Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 73 made in the Bureau workshop and furnished with chairs, dishes, and kitchen equipment carted out from the city. Discussions about providing a more expensive lunch for the seniors and a less expensive one for the juniors found- ered on the single kitchen they shared, and the staff was not yet large enough to afford a cafeteria. It became the great insoluble problem of the first decade.45 But that problem was not in sight when, during the winter of 1903—4, the instrument shop downtown was moved out to the North building and its great dynamos, motor generators, refrigeration plant, storage batteries, gas- making machine, air compressor and other apparatus were installed. In the spring, Dr. Rosa and his group, bringing their lunches with them each day, moved into North building as the remainder of the staff spread out in the vacated rooms downtown. ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS No one knew better than Dr. Stratton that the Bureau had started from scratch and that for a long time it would have nothing spectacular or even noteworthy to show for its efforts. The Bureau would have to live on borrowed time, borrowed standards, and borrowed instruments while it acquired the materials and methodology for research. Members of the Bureau visiting abroad had found the standards laboratories of France, Germany, and England openhanded, the instrument.makers of those coun- tries helpful in the extreme, and they came home laden with the best equipment and knowledge of standards then available. At the end of its third year the Bureau had achieved a sense of unity and purpose, and sufficient personnel to do something more than make com- parison of a limited number of standards. It was ready, as Rosa said, to "do in its field what the Coast Survey and the Geological Survey and the Department of Agriculture are doing in theirs." It had acquired almost $225,000 worth of apparatus and equipment, much of it abroad, some bought from instrument-makers and manufacturers in this country, and not a little constructed in its own shops. Two of the three divisions were well advanced in their organization (see below), although with the limited staff Dr. Stratton not only directed the Bureau but was in personal charge of a division and of one of its sections, while Dr. Rosa in his division also supervised two of its sections. For the first time it was possible to see just what had been ac- MS, Dorsey, "Some memories of the early days." Rosa, "The organization and work of the Bureau of Standards," Science, 19, 937 (1904). Much of the material of this chapter is based on this article.
74 FOUNDING THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS (1901-10) complished, what the Bureau was prepared to do, and what were the im- mediate tasks before it. The Staff of the Bureau of Standards, June 24, 19041 Director—Dr. Samuel W. Stratton (University of Illinois, University of Chicago) 1. Weights and measures: Louis A. Fischer (Columbia Univer- sity) Liewelyn G. Hoxton (University of Virginia) Roy Y. Ferner (University of Wis- consin) Nathan S. Osborne (Michigan School of Mines) Lloyd L. Smith 2. Heat and thermometry: Dr. Charles W. Waidner (Johns Hop- kins University) Dr. George K. Burgess (MIT, Univer- sity of Paris) Division I—Dr. Samuel W. Stratton Dr. Hobart C. Dickinson (Williams College, Clark University) 3. Light and optical instruments: Dr. Samuel W. Stratton Dr. Perley G. Nutting (University of California, Cornell University) Dr. Frederick J. Bates (University of Nebraska) 4. Engineering instruments: Albert S. Merrill (MIT) 5. Office: Henry D. Hubbard 6. Instrument shop: Oscar G. Lange Division II (Electricity) —Dr. Edward B. Rosa (Wesleyan University) 1. Resistance and Emf: Dr. Frank A. Wolff, Jr. (Johns Hop- kins University) Francis E. (MIT) Dr. George W. Middlekauf (Johns Hopkins University) 2. Magnetism and absolute measurement of current: Dr. Karl E. Guthe, (Uni- versity of Marburg, University of Mich- igan) 3. Inductance and capacity: Dr. Edward B. Rosa Dr. N. Ernest Dorsey (Johns Hopkins University) Frederick W. Grover (MIT, Wesleyan University) 4. Electrical measuring instruments: Dr. Edward B. Rosa Dr. Morton C. Lloyd (University of Pennsylvania) Herbert B. Brooks (Ohio State Uni- versity) C. E. Reid (Purdue University) Franklin S. Durston (Wesleyan Uni- versity) 5. Photometry: Edward P. Hyde (Johns Hopkins University) 6. Engineering plant: Charles E. Sponsler (Pennsylvania State College) 1Source: Science, 19, 937 (1904). Details of the education and experience of the original Bureau staff and a résumé of current activities appear in Report of the Dir, NBS, to the Visiting Committee, June 12, 1903 ("Gen Corresp Files of the Director, 1945—1955," Box 6). Charts of the organization of the Bureau and its supervising personnel, at 5-year intervals from 1901 to 1960, appear in app. J.
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Rexmond C. Cochrane MP 275 UNITED S
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Grateful acknowledgment is made to
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IV FOREWORD There are many examples
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VI PREFACE Vannevar Bush, architect
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VIII AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION so many
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CONTENTS Page FOREWORD 'U PREFACE v
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CONTENTS XIII Chapter II. FOUNDING
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CONTENTS XV Chapter III. ELECTRICIT
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CONTENTS XVII Chapter IV. THE WAR Y
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CONTENTS Chapter V. THE TIDE OF COM
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CONTENTS XXI Chapter VII. WORLD WAR
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XXIV CONTENTS THE CRUCIAL DECADE—
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MAIN STREET, 1900 AT THE TURN OF TH
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MAIN STREET, 1900 The marvel of the
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MAIN STREET, 1900 5 prosperous more
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MAIN STREET, 1900 Equally amazing w
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 9 Among
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 11 make
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 13 stit
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 15 comm
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GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
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GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
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LOOKING BACK 21 was maintained only
Page 48 and 49: LOOKING BACK 23 general public. Ada
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Page 52 and 53: LOOKING BACK 27 barometric pressure
Page 54 and 55: LOOKING BACK 29 Prototypes of the w
Page 56 and 57: LOOKING BACK 31 Without the force o
Page 58 and 59: LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 33 necessar
Page 60 and 61: LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 35 the Stat
Page 62 and 63: LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 37 Some of
Page 64 and 65: A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
Page 66 and 67: A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
Page 68 and 69: A NATIONAL NEED .. . A NATIONAL HUM
Page 70 and 71: A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
Page 72 and 73: A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
Page 74 and 75: SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON FOUNDING THE
Page 76 and 77: SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 51 fessor of
Page 78 and 79: SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON ing Professo
Page 80 and 81: SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 55 For over
Page 82 and 83: Dr. Frank A. Wolff, Jr., who was ab
Page 84 and 85: SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 59 TIlE EVEN
Page 86 and 87: SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON appeared as
Page 88 and 89: EDWARD B. ROSA 63 Dr. Edward B. Ros
Page 90 and 91: EDWARD B. ROSA 65 Free exercise of
Page 92 and 93: EDWARD B. ROSA 67 Dr. Charles W. Wa
Page 94 and 95: THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 69 exer
Page 96 and 97: THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 71 Chas
Page 100 and 101: ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS Divisi
Page 102 and 103: ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 77 ref
Page 104 and 105: ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 79 in
Page 106 and 107: ACQUIRiNG NATIONAL STANDARDS The wo
Page 108 and 109: AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
Page 110 and 111: The Baltimore fire of 1904. The tur
Page 112 and 113: AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
Page 114 and 115: AN: AUTUMN FIRE AND CONSUMERS' CRUS
Page 116 and 117: THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
Page 118 and 119: THE BEGINNING OF 93 gates, poured c
Page 120 and 121: The Bureau about 1910, just prior t
Page 122 and 123: The 2,300,000-pound Emery testing m
Page 124 and 125: THE BEGiNNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
Page 126 and 127: THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
Page 128 and 129: STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICIT
Page 130 and 131: STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICiT
Page 136 and 137: STANDARDS FOR PUBLiC UTILITIES 111
Page 138 and 139: Laboratory setup for testing the ca
Page 140 and 141: STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC UTILITIES 115
Page 142 and 143: The first iVBS railway scale test c
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STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC UTILITIES 123
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 125 Go
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 127 an
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 129 se
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 131 In
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STANDARDS FOR THE CONSUMER 133 in t
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136 ELECTRICITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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148 ELECTRICiTY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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cJ1 OF COMME The proliferation of B
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152 ELECTRiCITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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154 ELECTRICITY, RAiLROADS, AND RAD
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160 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) design.
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162 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) and Gov
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164 Abate, the experimental roiling
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Mule teams leveling the ground for
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C' The Standard Store and gas stati
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170 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) physici
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172 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) it was
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174 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) where t
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176 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) industr
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178 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) cut fro
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180 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) flew at
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182 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) Except
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184 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) But so
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186 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) make it
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OPTICAL GLASS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMEN
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NEW THINGS IN RADIO COMMUNICATION 1
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194 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) read,"
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196 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) up clea
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198 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) The use
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200 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) program
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202 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) investi
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204 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) certain
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206 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) large-s
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208 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) some ye
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210 . THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) estab
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212 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) trade f
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214 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) As appr
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216 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) necessa
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218 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) tripled
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The Physikalisch-Technische Reichsa
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222 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND INDUST
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232 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND iNDUST
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238 Unlike Stratton, Dr. George K.
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The Visiting Committee of the Secre
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GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 245 and ofte
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GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 247 Bureau n
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BUiLDING AND HOUSING 249 Although i
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BUILDING AND HOUSING 251 The spring
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THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATION 253
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THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATiON 255
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 263 RESEARCH
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 265 appliance
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 267 molasses
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY quest of the
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278 Freighted with apparatus design
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AUTOMOBILES AND AIRCRAFT 285 Testin
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POLICING THE ETHER 287 circuit crys
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POLICING THE ETHER 289 died in comm
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POLICING THE ETHER 291 If simple re
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POLICING THE ETHER 293 Bureau turne
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POLICING THE ETHER 295 a special hi
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POLICING THE ETHER 297 and radiotel
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW THE T
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 301 t
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 303 l
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLiC VIEW 305 e
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 307 a
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 309 the wake of
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 311 The Bureau w
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 313 Receiving th
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Dr. Hugh L. Dryden made some of thi
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 317 active inter
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 319 new administ
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINITION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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SOME FUNDAMENTAL WORK ON STANDARDS
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342 THE TIME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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348 THE TiME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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366 WORLD WAR II RESEARCH (1941-45)
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370 WORLD WAR I! RESEARCH (1941-45)
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• amounts 376 WORLD WAR II RESEAR
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THE BUREAU AND THE ATOMIC BOMB 387
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 389 ness o
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 391 A vari
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 393 Actual
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 395 and ot
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 397 Novemb
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 399
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 401
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDiCTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTiNG
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL MATERIALS 411
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL lilA TERIALS 4
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RESEARCH IN CRiTICAL MATERIALS 415
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RESEARCH ZN CRiTiCAL MATERIALS 419
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"THE PECULIAR PEACE" THE NEW WORLD
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THE PECULIAR PEACE cated the fissio
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THE PECULIAR PEACE Further augmenti
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THE PECULIAR PEACE 433 Dr. Briggs a
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON weapon and the
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON While at Prince
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440 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946-
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45O THE NEW' WORLD OF SCiENCE (1946
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'a 452 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (19
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458 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946
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One of the three giunt IVurtsburg a
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496 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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498 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN ENVO! s
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500 THE CRUCiAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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502 THE CRUCIAL DECI4DE—AN EN VOl
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C).' Gaithersburg, showing the high
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510 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VU!
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C,' The Visiting Committee of Comme
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514 The Exchequer standard corn gal
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516 APPENDIX A Hassler, a man highl
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518 APPENDIX A When he made known h
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520 APPENDIX A Hassler sets up camp
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522 APPENDIX A A new employment cam
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524 APPENDIX A thizing with a chara
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526 APPENDIX A possessed the scient
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528 APPENDIX B As the more practica
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530 APPENDIX B republican regime, a
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APPENDiX B him by Tralles. Thus fro
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APPENDIX B 535 By the 1930's metric
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APPENDIX C BASIC LEGISLATION Relati
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APPENDIX C For construction and ver
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APPENDIX C Eighth. The unit of indu
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APPENDIX C 543 Act of 4 March 1909
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APPENDIX C 545 Provided, That the m
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APPENDIX C Economy Act of 30 June 1
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APPENDIX C 549 For the establishmen
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APPENDIX C 551 (f) Invention and de
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554 APPENDIX C Act of 20 June 1956,
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558 APPENDIX E Term GANO DUNN Presi
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NBS SPECIAL APPROPRIATIONS, 1910-19
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1500 APPENDIX I PUBLICATIONS BY THE
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568 APPENDIX I Reorganization of NB
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APPENDIX J DIVISION. AND SECTION CH
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CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNI
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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WARTIME PROJECTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC
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APPENDIX 1 Radio Communications Sec
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APPENDIX J WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Fis
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APPENDIX J Airplane Power Plant—C
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APPENDIX J I 585 Electrochemistry E
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APPENDIX J Aviation Instruments—C
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APPENDIX / 589 Steel, Concrete, Cem
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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APPENDIX 1 VI. ENGINEERING PHYSICS
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APPENDIX J III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECTOR Assistant Director for Res
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APPENDIX 1 IX. CLAY AND SILICATE PR
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APPENDIX 1 III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECFOR Assistant to the Director
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APPENDIX J VII. ORGANIC AND FIBROUS
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DIRECTOR ASSISTANT DIRECTOR L ELECT
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APPENDIX / 609 VI. MECHANICS AND SO
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APPENDIX 1 611 ORDNANCE DEVELOPMENT
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APPENDIX J 613 II. METROLOGY—Cont
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APPENDIX / 615 VIII. METALLURGY—C
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APPENDIX 1 617 FIELD STATIONS Brook
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APPENDIX J I. ELECTRICITY AND ELECT
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APPENDIX 1 621 VII. ORGANIC AND FIB
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APPENDIX J 623 84. Radio Standards
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APPENDIX 1 H. METROLOGY—Continued
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APPENDIX J X. BUILDING RESEARCH—C
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APPENDIX 1 83. Radio Propagation En
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NBS PUBLICATIONS S T RP C H M BMS L
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APPENDIX K 4. OPTICS 5. CHEMISTRY 6
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APPENDIX K 635 Lowell & Willoughby,
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APPENDIX K 637 5. CHEMISTRY Judd, C
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APPENDIX K 639 9. CERAMICS French &
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APPENDIX K 641 Gardner, Design and
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APPENDIX K 643 Kline & Malmberg, Su
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APPENDIX K 645 McPherson, Adaptor f
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APPENDIX K Thomas, Driscoll & Hippl
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I.- C,) z IC, a -J LAND PURCHASES
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652 APPENDIX M Samuel W. Stratton a
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654 APPENDIX M Sometime after settl
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Scenes at the summer picnics that D
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a' The Bureau of Standards Orchestr
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660 APPENDIX M the American consul
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Alt, Franz L., Electronic digital c
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APPENDIX N 665 Harriman, Norman Fol
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APPENDIX N 667 hydrocarbons and rel
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670 APPENDIX 0 Bldg. No. 33 34 35 3
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672 APPENDIX 0 Estimated Estimated
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674 PUBLISHED SOURCES on World War
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676 PUBLISHED SOURCES Marshall, Log
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678 PUBLISHED SOURCES Biographies,
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680 UNPUBLISHED SOURCES Seventeen o
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INDEX Note: Only those members of t
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INDEX BELL, Alexander Graham, 210 B
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iNDEX Colorimetry section, NBS, 170
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690 iNDEX GARDNER, Washington (Cong
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692 inventions at NBS (see NBS staf
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694 metric legislation, 209, 210—
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696 INDEX National Bureau of Standa
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698 PRIEST, Irwin C., 99n, 186, 196
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700 screw thread standardization, 3
Page 717 and 718:
702 INDEX testing machines, 96 text
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INDEX WALKER, Percy H., 155 WALLACE
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Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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