 senior civil servant failed to
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112 Reichsführer SS und Chef der D
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114 just fewer than 50% of its orig
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116 Jewish business owners, either
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118 before experienced investment o
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120 Weg 73-74. They had taken over
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122 the knowledge of the mayor’s
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124 sought by all non-Jewish partie
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126 As the application of these rac
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128 far too many Jewish organisatio
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130 District 16 instructed that in
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132 On 25 September 1935, the Reich
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134 Reichstag had taken place. The
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136 reason were to be taken into cu
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138 In further confirmation of the
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140 and snowballing effects of excl
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142 daily affairs as though life ha
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144 behaviour would not be tolerate
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146 Rellum’s depiction of the sit
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148 day the Gestapa ruled that only
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150 licences to Jews on account of
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152 By the time of the pogrom their
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154 adult level, but seldom on the
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156 daughter, Inge-Ruth, had left o
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158 Jewish friends that ‘they [th
Page 181 and 182:
160 In the instances where Jewish y
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162 from Worms to Trier over the mo
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164 temptations. 123 Even prior to
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166 Der Stürmer dedicated solely t
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168 Der Stürmer addressed the mass
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170 position of trust at the colleg
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172 instances this was for what wou
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174 article in Der Stürmer entitle
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176 other and capable of racial pol
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178 until 1938, the community felt
Page 201 and 202:
180 Dr Kulmey, insisted that Fliess
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Chapter Four: Daily Life in the Pri
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184 the Iron Cross!” The next day
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186 Two. 17 The only other opportun
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188 I went once to Wyk auf Föhr [W
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190 in order to make some extra mon
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192 were forced to, owing to their
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194 emigration. 44 Jews in Magdebur
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196 This practice of investigation
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198 countries of migration. The two
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200 elsewhere, unmarried adult chil
Page 223 and 224:
Chapter Five: Daily Lives of Childr
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204 authorities would bear no respo
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206 I went to Cheder with Hanni Wur
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208 otherwise they generally felt
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210 and/or gymnastics teacher had e
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212 Pupils were often degraded in s
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214 The duress of school life did n
Page 237 and 238:
216 By the time the mayor’s offic
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218 Jews.’ 55 The approval for th
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220 emigration, the remaining Jewis
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222 ‘Heimat’, which had renamed
Page 245 and 246:
224 hiking. 73 At the time of regis
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226 This organisation was numerical
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228 Despite the ideological differe
Page 251 and 252:
230 Jewish youth in Magdeburg were
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232 time, the demand of the two kno
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234 No, I didn’t think it would e
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236 for emigration, the Magdeburg-b
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238 accepted as a Jewess in Adelaid
Page 261 and 262:
240 A few months before I left my p
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242 the chaos and panic that follow
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244 travelling companion recalled t
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246 her mother was in 1942. 140 Thi
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248 Southampton. 154 His recollecti
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250 extermination camp. Approximate
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Chapter Six: The Reichskristallnach
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254 The majority of interviewees re
Page 277 and 278:
The Pogrom in Magdeburg 256 On the
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258 Marianne, and son, Gerhard (Ger
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260 arrests on 10 November, his wif
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262 Rabbi Dr Wilde along with the m
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264 shawl; when he realised it was
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266 ‘Elsaß’ and a paint and wa
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268 was to be completed prior to th
Page 291 and 292:
270 The Reichskristallnacht was a c
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272 were ordered to clean up the de
Page 295 and 296:
274 Australian government had recei
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276 applications for emigration for
Page 299 and 300:
278 Samuel Freiberg’s daughter re
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280 woman in Magdeburg, survived th
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282 my parents suddenly began to we
Page 305 and 306:
284 The entire community also worke
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286 premises. Expedited economic ex
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288 out of the question. 130 The mi
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290 In the wake of the pogrom and t
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292 small number of professionals w
Page 315 and 316:
294 majority of Jews in Magdeburg h
Page 317 and 318:
296 the exhibition, a commemorative
Page 319 and 320:
298 Jewish patients only on 1 April
Page 321 and 322:
300 the process of procuring the ne
Page 323 and 324:
302 objects containing gold, platin
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304 public eye became policy. Now t
Page 327 and 328:
Chapter Seven: The Jewish Community
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307 the agent for Jewish emigration
Page 331 and 332:
309 ‘Judenhäuser.’ 15 Prior to
Page 333 and 334:
311 Jews, German Jews. There were a
Page 335 and 336:
313 Interviewees also recalled that
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315 members to the community; the m
Page 339 and 340:
317 41,434.95. 42 Additionally, twe
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319 By the end of 1939 all of the f
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321 outstanding communal work. 56 T
Page 345 and 346:
323 In attempting to expedite the c
Page 347 and 348:
325 In consort with those measures,
Page 349 and 350:
327 he had escaped most abusive sit
Page 351 and 352:
329 and conducted at the premises o
Page 353 and 354:
331 bemoaned that breaches of the p
Page 355 and 356:
333 quadruplicate with the owner’
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335 community members were reminded
Page 359 and 360:
337 Riese née Kochmann had already
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339 developed a positive attitude t
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341 should not expect the school to
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343 ‘German school.’ One such e
Page 367 and 368:
345 Owing to the pervasive hostile
Page 369 and 370:
347 any organisation……I still m
Page 371 and 372:
349 little doubt that there were th
Page 373 and 374:
351 reply, on 3 July 1942, the Magd
Page 375 and 376:
353 whose name was Ilse, and Klemm
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355 was not restricted in her movem
Page 379 and 380:
357 were to lose their lives in the
Page 381 and 382:
359 labour in the city the majority
Page 383 and 384:
361 the exact procedures to be foll
Page 385 and 386:
363 normal practice and as many as
Page 387 and 388:
365 the now enlarged Reich. Unlike
Page 389 and 390:
367 commencement of transferring ti
Page 391 and 392:
369 On 26 February 1943, at least f
Page 393 and 394:
371 the city. At that time, of the
Page 395 and 396:
373 of that. They did their best. T
Page 397 and 398:
375 This approximate total figure i
Page 399 and 400:
377 approximately one thousand year
Page 401 and 402:
Conclusion 378 On the eve of the Na
Page 403 and 404:
380 spite of an effective and ongoi
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382 increasingly onerous as the yea
Page 407 and 408:
384 Nuremberg Laws, this separation
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386 inception of the Nazi regime. N
Page 411 and 412:
388 Reichskristallnacht, it was env
Page 413 and 414:
390 them in Germany; for the others
Page 415 and 416:
392 of the Jews from the city occur
Page 417 and 418:
394 who relocated to elsewhere in G
Page 419 and 420:
396 communal life in Magdeburg and
Page 421 and 422:
398
Page 423 and 424:
Archiv des Internationalen Suchdien
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their subsequent dissolutions; the
Page 427 and 428:
Individual Interviews by the Author
Page 429 and 430:
Bauer, Yehuda The Holocaust in Hist
Page 431 and 432:
Bundesarchiv, Koblenz and der Inter
Page 433 and 434:
Emanuel, Muriel and Vera Gissing Ni
Page 435 and 436:
Herbert, Ulrich Best. Biographische
Page 437 and 438:
Kundrus, Birthe and Beate Meyer, ed
Page 439 and 440:
Nova, Fritz Alfred Rosenberg: Nazi
Page 441 and 442:
Schmidt, Herbert ‘Rassenschande
Page 443 and 444:
Yahil, Leni The Holocaust: The Fate
Page 445 and 446:
Cohn, Werner “Bearers of a Common
Page 447 and 448:
Kwiet, Konrad “The Second Time Ar
Page 449 and 450:
Schiffres, Paul “Australia Bound:
Page 451:
Theses and Unpublished Manuscripts
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