Life_under_Siege_The_Jews_of_Magdeburg_under_Nazi_Rule.pdf

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Gilbert, Martin The Holocaust: The Jewish Tragedy London: Collins, 1986. Gill, Anton The Journey Back from Hell: Conversations with Concentration Camp Survivors London: Grafton Books, 1988. Goldhagen, Daniel J. Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996. Goldhagen, Daniel J. A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church in the Holocaust and Its Unfulfilled Duty of Repair London: Little Brown and Company, 2002. Goldsmith, Martin The Inextinguishable Symphony: A True Story of Music and Love in Nazi Germany New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2000. Greene, Joshua M. and Shiva Kumar in consultation with Joanne Weiner Rudolf Witness: Voices from the Holocaust Sydney: Pan Macmillan Australia, 2000. Greenspan, Henry On Listening to Holocaust Survivors: Recounting and Life History London: Praeger, 1998. Gross, Leonard The Last Jews in Berlin New York: Carroll and Graf Publishers, 1999. Gruner, Wolf Öffentliche Wohlfahrt und Judenverfolgung: Wechselwirkung lokaler und zentraler Politik im NS-Staat (1933–1942) München: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2002. Gruner, Wolf Widerstand in der Rosenstraße. Die Fabrik-Aktion und die Verfolgung der ‘Mischehen’ 1943 Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 2005. Güdemann, Moritz Zur Geschichte der Juden in Magdeburg Breslau: Verlag der Schletter’schen Buchhandlung (H. Skutsch), 1866. Hackett, David A. ed., The Buchenwald Report Boulder, Colorado and Oxford: Westview Press, 1995. Hammer, Manfried and Julius H. Schoeps Juden in Berlin 1671–1945: ein Lesebuch Berlin: Nicolai, 1988. Harris, Mark Jonathan and Deborah Oppenheimer Into the Arms of Strangers: Stories of the Kindertransport New York and London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2000. Hartmann, Werner, ed., Juden in Halberstadt Magdeburg: Synagogen-Gemeinde zu Magdeburg, 1991. Heinrich, Guido and Günter Schandera, eds., Magdeburger Biographisches Lexikon 19. und 20. Jahrhundert Magdeburg: Scriptum Verlag, 2002. 410
Herbert, Ulrich Best. Biographische Studien über Radikalismus, Weltanshauung und Vernunft 1903–1989 Bonn: Verlag J. H. W. Dietz, 1996. Herbert, Ulrich, ed., National Socialist Extermination Policies: Contemporary German Perspectives and Controversies New York: Berghahn Books, 2000. Herf, Jeffrey Divided Memory: The Nazi in the Two Germanys Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press, 1997. Hilberg, Raul Perpetrators, Victims, Bystanders: The Jewish Catastrophe 1933– 1945 New York: Harper Collins, 1992. Hilberg, Raul The Politics of Memory: The Journey of a Holocaust Historian Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1996. Hilberg, Raul The Destruction of the European Jews (revised and expanded edition) New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003. Hitler, Adolf (translated by Ralph Manheim) Mein Kampf London: Pimlico, 1996. Hoffmann, Eva After Such Knowledge: Memory, History and the Legacy of the Holocaust New York: Public Affairs, 2004. Hogan, David J., ed., The Holocaust Chronicle Lincolnwood, Illinois: Publications International, 2000. Huttenhach, Henry R. The Destruction of the Jewish Community of Worms 1933– 1945: A Study of the Holocaust Experience in Germany New York: The Memorial Committee of Jewish Victims of Nazism from Worms, 1981. Institut Theresienstädter Initiative, ed., Theresienstädter Gedenkbuch. Die Opfer der Judentransporte aus Deutschland nach Theresienstädt 1942–1945 Prag und Berlin: Verlag Academia und Metropol Verlag, 2000. Jäckel, Hartmut Menschen in Berlin. Das letzte Telefonbuch der alten Reichshauptstadt Stuttgart und München: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2001. Jersch-Wenzel, Steffi and Reinhard Rürup, eds., Quellen zur Geschichte der Juden in den neuen Bundesländer, vol. 3, Staatliche Archive der Länder Berlin, Brandenburg und Sachsen-Anhalt München: K. G. Saur Verlag, 1999. Johnson, Eric A. Nazi Terror: The Gestapo, Jews and Ordinary Germans New York: Basic Books, 1999. Johnson, Eric A. and Karl-Heinz Reuband What We Knew: Terror, Mass Murder and Everyday Life in Nazi Germany – An Oral History London: John Murray Publishers, 2005. 411
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Life under Siege: The Jews of Magde
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Chapter Five: Daily Lives of Childr
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Abstract This regional study docume
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Dedication This thesis is dedicated
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RM Reichsmark. Unit of currency in
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Bund Nationalsozialistscher Deutsch
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Jüdische Kultusvereinigung - Jewis
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Polnische Juden (literally ‘Polis
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Union der Zionisten Revisionisten,
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In Magdeburg, Peter Ledermann and t
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xxi
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Concentration Camp. 2 Prior to this
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The History of the Community until
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during this period. In 1492 an argu
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2,356 in 1925, 20 and then dropped
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esmirch the Jewish effort during th
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possible to combine archival source
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surviving material with which to at
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In the case of reconstructing the h
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This thesis does not purport to she
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Chapter One: The Structure of the J
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immigrants. 8 Of this figure, 976 w
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Not atypically, Hemmi Freeman’s f
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one of the later versions of the do
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Magdeburg. 35 The former Synagogen-
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streets.’ 44 There existed, never
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varying periods of their own famili
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Wilde must be placed at the centre
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een Magdeburg-based, were the youth
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forms of bank deposits and fixed in
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The expenditure for social welfare
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quarter were still relatively low,
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details the financial hardship of c
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activities of all Jewish organisati
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On 23 May 1936, the Gestapa issued
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September 1938. 118 All property be
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Jüdische Bezirksdarlehnskasse on 5
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These dissolutions led to a number
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where he remained until his emigrat
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Wilde was also widely recognised as
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of synagogue sexton and was still i
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Not surprisingly, the social elemen
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every Shabbes. These people, some o
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ensure physical survival in the cit
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Regular meetings of the Magdeburg b
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temporary removal of antisemitic si
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equest and the remains were interre
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Hachsharah camps. In March 1934 app
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HAGO’s Kreisamtsleiter, neither t
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Chapter Two: The Destruction of Jew
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confirmed that prior to 1933, their
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though a local member of the SA sto
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that the number of shops willing to
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day-to-day goods and services. The
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each day and report his findings. 3
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usiness in Magdeburg is further con
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gave up the old shop and rented a c
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cycle up there and get the key and
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professionals were targeted by the
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children Werner and Jutta. Due to t
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100 public. In addition to this abu
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102 1938 that after 30 November 193
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104 were ‘non-Aryan and enemies o
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106 be trusted. 102 From September
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108 of the Reichsbürgergesetz of 1
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110 senior civil servant failed to
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112 Reichsführer SS und Chef der D
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114 just fewer than 50% of its orig
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116 Jewish business owners, either
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118 before experienced investment o
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120 Weg 73-74. They had taken over
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122 the knowledge of the mayor’s
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124 sought by all non-Jewish partie
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126 As the application of these rac
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128 far too many Jewish organisatio
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130 District 16 instructed that in
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132 On 25 September 1935, the Reich
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134 Reichstag had taken place. The
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136 reason were to be taken into cu
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138 In further confirmation of the
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140 and snowballing effects of excl
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142 daily affairs as though life ha
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144 behaviour would not be tolerate
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146 Rellum’s depiction of the sit
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148 day the Gestapa ruled that only
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150 licences to Jews on account of
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152 By the time of the pogrom their
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154 adult level, but seldom on the
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156 daughter, Inge-Ruth, had left o
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158 Jewish friends that ‘they [th
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160 In the instances where Jewish y
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162 from Worms to Trier over the mo
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164 temptations. 123 Even prior to
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166 Der Stürmer dedicated solely t
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168 Der Stürmer addressed the mass
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170 position of trust at the colleg
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172 instances this was for what wou
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174 article in Der Stürmer entitle
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176 other and capable of racial pol
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178 until 1938, the community felt
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180 Dr Kulmey, insisted that Fliess
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Chapter Four: Daily Life in the Pri
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184 the Iron Cross!” The next day
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186 Two. 17 The only other opportun
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188 I went once to Wyk auf Föhr [W
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190 in order to make some extra mon
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192 were forced to, owing to their
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194 emigration. 44 Jews in Magdebur
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196 This practice of investigation
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198 countries of migration. The two
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200 elsewhere, unmarried adult chil
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Chapter Five: Daily Lives of Childr
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204 authorities would bear no respo
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206 I went to Cheder with Hanni Wur
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208 otherwise they generally felt
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210 and/or gymnastics teacher had e
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212 Pupils were often degraded in s
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214 The duress of school life did n
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216 By the time the mayor’s offic
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218 Jews.’ 55 The approval for th
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220 emigration, the remaining Jewis
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222 ‘Heimat’, which had renamed
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224 hiking. 73 At the time of regis
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226 This organisation was numerical
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228 Despite the ideological differe
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230 Jewish youth in Magdeburg were
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232 time, the demand of the two kno
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234 No, I didn’t think it would e
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236 for emigration, the Magdeburg-b
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238 accepted as a Jewess in Adelaid
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240 A few months before I left my p
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242 the chaos and panic that follow
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244 travelling companion recalled t
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246 her mother was in 1942. 140 Thi
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248 Southampton. 154 His recollecti
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250 extermination camp. Approximate
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Chapter Six: The Reichskristallnach
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254 The majority of interviewees re
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The Pogrom in Magdeburg 256 On the
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258 Marianne, and son, Gerhard (Ger
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260 arrests on 10 November, his wif
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262 Rabbi Dr Wilde along with the m
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264 shawl; when he realised it was
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266 ‘Elsaß’ and a paint and wa
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268 was to be completed prior to th
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270 The Reichskristallnacht was a c
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272 were ordered to clean up the de
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274 Australian government had recei
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276 applications for emigration for
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278 Samuel Freiberg’s daughter re
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280 woman in Magdeburg, survived th
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282 my parents suddenly began to we
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284 The entire community also worke
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286 premises. Expedited economic ex
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288 out of the question. 130 The mi
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290 In the wake of the pogrom and t
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292 small number of professionals w
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294 majority of Jews in Magdeburg h
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296 the exhibition, a commemorative
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298 Jewish patients only on 1 April
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300 the process of procuring the ne
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302 objects containing gold, platin
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304 public eye became policy. Now t
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Chapter Seven: The Jewish Community
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307 the agent for Jewish emigration
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309 ‘Judenhäuser.’ 15 Prior to
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311 Jews, German Jews. There were a
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313 Interviewees also recalled that
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315 members to the community; the m
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317 41,434.95. 42 Additionally, twe
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319 By the end of 1939 all of the f
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321 outstanding communal work. 56 T
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323 In attempting to expedite the c
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325 In consort with those measures,
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327 he had escaped most abusive sit
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329 and conducted at the premises o
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331 bemoaned that breaches of the p
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333 quadruplicate with the owner’
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335 community members were reminded
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337 Riese née Kochmann had already
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339 developed a positive attitude t
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341 should not expect the school to
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343 ‘German school.’ One such e
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345 Owing to the pervasive hostile
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347 any organisation……I still m
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349 little doubt that there were th
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351 reply, on 3 July 1942, the Magd
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353 whose name was Ilse, and Klemm
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355 was not restricted in her movem
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357 were to lose their lives in the
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359 labour in the city the majority
Page 383 and 384: 361 the exact procedures to be foll
Page 385 and 386: 363 normal practice and as many as
Page 387 and 388: 365 the now enlarged Reich. Unlike
Page 389 and 390: 367 commencement of transferring ti
Page 391 and 392: 369 On 26 February 1943, at least f
Page 393 and 394: 371 the city. At that time, of the
Page 395 and 396: 373 of that. They did their best. T
Page 397 and 398: 375 This approximate total figure i
Page 399 and 400: 377 approximately one thousand year
Page 401 and 402: Conclusion 378 On the eve of the Na
Page 403 and 404: 380 spite of an effective and ongoi
Page 405 and 406: 382 increasingly onerous as the yea
Page 407 and 408: 384 Nuremberg Laws, this separation
Page 409 and 410: 386 inception of the Nazi regime. N
Page 411 and 412: 388 Reichskristallnacht, it was env
Page 413 and 414: 390 them in Germany; for the others
Page 415 and 416: 392 of the Jews from the city occur
Page 417 and 418: 394 who relocated to elsewhere in G
Page 419 and 420: 396 communal life in Magdeburg and
Page 421 and 422: 398
Page 423 and 424: Archiv des Internationalen Suchdien
Page 425 and 426: their subsequent dissolutions; the
Page 427 and 428: Individual Interviews by the Author
Page 429 and 430: Bauer, Yehuda The Holocaust in Hist
Page 431 and 432: Bundesarchiv, Koblenz and der Inter
Page 433: Emanuel, Muriel and Vera Gissing Ni
Page 437 and 438: Kundrus, Birthe and Beate Meyer, ed
Page 439 and 440: Nova, Fritz Alfred Rosenberg: Nazi
Page 441 and 442: Schmidt, Herbert ‘Rassenschande
Page 443 and 444: Yahil, Leni The Holocaust: The Fate
Page 445 and 446: Cohn, Werner “Bearers of a Common
Page 447 and 448: Kwiet, Konrad “The Second Time Ar
Page 449 and 450: Schiffres, Paul “Australia Bound:
Page 451: Theses and Unpublished Manuscripts
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