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EUPHORBIACEAE - 5. Croton tiglium Linn. Sp. PI. 1004. 1753. (Fig. 195). Croton jamaigota Ham.—Croton parana Ham.—Croton camaza Pcrr.—Croton glanduhsum Blanco—Croton muricatum Blanco—Tiglium officinale Klotzsch. Engl. Purging Croton; Sinh. Jayapala; Tarn. Kattukkattai, Naganam, Nagandi, Nervalam, Nigumbam, Nirvalam, Sam bar i, Sayabalam, Sevalangottai, Siduram, Sittudu, Tendi; Hindi Jamaigota; Sans. Danti, Jayapala, Nepala. A small tree, 3—7 m tall with a rather crooked trunk but smooth bark; branches slender, smooth, terete, bark paler, whitish-brown, marked with scars of fallen leaves; leaves simple, alternate, on stalks nearly half as long as the blade which is about 8—14.5cm long, 4.5—7 cm broad, thin, glabrous, ovate, faintly and rather distantly serrate, bright green, veins prominent beneath, petioles breaking up immediately on entering the leaf into 5 veins, the two lateral ones faint, the two intermediate well marked, giving with the midrib a triplenerved aspect of the leaf; on either side of the base of the blade and connected with the petiole is a prominent sessile gland; stipules minute, filiform, deciduous; young leaves and buds wuh scattered stellate hairs; flowers unisexual in lax, terminal, erect racemes, the male flowers on the upper part of the raceme, the female less numerous on the lower part, pedicels longer than the flowers, bracts minute; male flowers yellowish, about 7 mm in diameter, calyx of 5 spreading, broadly triangular, blunt sepals 2.5 mm long, 1.5 mm broad, valvate, apices pubescent; petals 5, inserted on the flat receptacle, alternate with and reflexed between sepals, 2.5 mm Jong, 0.7 mm broad, oblong—linear, blunt, set with rather long white hairs above, glabrous beneath, whitish; a prominent roundish yellow gland stands within each sepal, alternating with the petals; stamens 14—20, as long as petals, one opposite each petal and sepal, the remainder irregularly dispersed over the receptacle which is covered with short, white hairs, anthers small, broad, innate, cells semilunar; female flowers about 3 mm across, dark green; calyx deeply 5-partite, divisions 2 mm long, 0.7 mm broad, ovate, acute, tipped with hairs, spreading or reflexed, set with few or more numerous stellate hairs and with a small, rounded prominence at the angle between each, glands 5, blunt, prominent, opposite the sepals as in male flowers, petals absent; ovary sessile, 1 mm long, thickly covered with stellate hairs, 3-locular with a single pendulous ovule in each loculus, styles 3, bifid; fruit slightly inflated, pale, smooth, brownish-yellow, capsular with a single, large seed inside each chamber; seeds albuminous, 1.2 cm long, 1 cm wide, ovoid, rounded at the back, marked on the ventral surface by a fine raised raphe, testa thin, brittle, light-brown. Illustrations. Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, pi. 239. 1880; Kirtikar and Basu, Indian Med. Plants, pi. 8725. 1933; Herb. Peradeniya, drawing. Distribution. ^Occurs in India, Ceylon, Burma, Malaya extending on to New Guinea and Borneo. In Ceylon, it is found in the dry zone jungles. India. Sikkim: 7*. Thomson, 1857; Assam' Simons. Calcutta, Wallich 1122D; J. D. Hooker and T. Thomson, cultivated. Ceylon. Peradeniya, Bot. Gard., Herb. Peradeniya, May 1887; Herb. Peradeniya, 1878, cultivated. Philippine Islands. Luzon, Mount Prov., Benguet, yalentin 29782, Sept. 1924. Cuba. Santiago de las Vegas, Baker 97, Aug. 1907. Composition. The seeds possess a fixed oil which contains croton globulin and croton albumen, arginine and lysine; alkaloid vicinine; lipase; invertase, amylase, raffinase; proteolytic enzyme, croton resin, tiglic acid, croton oleic acid, stearic, palmitic, myristic, lauric, oenanthrallic, capronic, valerianic, butyric, isobutyric, acetic and formic acids; tannin, etc. Uses. The roots, leaves, bark and seeds possess drastic purgative properties. The bruised root is applied to carbuncles and cancerous sores. The seeds are poisonous and are a powerful and drastic purgative. The oil extracted from the seeds applied externally is a counterirritant and a liniment prepared from it, is useful in rheumatism, glandular and other swellings, chronic bronchitis and other pulmonary affections. The oil is also useful in dropsy, intestinal obstructions and lead poisoning. The seeds and leaves are used for poisoning fish by the Dayaks of Borneo and in the Philippine Islands. The leaves are one of the constituents of the Batak arrow poison. The oil is a very valuable cathartic and it acts speedilly and powerfully on the bowels. In Ceylon, the seed is used along with other drugs in fever, constipation in dropsy and as a drastic purgative for colic, ascites, etc., 199
MEDICINAL PLANTS 200 FIG. 196. Dimorphocalyx glabellas. A, branch of a female trie with leaves and a (lower. B, male flower lateral view. C, male flower with corolla removed. D.female flower lateral view. E, female flower with corolla removed. F, fruit
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Published by The National Science F
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Introduction CONTENTS 23. CACTACEAE
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Page 17. Momordica dioica Roxb. ...
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REPRINT OF MEDICINAL PLANTS (INDIGE
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79 For Wedelta chinenesis (Osbeck)
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199 For Croton tiglium Linn, read:
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I I PART II
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23. CACTACEAE 1. Opantia dillenii (
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24. CAMPANULACEAE 1. Lobelia nicoti
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25. CANNABINACEAE I. Cannabis sativ
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26, CAPPARIDACEAE 1. Capparis horri
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2. Capparis moooil Wight, III. 1: 3
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3. Capparis zeylanica Linn. Sp. PI.
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4. Crataevo religiose Forst. (.. Pr
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5. Gynandropsis gynandra (Linn.) Me
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CAPPARIDACEAE 6. Polanisia icosandr
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CARICACEAE The Caribbeans used the
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28. CELASTRACEAE 1. Celastrus panic
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2. Elaeodendroa glancom (Rottb.) Pe
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3. Kokoona ceylanlca Thwaites in Ho
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29. COMBRETACEAE 1. Anogelssus lati
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2. Termroalia arjuna Wight and Arn.
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3. Terminalia bellirka (Gaertn.) Ro
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4. Terminalia catappa Linn. Mant. 5
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3. Terminalia chebula Rciz., Obs. 5
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6. Terminalia tomentosa Wight and A
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30. COMMELINACEAE I. Commelina diff
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2. Cyanotis axillaris (Linn.) J. A.
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31. COMPOSITAE I. Ageratum cooyzoid
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2. Anacyclus pyrethrum DC. Fl. Fran
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3. Anaphalis subdecurrens (DC.) Gam
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4. Artemisia vulgaris Linn. Sp. PI.
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5. Bluraea mollis (D. Don) Merr. in
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COMPOSITAE 6. Centipeda minima (L.)
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7 Eclipta prostata (Linn.) Linn. Ma
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8. Elephantopus scaber Linn., Sp. P
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9. Emilia sonchifolia (Linn.) DC. i
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10. Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl, Sy
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MEDICINAL PLANTS
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MEDICINAL PLANTS
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MEDICINAL PLANTS 70 FIG. 132. Spila
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MEDICINAL PLANTS
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MEDICINAL PLANTS
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MEDICINAL PLANTS 76 Fio. 135. ' Ver
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MEDICINAL PLANTS FIG 136. Wedelia c
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MEDICINAL PLANTS 80 Fro. 137. Xanth
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MEDICINAL PLANTS
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MEDICINAL PLANTS
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MEDICINAL PLANTS 86 H Fta. 140. Arg
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MEDICINAL PLANTS 88 Fro. 141. Argyr
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MEDICINAL PLANTS 90 Fio. 142. Cuscu
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4. Cuscuta rtflexa Roxb. P!. Corom
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5. ETOIVUIUS alsinoides Linn. Sp. P
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6. Ipomoea angustlfolia Jacq., Ic.
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7. Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. Fl. Aegy
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8. Ipomoea asarifolia (Oesr.) Roem.
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CONVOLVULACEAE 9. Ipomoea mauritian
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CONVOLVULACEAE 10. Ipomoea maxima (
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11. Ipomoea nil (Linn!) Roth. Cat a
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12. Ipomoea obscura (Linn.) Ker-Gaw
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13. Ipomoea pes-caprae (Linn.) Roth
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14. Ipomoea pes-tlgridis Linn. Sp.
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CONVOLVULACEAE 15. Operculina turpe
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34. CRASSULACEAE 1. Kalanchoe lacin
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35. CRUCIFERAE 1. Brassica alba Hoo
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CRUCIFERAE 2. Brassica integrifolia
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CRUC1FERAE 3. Brassica nigra (Linn.
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36. CUCURMTACEAE 1. Benincasa hispi
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2. Bryouop*;*. laciniosa (Linn.) Na
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3. Coccinea grandis Kurz in Journ.
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CUCURBITACEAE 4. Colocynthis citnil
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5. Colocynthis vulgaris Schrad., In
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CUCURBITACEAE 6. Corallocarpus epig
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CUCURBITACEAE 7. Cucumis callosus (
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CUCURBITACEAE 8. Cucumis melo var.
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9. Cucumis sativus Linn. Sp. PI. 10
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10. Cucurbita maxima Duchesne in La
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CUCURBITACEAE 11. Lagenaria sicerar
Page 161 and 162: 12. LufTa acutangula Roxb. Hort Ben
Page 163 and 164: 13. Luffa cylindrica (Linn.) M. Roe
Page 165 and 166: 14. Melothria heterophylla Cogn. in
Page 167 and 168: CUCURBITACEAE IS. Melothria maderas
Page 169 and 170: CUCURBITACEAE 16. Momordica charant
Page 171 and 172: 17. Momordica dioica Roxb. in Willd
Page 173 and 174: 18. Trichosanthes anguina Linn., Sp
Page 175 and 176: 19. Trichosanthes bracteata (Lam.)
Page 177 and 178: 20. Trichosanthes cucumerina Linn.
Page 179 and 180: 21. Zanonia indica Linn.. Sp. PI. e
Page 181 and 182: 37. CYCADACEAE 1. Cycas circinalis
Page 183 and 184: 38. CYPERACEAE I. Cyperus rotundus
Page 185 and 186: 39. DILLENIACEAE 1. Dillenia indica
Page 187 and 188: 2. Dillenia retusa Thunb. in Trans.
Page 189 and 190: 40. DIPTEROCARPEAE 1. Dipterocarpus
Page 191 and 192: 2. Dipterocarpus zeyJan'cns Thw., E
Page 193 and 194: 3. Shore* robusta Gaertn. f. Fruct.
Page 195 and 196: 41. EBENACEAE Diospyros malabarica
Page 198 and 199: 2. Rhododendron zeylanicum Booth in
Page 200 and 201: 43. ERYTHROXYLACEAE 1. Erythroxytum
Page 202 and 203: 2. Erythroxylum moonii Hochr. in Bu
Page 204 and 205: 44. EUPHORBIAGEAE 1. Acolypha indic
Page 206 and 207: 2- Bridelia retusa (Linn.) Spreng.
Page 208 and 209: 3. CleisUnthus coUinus (Roxb.) Bent
Page 210 and 211: 4. Croton laccifeius Linn., Sp. PI.
Page 214 and 215: 6. Dimorphocalyx glabellus Thwaites
Page 216 and 217: 7. Euphorbia antiquorum Linn. Sp. P
Page 218 and 219: 8. Euphorbia hirta Linn. Sp. PI. 45
Page 220 and 221: 9. Euphorbia indica Lamk. Diet. 2:
Page 222 and 223: 10. Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. Sp.
Page 224 and 225: U Euphoribta Ihymifolia Linn. Sp. P
Page 226 and 227: 12. Euphorbia tirucalli Linn. Sp. P
Page 228 and 229: 13. Excoecaria agallocha nn Syst Na
Page 230 and 231: 14. Jatropha curcas Linn. Sp. PI. 1
Page 232 and 233: 15. Jatropha glandulifera Roxb.. Fl
Page 234 and 235: 16. Jntropho podagrica Hook., Bot.
Page 236 and 237: EUPHORBIACEAE 17. Macaranga peltata
Page 238 and 239: EUPHORBIACEAE 18. Ma Hot us philipp
Page 240 and 241: 19. Phyilanthus debilis Klein ex Wi
Page 242 and 243: EUPHORBIACEAE 20. Phyilanthus embli
Page 244 and 245: 21. Pbytlanthus reticularus Poir.,
Page 246 and 247: 22. Phyilanthus urinaria Linn. Sp.
Page 248 and 249: 23. Putran]lva roxburghii Wall., Te
Page 250 and 251: 24. Ricinus communis Linn. Sp. PI.
Page 252 and 253: MEDICINAL PLANTS
Page 254 and 255: MEDICINAL PLANTS FlO. 216. Securine
Page 256 and 257: MFDICINAL PLANTS 244 Fio. 217. Trag
Page 258 and 259: MEDICINAL PLANTS 246 FIG. 218. Quer
Page 260 and 261: INDEX T O PLANTS ACCORDING T O THER
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Operculina turpethum. US Phyilanthu
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Centipede bites Cucurbita maxima, 1
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Operculina turpethum, 115 Phyilanth
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Eye diseases Kokoona zeylanica, 27
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HemJphlegiu Colocynthis vulgaris, 1
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Metrorrhagia Artemisia vulgaris, 51
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Euphorbia nertifolia, 209 Ipomoea n
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Sprue Cucumis sativus, 141 Sprains
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Phyllanthus debilis, 227 Terminalia
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Sal-gaha, 179 Sanninayan, 73 Sara l
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Kumbam, US Kumbanjan, 115 Kunasagam
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Abies chilotnsls Hort., 83 chllrowe
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Convolvulus paimata Mocnch, 113 pan
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keynttVfa.ll., 105 insignis Andr.,
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Terminalia alaia Roth., 39 arjuna W
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