Complementary Alternative Cardiovascular Medicine

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240 Alternative Cardiovascular Medicine Table 1 Essential Oils for Specific Diagnosis Diagnosis Essential oil Research Reference Borderline Ylang ylang Freund, 2000 28 hypertension Lavender Saeki and Shiohara, 200130 Rose Nathan, 2000 31 Neroli Tiran, 1996 34 Lemon Tiran, 1996 34 Clary sage Tiran, 1996 34 Reducing fear Lavender Hadfield, 2001 41 and anxiety Roman chamomile Yamada et al., 1996 46 Rose Manly, 1993 51 Methicillin-resistant Tea tree Nelson, 1997 22 Staphylococcus aureaus Lavender Nelson, 1997 22 Juniper Nelson, 1997 22 Peppermint Nelson, 1997 22 Lemongrass Sherry et al., 2001 26 Eucalyptus Sherry et al., 2001 26 Clove Sherry et al., 2001 26 Thyme Sherry et al., 2001 26 iar smells and gentle touch can be deeply reassuring. Essential oils have many other properties that can be useful in cardiology—hypotensor, sedative, antiinflammatory, antispasmodic, analgesic, antibiotic, antifungal, and antiviral. This chapter covers the use of aromatherapy for borderline hypertension and for fear and anxiety associated with myocardial infarction (MI) or cardiac surgery and outlines interesting case and small clinical studies addressing the effect of essential oils on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Herbal medicine, which includes the uses of aromatics, dates back 6,000 yr and was, and is still, used in India, China, South America, Greece, the Middle East, and Europe. The renaissance of modern clinical aromatherapy occurred in France just before World War II. A physician (Jean Valnet), a chemist (Maurice Gattefosse), and a nurse (Marguerite Maury) were key figures. Each person used essential oils clinically—to help wounds heal and to fight infection rather than for the relaxing effect of a nice-smelling aromatic. Indeed, the first antiseptic, thymol, which was discovered by Lister, was obtained from thyme essential oil. In France, physicians use essential oils as an alternative to or enhancement of antibiotics. The use of synthetic scents, which has only appeared in the last few decades, is not part of clinical aromatherapy.
Chapter 15 / Aromatherapy and CVD 241 Aromatherapy was not mentioned in Eisenberg’s 1993 landmark study (3). This study showed nonconventional medicine to be a serious consumer-led commodity, with one in three Americans using complementary therapies. However, 5 yr later in Eisenberg’s second study (4), aromatherapy was used by 5.6% of the adult patient population (n = 2055 adults). DEFINITIONS Aromatherapy is the use of essential oils for therapeutic purposes that encompass mind, body, and spirit (5). The name aromatherapy leads people to believe that the therapy is purely about smelling scents, but this belief is incorrect (6). There are many different kinds of aromatherapy, ranging from a nice-smelling candle to the clinical application of essential oils for medicinal reasons (7). Only the role of clinical aromatherapy has a place in a cardiology text. The definition of essential oils is specific—they are “the steam distillates of aromatic plants” (8). Therefore, any extract not obtained by steam distillation is not an essential oil and is relevant for use in aromatherapy. Essential oils are found in the flowers, leaves, bark, wood, roots, seed, and peels of aromatic plants and are stored in microscopic cellular containers of the plant, i.e., cells, glands, ducts, and hairs. Essential oils are highly volatile, complex mixtures of chemical constituents divided into functional groups, such as ketones, alcohols, terpenes, and esters. The proportions of these individual constituents vary according to the species of plant, climate where grown, and distillation process used. It is the chemistry of an essential oil that determines its therapeutic properties. SCIENTIFIC BASIS The pharmacologically active components in essential oils work at psychological and physical levels. Aroma effects can be rapid, and, occasionally, just thinking about a smell can have a powerful effect. This effect can be relaxing or stimulating, depending on the individual’s experiences, as well as the chemistry of the essential oil used. Essential oils can be absorbed into and through the skin in minutes. They are lipophyllic (fat soluble) and nonpolar (do not mix with water) and are excreted through respiration, the kidneys, and insensate loss. Each essential oil is composed of between 1 and 300 different chemical components. These separate olfactory stimulants travel via the nose to the olfactory bulb. From there, nerve impulses continue to the limbic system of the brain, an inner complex ring of brain structures below the
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Complementary and Alternative Cardi
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CONTEMPORARY CARDIOLOGY CHRISTOPHER
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© 2004 Humana Press Inc. 999 River
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vi Preface physician or other healt
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viii Contents 10 Massage Therapy an
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x Contributors ERIN L. OLIVO, PhD
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Chapter 1 / CAM and CVD 1 1 Complem
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Chapter 1 / CAM and CVD 3 patients
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Page 291 and 292: Index 279 INDEX A N-Acetylcysteine
Page 293 and 294: Index 281 taurine studies, 106 Conj
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Page 297 and 298: Index 285 funding of studies, 148 g
Page 299: Contemporary Cardiology COMPLEMENTA
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