Life_under_Siege_The_Jews_of_Magdeburg_under_Nazi_Rule.pdf

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Richarz, Monika, ed., Jüdisches Leben in Deutschland, Volume 3, Selbstzeugnisse zur Sozialgeschichte 1918–1945 Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1982. Richarz, Monika, ed., Jewish Life in Germany: Memoirs from Three Centuries Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1991. Rittner, Carol, Stephen D. Smith and Irena Steinfeldt, eds., The Holocaust and the Christian World: Reflections on the Past, Challenges for the Future New York: Continuum, 2000. Robertson, Beth M. Oral History Handbook Adelaide: Oral History Association of Australia (South Australian Branch), 2000. Romberg, Otto R. and Susanne Urban-Fahr, eds., Jews in Germany after 1945: Citizens or ‘Fellow’ Citizens? Frankfurt am Main: Tribüne-Verlag, 2000. Roth, John K. and Elisabeth Maxwell, eds., Remembering for the Future: The Holocaust in an Age of Genocide, Volume 1, History Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Publishers, 2001. Roth, John K. and Elisabeth Maxwell, eds., Remembering for the Future: The Holocaust in an Age of Genocide, Volume 2, Ethics and Religion Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Publishers, 2001. Roth, John K. and Elisabeth Maxwell, eds., Remembering for the Future: The Holocaust in an Age of Genocide, Volume 3, Memory Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Publishers, 2001. Rozett, Robert Approaching the Holocaust: Texts and Contexts London: Vallentine Mitchell, 2005. Rubel, Nomi Schwarz-braun ist die Haselnuss Magdeburg: Helmuth-Block- Verlag, 1992. Rubel, Nomi Gardena Magdeburg: Helmuth-Block-Verlag, 1996. Rutland, Suzanne D. Edge of the Diaspora: Two Centuries of Jewish Settlement in Australia New York: Holmes and Meier, 2001. Rutland, Suzanne D. The Jews in Australia Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Rutland, Suzanne D. and Sophie Caplan With One Voice: A History of The New South Wales Jewish Board of Deputies Sydney: Australian Jewish Historical Society, 1998. Scheuch, Manfred Historischer Atlas Deutschland. Vom Frankenreich bis zur Wiedervereinigung Augsburg: Bechtermünz Verlag, 2000. 416
Schmidt, Herbert ‘Rassenschande’ vor Düsseldorfer Gerichten 1935–1944. Eine Dokumentation Essen: Klartext-Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003. Schreiber, Birgit Versteckt: jüdische Kinder im nationalsozialistischen Deutschland und ihr Leben danach Frankfurt am Main und New York: Campus Verlag, 2005. Shatzkes, Pamela Holocaust and Rescue: Impotent or Indifferent? Anglo Jewry 1938–1945 London: Vallentine Mitchell, 2004. Shepherd, Naomi Wilfrid Israel: German Jewry’s Secret Ambassador London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984. Shirer, William L. Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent 1934– 1941 New York: Little Brown and Company, 1941. Shirer, William L. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany London: Secker and Warburg, 1960. Sichrovsky, Peter Strangers in their own Land: Young Jews in Germany and Austria Today London: I. B. Tauris, 1986. Snyder, Louis L. Encyclopedia of the Third Reich Ware (Hertfordshire): Wordsworth Editions, 1998. Spanier, Moritz Die Entstehung und Entwicklung des Synagogen-Gesangsvereins zu Magdeburg 1868–1893 Magdeburg: Verlag von L. Sperling & Co., 1893. Spanier, Moritz Über den Antheil der Juden, vorzugsweise der Magdeburger an den Vaterlandskriegen Magdeburg: O. Bendix, 1893. Spanier, Moritz Geschichte der Juden in Magdeburg Magdeburg: Verlag von L. Sperling & Co., 1923. Spector, Shmuel, ed., The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust, vol. II, Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2001. Stone, Dan Constructing the Holocaust London: Vallentine Mitchell, 2003. Strauss Herbert A. Über dem Abgrund. Eine jüdische Jugend in Deutschland 1918–1943 Berlin: Ullstein Verlag, 1999. Tent, James F. In the Shadow of the Holocaust: Nazi Persecution of Jewish- Christian Germans, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2003. Tetens, Friedrich T. H. The New Germany and the Old Nazis London: Martin Secker and Warburg, 1962. Trunk, Isaiah Jewish Responses to Nazi Persecution: Collective and Individual Behavior in Extremis New York: Stein and Day Publishers, 1979. 417
Page 1 and 2:
Life under Siege: The Jews of Magde
Page 3 and 4:
Chapter Five: Daily Lives of Childr
Page 5 and 6:
Abstract This regional study docume
Page 7 and 8:
Dedication This thesis is dedicated
Page 9 and 10:
RM Reichsmark. Unit of currency in
Page 11 and 12:
Bund Nationalsozialistscher Deutsch
Page 13 and 14:
Jüdische Kultusvereinigung - Jewis
Page 15 and 16:
Polnische Juden (literally ‘Polis
Page 17 and 18:
Union der Zionisten Revisionisten,
Page 19 and 20:
In Magdeburg, Peter Ledermann and t
Page 21 and 22:
xxi
Page 23 and 24:
Concentration Camp. 2 Prior to this
Page 25 and 26:
The History of the Community until
Page 27 and 28:
during this period. In 1492 an argu
Page 29 and 30:
2,356 in 1925, 20 and then dropped
Page 31 and 32:
esmirch the Jewish effort during th
Page 33 and 34:
possible to combine archival source
Page 35 and 36:
surviving material with which to at
Page 37 and 38:
In the case of reconstructing the h
Page 39 and 40:
This thesis does not purport to she
Page 41 and 42:
Chapter One: The Structure of the J
Page 43 and 44:
immigrants. 8 Of this figure, 976 w
Page 45 and 46:
Not atypically, Hemmi Freeman’s f
Page 47 and 48:
one of the later versions of the do
Page 49 and 50:
Magdeburg. 35 The former Synagogen-
Page 51 and 52:
streets.’ 44 There existed, never
Page 53 and 54:
varying periods of their own famili
Page 55 and 56:
Wilde must be placed at the centre
Page 57 and 58:
een Magdeburg-based, were the youth
Page 59 and 60:
forms of bank deposits and fixed in
Page 61 and 62:
The expenditure for social welfare
Page 63 and 64:
quarter were still relatively low,
Page 65 and 66:
details the financial hardship of c
Page 67 and 68:
activities of all Jewish organisati
Page 69 and 70:
On 23 May 1936, the Gestapa issued
Page 71 and 72:
September 1938. 118 All property be
Page 73 and 74:
Jüdische Bezirksdarlehnskasse on 5
Page 75 and 76:
These dissolutions led to a number
Page 77 and 78:
where he remained until his emigrat
Page 79 and 80:
Wilde was also widely recognised as
Page 81 and 82:
of synagogue sexton and was still i
Page 83 and 84:
Not surprisingly, the social elemen
Page 85 and 86:
every Shabbes. These people, some o
Page 87 and 88:
ensure physical survival in the cit
Page 89 and 90:
Regular meetings of the Magdeburg b
Page 91 and 92:
temporary removal of antisemitic si
Page 93 and 94:
equest and the remains were interre
Page 95 and 96:
Hachsharah camps. In March 1934 app
Page 97 and 98:
HAGO’s Kreisamtsleiter, neither t
Page 99 and 100:
Chapter Two: The Destruction of Jew
Page 101 and 102:
confirmed that prior to 1933, their
Page 103 and 104:
though a local member of the SA sto
Page 105 and 106:
that the number of shops willing to
Page 107 and 108:
day-to-day goods and services. The
Page 109 and 110:
each day and report his findings. 3
Page 111 and 112:
usiness in Magdeburg is further con
Page 113 and 114:
gave up the old shop and rented a c
Page 115 and 116:
cycle up there and get the key and
Page 117 and 118:
professionals were targeted by the
Page 119 and 120:
children Werner and Jutta. Due to t
Page 121 and 122:
100 public. In addition to this abu
Page 123 and 124:
102 1938 that after 30 November 193
Page 125 and 126:
104 were ‘non-Aryan and enemies o
Page 127 and 128:
106 be trusted. 102 From September
Page 129 and 130:
108 of the Reichsbürgergesetz of 1
Page 131 and 132:
110 senior civil servant failed to
Page 133 and 134:
112 Reichsführer SS und Chef der D
Page 135 and 136:
114 just fewer than 50% of its orig
Page 137 and 138:
116 Jewish business owners, either
Page 139 and 140:
118 before experienced investment o
Page 141 and 142:
120 Weg 73-74. They had taken over
Page 143 and 144:
122 the knowledge of the mayor’s
Page 145 and 146:
124 sought by all non-Jewish partie
Page 147 and 148:
126 As the application of these rac
Page 149 and 150:
128 far too many Jewish organisatio
Page 151 and 152:
130 District 16 instructed that in
Page 153 and 154:
132 On 25 September 1935, the Reich
Page 155 and 156:
134 Reichstag had taken place. The
Page 157 and 158:
136 reason were to be taken into cu
Page 159 and 160:
138 In further confirmation of the
Page 161 and 162:
140 and snowballing effects of excl
Page 163 and 164:
142 daily affairs as though life ha
Page 165 and 166:
144 behaviour would not be tolerate
Page 167 and 168:
146 Rellum’s depiction of the sit
Page 169 and 170:
148 day the Gestapa ruled that only
Page 171 and 172:
150 licences to Jews on account of
Page 173 and 174:
152 By the time of the pogrom their
Page 175 and 176:
154 adult level, but seldom on the
Page 177 and 178:
156 daughter, Inge-Ruth, had left o
Page 179 and 180:
158 Jewish friends that ‘they [th
Page 181 and 182:
160 In the instances where Jewish y
Page 183 and 184:
162 from Worms to Trier over the mo
Page 185 and 186:
164 temptations. 123 Even prior to
Page 187 and 188:
166 Der Stürmer dedicated solely t
Page 189 and 190:
168 Der Stürmer addressed the mass
Page 191 and 192:
170 position of trust at the colleg
Page 193 and 194:
172 instances this was for what wou
Page 195 and 196:
174 article in Der Stürmer entitle
Page 197 and 198:
176 other and capable of racial pol
Page 199 and 200:
178 until 1938, the community felt
Page 201 and 202:
180 Dr Kulmey, insisted that Fliess
Page 203 and 204:
Chapter Four: Daily Life in the Pri
Page 205 and 206:
184 the Iron Cross!” The next day
Page 207 and 208:
186 Two. 17 The only other opportun
Page 209 and 210:
188 I went once to Wyk auf Föhr [W
Page 211 and 212:
190 in order to make some extra mon
Page 213 and 214:
192 were forced to, owing to their
Page 215 and 216:
194 emigration. 44 Jews in Magdebur
Page 217 and 218:
196 This practice of investigation
Page 219 and 220:
198 countries of migration. The two
Page 221 and 222:
200 elsewhere, unmarried adult chil
Page 223 and 224:
Chapter Five: Daily Lives of Childr
Page 225 and 226:
204 authorities would bear no respo
Page 227 and 228:
206 I went to Cheder with Hanni Wur
Page 229 and 230:
208 otherwise they generally felt
Page 231 and 232:
210 and/or gymnastics teacher had e
Page 233 and 234:
212 Pupils were often degraded in s
Page 235 and 236:
214 The duress of school life did n
Page 237 and 238:
216 By the time the mayor’s offic
Page 239 and 240:
218 Jews.’ 55 The approval for th
Page 241 and 242:
220 emigration, the remaining Jewis
Page 243 and 244:
222 ‘Heimat’, which had renamed
Page 245 and 246:
224 hiking. 73 At the time of regis
Page 247 and 248:
226 This organisation was numerical
Page 249 and 250:
228 Despite the ideological differe
Page 251 and 252:
230 Jewish youth in Magdeburg were
Page 253 and 254:
232 time, the demand of the two kno
Page 255 and 256:
234 No, I didn’t think it would e
Page 257 and 258:
236 for emigration, the Magdeburg-b
Page 259 and 260:
238 accepted as a Jewess in Adelaid
Page 261 and 262:
240 A few months before I left my p
Page 263 and 264:
242 the chaos and panic that follow
Page 265 and 266:
244 travelling companion recalled t
Page 267 and 268:
246 her mother was in 1942. 140 Thi
Page 269 and 270:
248 Southampton. 154 His recollecti
Page 271 and 272:
250 extermination camp. Approximate
Page 273 and 274:
Chapter Six: The Reichskristallnach
Page 275 and 276:
254 The majority of interviewees re
Page 277 and 278:
The Pogrom in Magdeburg 256 On the
Page 279 and 280:
258 Marianne, and son, Gerhard (Ger
Page 281 and 282:
260 arrests on 10 November, his wif
Page 283 and 284:
262 Rabbi Dr Wilde along with the m
Page 285 and 286:
264 shawl; when he realised it was
Page 287 and 288:
266 ‘Elsaß’ and a paint and wa
Page 289 and 290:
268 was to be completed prior to th
Page 291 and 292:
270 The Reichskristallnacht was a c
Page 293 and 294:
272 were ordered to clean up the de
Page 295 and 296:
274 Australian government had recei
Page 297 and 298:
276 applications for emigration for
Page 299 and 300:
278 Samuel Freiberg’s daughter re
Page 301 and 302:
280 woman in Magdeburg, survived th
Page 303 and 304:
282 my parents suddenly began to we
Page 305 and 306:
284 The entire community also worke
Page 307 and 308:
286 premises. Expedited economic ex
Page 309 and 310:
288 out of the question. 130 The mi
Page 311 and 312:
290 In the wake of the pogrom and t
Page 313 and 314:
292 small number of professionals w
Page 315 and 316:
294 majority of Jews in Magdeburg h
Page 317 and 318:
296 the exhibition, a commemorative
Page 319 and 320:
298 Jewish patients only on 1 April
Page 321 and 322:
300 the process of procuring the ne
Page 323 and 324:
302 objects containing gold, platin
Page 325 and 326:
304 public eye became policy. Now t
Page 327 and 328:
Chapter Seven: The Jewish Community
Page 329 and 330:
307 the agent for Jewish emigration
Page 331 and 332:
309 ‘Judenhäuser.’ 15 Prior to
Page 333 and 334:
311 Jews, German Jews. There were a
Page 335 and 336:
313 Interviewees also recalled that
Page 337 and 338:
315 members to the community; the m
Page 339 and 340:
317 41,434.95. 42 Additionally, twe
Page 341 and 342:
319 By the end of 1939 all of the f
Page 343 and 344:
321 outstanding communal work. 56 T
Page 345 and 346:
323 In attempting to expedite the c
Page 347 and 348:
325 In consort with those measures,
Page 349 and 350:
327 he had escaped most abusive sit
Page 351 and 352:
329 and conducted at the premises o
Page 353 and 354:
331 bemoaned that breaches of the p
Page 355 and 356:
333 quadruplicate with the owner’
Page 357 and 358:
335 community members were reminded
Page 359 and 360:
337 Riese née Kochmann had already
Page 361 and 362:
339 developed a positive attitude t
Page 363 and 364:
341 should not expect the school to
Page 365 and 366:
343 ‘German school.’ One such e
Page 367 and 368:
345 Owing to the pervasive hostile
Page 369 and 370:
347 any organisation……I still m
Page 371 and 372:
349 little doubt that there were th
Page 373 and 374:
351 reply, on 3 July 1942, the Magd
Page 375 and 376:
353 whose name was Ilse, and Klemm
Page 377 and 378:
355 was not restricted in her movem
Page 379 and 380:
357 were to lose their lives in the
Page 381 and 382:
359 labour in the city the majority
Page 383 and 384:
361 the exact procedures to be foll
Page 385 and 386:
363 normal practice and as many as
Page 387 and 388:
365 the now enlarged Reich. Unlike
Page 389 and 390: 367 commencement of transferring ti
Page 391 and 392: 369 On 26 February 1943, at least f
Page 393 and 394: 371 the city. At that time, of the
Page 395 and 396: 373 of that. They did their best. T
Page 397 and 398: 375 This approximate total figure i
Page 399 and 400: 377 approximately one thousand year
Page 401 and 402: Conclusion 378 On the eve of the Na
Page 403 and 404: 380 spite of an effective and ongoi
Page 405 and 406: 382 increasingly onerous as the yea
Page 407 and 408: 384 Nuremberg Laws, this separation
Page 409 and 410: 386 inception of the Nazi regime. N
Page 411 and 412: 388 Reichskristallnacht, it was env
Page 413 and 414: 390 them in Germany; for the others
Page 415 and 416: 392 of the Jews from the city occur
Page 417 and 418: 394 who relocated to elsewhere in G
Page 419 and 420: 396 communal life in Magdeburg and
Page 421 and 422: 398
Page 423 and 424: Archiv des Internationalen Suchdien
Page 425 and 426: their subsequent dissolutions; the
Page 427 and 428: Individual Interviews by the Author
Page 429 and 430: Bauer, Yehuda The Holocaust in Hist
Page 431 and 432: Bundesarchiv, Koblenz and der Inter
Page 433 and 434: Emanuel, Muriel and Vera Gissing Ni
Page 435 and 436: Herbert, Ulrich Best. Biographische
Page 437 and 438: Kundrus, Birthe and Beate Meyer, ed
Page 439: Nova, Fritz Alfred Rosenberg: Nazi
Page 443 and 444: Yahil, Leni The Holocaust: The Fate
Page 445 and 446: Cohn, Werner “Bearers of a Common
Page 447 and 448: Kwiet, Konrad “The Second Time Ar
Page 449 and 450: Schiffres, Paul “Australia Bound:
Page 451: Theses and Unpublished Manuscripts
show all

Life_under_Siege_The_Jews_of_Magdeburg_under_Nazi_Rule.pdf

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?