Life_under_Siege_The_Jews_of_Magdeburg_under_Nazi_Rule.pdf

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Kahane, Charlotte Rescue and Abandonment: The Complex Fate of Jews in Nazi Germany Melbourne: Scribe Publications, 1999. Kaplan, Marion A. Between Dignity and Despair: Jewish Life in Nazi Germany New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Kaplan, Marion A., ed., Jewish Daily Life in Germany, 1618–1945 Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Kaplan, Marion A. and Beate Meyer, eds., Jüdische Welten. Juden in Deutschland vom 18. Jahrhundert bis in die Gegenwart Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, 2005. Kärgling, Karlheinz, ed., Jüdisches Kult- und Kulturgut: Spuren zur Geschichte der Juden in Magdeburg Magdeburg: Buch- und Offsetdruckerei Max Schlutius, 1992. Kaufmann, Jonathan A Hole in the Heart of the World: Being Jewish in Eastern Europe New York: Viking, 1997. Kaufmann, Uri R., ed., Jüdisches Leben heute in Deutschland Bonn: Inter Nationes, 1993. Keilson, Hans Sequentielle Traumatisierung bei Kindern: Untersuchung zum Schicksal jüdischer Kriegswaisen Frankfurt am Main: Psychosozial-Verlag, 2005. Klemperer, Victor I Shall Bear Witness: The Diaries of Victor Klemperer 1933– 41 London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1998. Klemperer, Victor To The Bitter End: The Diaries of Victor Klemperer 1942–45 London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1999. Klemperer, Victor The Language of the Third Reich London and New York: Continuum, 2000. Klevan, Avraham, ed., Jewish Communities Destroyed in the Holocaust Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1982. Koelbl, Herlinde Jüdische Portraits: Photographien und Interviews Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer Verlag, 1989. Koehn, Ilse Mischling, Second Degree: My Childhood in Nazi Germany London: Hamish Hamilton, 1977. Kohl, Christiane Der Jude und das Mädchen. Eine verbotene Freundschaft in Nazideutschland München: Wilhelm Goldmann Verlag, 1999. Kolinsky, Eva After the Holocaust: Jewish Survivors in Germany after 1945 London: Pimlico, 2004. 412
Kundrus, Birthe and Beate Meyer, eds., Die Deportationen der Juden aus Deutschland: Pläne-Praxis-Reaktionen, 1938–1945 Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, 2004. Kuntze, Günter Juden in Schönebeck Calbe: Helmuth-Block-Verlag, 1991. Kuntze, Günter Unter aufgehobenen Rechten Magdeburg: Helmuth-Block-Verlag, 1992. Kurlansky, Mark A Chosen Few: The Resurrection of European Jewry New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1995. Kwiet, Konrad, ed., From Emancipation to the Holocaust: Essays on Jewish Literature and History in Central Europe Sydney: Faculty of Arts, The University of New South Wales, 1987. Kwiet, Konrad and Helmut Eschwege Selbstbehauptung und Widerstand: Deutsche Juden im Kampf um Existenz und Menschenwürde 1933–1945 Hamburg: Christians-Verlag, 1984. Kwiet, Konrad and Jürgen Matthäus, eds., Contemporary Responses to the Holocaust Westport, Connecticut and London: Praeger, 2004. Kwiet, Konrad and John A. Moses, eds., On Being a German-Jewish Refugee in Australia: Experiences and Studies. Special Issue of the Australian Journal of Politics and History, vol. 31, number 1, Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1985. Labouvie, Eva, ed., Leben in der Stadt. Eine Kultur- und Geschlechtergeschichte Magdeburgs Köln, Weimar und Wien: Böhlau Verlag, 2005. Landesverband Jüdischer Gemeinden Sachsen-Anhalt, ed., Geschichte jüdischer Gemeinden in Sachsen-Anhalt: Versuch einer Erinnerung Wernigerode: Oemler Verlag, 1997. Laqueur, Walter Geboren in Deutschland. Der Exodus der jüdischen Jugend nach 1933 Berlin und München: Propyläen Verlag, 2000. Levi, Neil and Michael Rothberg, eds., The Holocaust: Theoretical Readings Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2003. Liptzin, Solomon Germany’s Stepchildren Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1944. Lowenthal, Martin The Jews of Germany: A Story of Sixteen Centuries Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1939. Löwith, Karl My Life in Germany Before and After 1933: A Report Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994. 413
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Life under Siege: The Jews of Magde
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Chapter Five: Daily Lives of Childr
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Abstract This regional study docume
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Dedication This thesis is dedicated
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RM Reichsmark. Unit of currency in
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Bund Nationalsozialistscher Deutsch
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Jüdische Kultusvereinigung - Jewis
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Polnische Juden (literally ‘Polis
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Union der Zionisten Revisionisten,
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In Magdeburg, Peter Ledermann and t
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xxi
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Concentration Camp. 2 Prior to this
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The History of the Community until
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during this period. In 1492 an argu
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2,356 in 1925, 20 and then dropped
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esmirch the Jewish effort during th
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possible to combine archival source
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surviving material with which to at
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In the case of reconstructing the h
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This thesis does not purport to she
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Chapter One: The Structure of the J
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immigrants. 8 Of this figure, 976 w
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Not atypically, Hemmi Freeman’s f
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one of the later versions of the do
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Magdeburg. 35 The former Synagogen-
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streets.’ 44 There existed, never
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varying periods of their own famili
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Wilde must be placed at the centre
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een Magdeburg-based, were the youth
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forms of bank deposits and fixed in
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The expenditure for social welfare
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quarter were still relatively low,
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details the financial hardship of c
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activities of all Jewish organisati
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On 23 May 1936, the Gestapa issued
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September 1938. 118 All property be
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Jüdische Bezirksdarlehnskasse on 5
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These dissolutions led to a number
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where he remained until his emigrat
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Wilde was also widely recognised as
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of synagogue sexton and was still i
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Not surprisingly, the social elemen
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every Shabbes. These people, some o
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ensure physical survival in the cit
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Regular meetings of the Magdeburg b
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temporary removal of antisemitic si
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equest and the remains were interre
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Hachsharah camps. In March 1934 app
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HAGO’s Kreisamtsleiter, neither t
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Chapter Two: The Destruction of Jew
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confirmed that prior to 1933, their
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though a local member of the SA sto
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that the number of shops willing to
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day-to-day goods and services. The
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each day and report his findings. 3
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usiness in Magdeburg is further con
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gave up the old shop and rented a c
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cycle up there and get the key and
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professionals were targeted by the
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children Werner and Jutta. Due to t
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100 public. In addition to this abu
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102 1938 that after 30 November 193
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104 were ‘non-Aryan and enemies o
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106 be trusted. 102 From September
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108 of the Reichsbürgergesetz of 1
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110 senior civil servant failed to
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112 Reichsführer SS und Chef der D
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114 just fewer than 50% of its orig
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116 Jewish business owners, either
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118 before experienced investment o
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120 Weg 73-74. They had taken over
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122 the knowledge of the mayor’s
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124 sought by all non-Jewish partie
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126 As the application of these rac
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128 far too many Jewish organisatio
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130 District 16 instructed that in
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132 On 25 September 1935, the Reich
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134 Reichstag had taken place. The
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136 reason were to be taken into cu
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138 In further confirmation of the
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140 and snowballing effects of excl
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142 daily affairs as though life ha
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144 behaviour would not be tolerate
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146 Rellum’s depiction of the sit
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148 day the Gestapa ruled that only
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150 licences to Jews on account of
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152 By the time of the pogrom their
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154 adult level, but seldom on the
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156 daughter, Inge-Ruth, had left o
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158 Jewish friends that ‘they [th
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160 In the instances where Jewish y
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162 from Worms to Trier over the mo
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164 temptations. 123 Even prior to
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166 Der Stürmer dedicated solely t
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168 Der Stürmer addressed the mass
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170 position of trust at the colleg
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172 instances this was for what wou
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174 article in Der Stürmer entitle
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176 other and capable of racial pol
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178 until 1938, the community felt
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180 Dr Kulmey, insisted that Fliess
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Chapter Four: Daily Life in the Pri
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184 the Iron Cross!” The next day
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186 Two. 17 The only other opportun
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188 I went once to Wyk auf Föhr [W
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190 in order to make some extra mon
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192 were forced to, owing to their
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194 emigration. 44 Jews in Magdebur
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196 This practice of investigation
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198 countries of migration. The two
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200 elsewhere, unmarried adult chil
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Chapter Five: Daily Lives of Childr
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204 authorities would bear no respo
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206 I went to Cheder with Hanni Wur
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208 otherwise they generally felt
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210 and/or gymnastics teacher had e
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212 Pupils were often degraded in s
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214 The duress of school life did n
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216 By the time the mayor’s offic
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218 Jews.’ 55 The approval for th
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220 emigration, the remaining Jewis
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222 ‘Heimat’, which had renamed
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224 hiking. 73 At the time of regis
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226 This organisation was numerical
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228 Despite the ideological differe
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230 Jewish youth in Magdeburg were
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232 time, the demand of the two kno
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234 No, I didn’t think it would e
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236 for emigration, the Magdeburg-b
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238 accepted as a Jewess in Adelaid
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240 A few months before I left my p
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242 the chaos and panic that follow
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244 travelling companion recalled t
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246 her mother was in 1942. 140 Thi
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248 Southampton. 154 His recollecti
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250 extermination camp. Approximate
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Chapter Six: The Reichskristallnach
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254 The majority of interviewees re
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The Pogrom in Magdeburg 256 On the
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258 Marianne, and son, Gerhard (Ger
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260 arrests on 10 November, his wif
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262 Rabbi Dr Wilde along with the m
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264 shawl; when he realised it was
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266 ‘Elsaß’ and a paint and wa
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268 was to be completed prior to th
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270 The Reichskristallnacht was a c
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272 were ordered to clean up the de
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274 Australian government had recei
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276 applications for emigration for
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278 Samuel Freiberg’s daughter re
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280 woman in Magdeburg, survived th
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282 my parents suddenly began to we
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284 The entire community also worke
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286 premises. Expedited economic ex
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288 out of the question. 130 The mi
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290 In the wake of the pogrom and t
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292 small number of professionals w
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294 majority of Jews in Magdeburg h
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296 the exhibition, a commemorative
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298 Jewish patients only on 1 April
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300 the process of procuring the ne
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302 objects containing gold, platin
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304 public eye became policy. Now t
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Chapter Seven: The Jewish Community
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307 the agent for Jewish emigration
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309 ‘Judenhäuser.’ 15 Prior to
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311 Jews, German Jews. There were a
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313 Interviewees also recalled that
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315 members to the community; the m
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317 41,434.95. 42 Additionally, twe
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319 By the end of 1939 all of the f
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321 outstanding communal work. 56 T
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323 In attempting to expedite the c
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325 In consort with those measures,
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327 he had escaped most abusive sit
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329 and conducted at the premises o
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331 bemoaned that breaches of the p
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333 quadruplicate with the owner’
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335 community members were reminded
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337 Riese née Kochmann had already
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339 developed a positive attitude t
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341 should not expect the school to
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343 ‘German school.’ One such e
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345 Owing to the pervasive hostile
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347 any organisation……I still m
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349 little doubt that there were th
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351 reply, on 3 July 1942, the Magd
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353 whose name was Ilse, and Klemm
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355 was not restricted in her movem
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357 were to lose their lives in the
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359 labour in the city the majority
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361 the exact procedures to be foll
Page 385 and 386: 363 normal practice and as many as
Page 387 and 388: 365 the now enlarged Reich. Unlike
Page 389 and 390: 367 commencement of transferring ti
Page 391 and 392: 369 On 26 February 1943, at least f
Page 393 and 394: 371 the city. At that time, of the
Page 395 and 396: 373 of that. They did their best. T
Page 397 and 398: 375 This approximate total figure i
Page 399 and 400: 377 approximately one thousand year
Page 401 and 402: Conclusion 378 On the eve of the Na
Page 403 and 404: 380 spite of an effective and ongoi
Page 405 and 406: 382 increasingly onerous as the yea
Page 407 and 408: 384 Nuremberg Laws, this separation
Page 409 and 410: 386 inception of the Nazi regime. N
Page 411 and 412: 388 Reichskristallnacht, it was env
Page 413 and 414: 390 them in Germany; for the others
Page 415 and 416: 392 of the Jews from the city occur
Page 417 and 418: 394 who relocated to elsewhere in G
Page 419 and 420: 396 communal life in Magdeburg and
Page 421 and 422: 398
Page 423 and 424: Archiv des Internationalen Suchdien
Page 425 and 426: their subsequent dissolutions; the
Page 427 and 428: Individual Interviews by the Author
Page 429 and 430: Bauer, Yehuda The Holocaust in Hist
Page 431 and 432: Bundesarchiv, Koblenz and der Inter
Page 433 and 434: Emanuel, Muriel and Vera Gissing Ni
Page 435: Herbert, Ulrich Best. Biographische
Page 439 and 440: Nova, Fritz Alfred Rosenberg: Nazi
Page 441 and 442: Schmidt, Herbert ‘Rassenschande
Page 443 and 444: Yahil, Leni The Holocaust: The Fate
Page 445 and 446: Cohn, Werner “Bearers of a Common
Page 447 and 448: Kwiet, Konrad “The Second Time Ar
Page 449 and 450: Schiffres, Paul “Australia Bound:
Page 451: Theses and Unpublished Manuscripts
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