Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON FOUNDING THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS (1901-10) For much of its first decade and a half, until shortly before America's entry into World War I, the Bureau's energies were almost wholly engaged in developing its staff and organization, establishing new and much needed standards for science and industry, and proving itself as a valuable adjunct of Government and industry. It assumed responsibilities as readily as it accepted those thrust upon it, and found them proliferating at a rate faster than the Bureau could grow. In 1914, making its first pause to take stock, the Bureau discovered that it had virtually to rewrite the functions of the organic act that had created it. This is the story told in the next two chapters. From the day he arrived in Washington, Samuel Wesley Stratton (1861—1931) was the driving force behind the shaping of the National Bureau of Standards. Louis A. Fischer and Dr. Frank A. Wolff, Jr., who had been with the Office of Weights and Measures since 1880 and 1897, respectively, and had friends and acquaintances who knew many members of Congress, did much of the work of bringing the proposed bill to the favorable attention of members in both Houses. But it was Stratton, enlisting the aid of other scientists and officials in the Government, who drafted the text of Sec. retary Gage's letter, prepared the arguments that were to persuade Congress, and secured the imposing and unprecedented array of endorsements for the proposed laboratory.' At his very first meeting on Capitol Hill, Stratton "mesmerized the House Committee," Wolff recalled, "and splendid hearings were held which were printed for distribution without stint." 2 He was to be the director of the Bureau for the next 21 years. As a youth, Stratton's interest in machines and mechanical processes led him to major in mechanical engineering when he entered the University of Illinois in 1880. With his bachelor of science degree and a summer of intensive reading in Ganot's Physics—the training text of so many 19th- century American physicists—he was appointed instructor of mathematics and physics in the fall of 1884. In 1889 he was promoted to assistant pro. 1 Stratton's correspondence on behalf of the bill may be found in Box 1 of the Stratton Papers in the Archives Library of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 'Speech, Dr. Frank A. Wolff, 25th anniversary of the NBS, Dec. 4, 1926. 49 CHAPTER II
Dr. Stratton at his desk in South building, 1905. The Bureau was still in its infancy, but already, according to Rosa, second only to the great German Reichsanstalt among government standardc laboratories. The portrait of Michael Faraday on the wall, symbolizing the age of electricty, did not come down until 1950.
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Rexmond C. Cochrane MP 275 UNITED S
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Grateful acknowledgment is made to
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IV FOREWORD There are many examples
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VI PREFACE Vannevar Bush, architect
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VIII AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION so many
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CONTENTS Page FOREWORD 'U PREFACE v
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CONTENTS XIII Chapter II. FOUNDING
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CONTENTS XV Chapter III. ELECTRICIT
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CONTENTS XVII Chapter IV. THE WAR Y
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CONTENTS Chapter V. THE TIDE OF COM
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CONTENTS XXI Chapter VII. WORLD WAR
Page 24 and 25: XXIV CONTENTS THE CRUCIAL DECADE—
Page 26 and 27: MAIN STREET, 1900 AT THE TURN OF TH
Page 28 and 29: MAIN STREET, 1900 The marvel of the
Page 30 and 31: MAIN STREET, 1900 5 prosperous more
Page 32 and 33: MAIN STREET, 1900 Equally amazing w
Page 34 and 35: THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 9 Among
Page 36 and 37: THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 11 make
Page 38 and 39: THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 13 stit
Page 40 and 41: THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 15 comm
Page 42 and 43: GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
Page 44 and 45: GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
Page 46 and 47: LOOKING BACK 21 was maintained only
Page 48 and 49: LOOKING BACK 23 general public. Ada
Page 50 and 51: LOOKING BACK 25 many more as he cou
Page 52 and 53: LOOKING BACK 27 barometric pressure
Page 54 and 55: LOOKING BACK 29 Prototypes of the w
Page 56 and 57: LOOKING BACK 31 Without the force o
Page 58 and 59: LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 33 necessar
Page 60 and 61: LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 35 the Stat
Page 62 and 63: LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 37 Some of
Page 64 and 65: A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
Page 66 and 67: A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
Page 68 and 69: A NATIONAL NEED .. . A NATIONAL HUM
Page 70 and 71: A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
Page 72 and 73: A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
Page 76 and 77: SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 51 fessor of
Page 78 and 79: SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON ing Professo
Page 80 and 81: SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 55 For over
Page 82 and 83: Dr. Frank A. Wolff, Jr., who was ab
Page 84 and 85: SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 59 TIlE EVEN
Page 86 and 87: SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON appeared as
Page 88 and 89: EDWARD B. ROSA 63 Dr. Edward B. Ros
Page 90 and 91: EDWARD B. ROSA 65 Free exercise of
Page 92 and 93: EDWARD B. ROSA 67 Dr. Charles W. Wa
Page 94 and 95: THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 69 exer
Page 96 and 97: THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 71 Chas
Page 98 and 99: ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 73 mad
Page 100 and 101: ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS Divisi
Page 102 and 103: ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 77 ref
Page 104 and 105: ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 79 in
Page 106 and 107: ACQUIRiNG NATIONAL STANDARDS The wo
Page 108 and 109: AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
Page 110 and 111: The Baltimore fire of 1904. The tur
Page 112 and 113: AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
Page 114 and 115: AN: AUTUMN FIRE AND CONSUMERS' CRUS
Page 116 and 117: THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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Page 120 and 121: The Bureau about 1910, just prior t
Page 122 and 123: The 2,300,000-pound Emery testing m
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THE BEGiNNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICIT
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STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICiT
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STANDARDS FOR PUBLiC UTILITIES 111
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Laboratory setup for testing the ca
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STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC UTILITIES 115
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The first iVBS railway scale test c
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 125 Go
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 127 an
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 129 se
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 131 In
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STANDARDS FOR THE CONSUMER 133 in t
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136 ELECTRICITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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148 ELECTRICiTY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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cJ1 OF COMME The proliferation of B
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152 ELECTRiCITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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154 ELECTRICITY, RAiLROADS, AND RAD
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160 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) design.
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162 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) and Gov
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164 Abate, the experimental roiling
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Mule teams leveling the ground for
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C' The Standard Store and gas stati
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170 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) physici
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172 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) it was
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174 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) where t
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176 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) industr
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178 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) cut fro
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180 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) flew at
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182 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) Except
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184 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) But so
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186 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) make it
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OPTICAL GLASS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMEN
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NEW THINGS IN RADIO COMMUNICATION 1
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194 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) read,"
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196 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) up clea
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198 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) The use
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200 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) program
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202 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) investi
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204 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) certain
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206 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) large-s
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208 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) some ye
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210 . THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) estab
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212 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) trade f
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214 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) As appr
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216 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) necessa
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218 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) tripled
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The Physikalisch-Technische Reichsa
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222 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND INDUST
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232 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND iNDUST
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238 Unlike Stratton, Dr. George K.
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The Visiting Committee of the Secre
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GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 245 and ofte
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GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 247 Bureau n
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BUiLDING AND HOUSING 249 Although i
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BUILDING AND HOUSING 251 The spring
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THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATION 253
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THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATiON 255
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 263 RESEARCH
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 265 appliance
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 267 molasses
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY quest of the
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278 Freighted with apparatus design
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AUTOMOBILES AND AIRCRAFT 285 Testin
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POLICING THE ETHER 287 circuit crys
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POLICING THE ETHER 289 died in comm
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POLICING THE ETHER 291 If simple re
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POLICING THE ETHER 293 Bureau turne
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POLICING THE ETHER 295 a special hi
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POLICING THE ETHER 297 and radiotel
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW THE T
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 301 t
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 303 l
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLiC VIEW 305 e
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 307 a
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 309 the wake of
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 311 The Bureau w
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 313 Receiving th
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Dr. Hugh L. Dryden made some of thi
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 317 active inter
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 319 new administ
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINITION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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SOME FUNDAMENTAL WORK ON STANDARDS
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342 THE TIME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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348 THE TiME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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366 WORLD WAR II RESEARCH (1941-45)
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370 WORLD WAR I! RESEARCH (1941-45)
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• amounts 376 WORLD WAR II RESEAR
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THE BUREAU AND THE ATOMIC BOMB 387
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 389 ness o
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 391 A vari
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 393 Actual
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 395 and ot
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 397 Novemb
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 399
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 401
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDiCTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTiNG
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL MATERIALS 411
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL lilA TERIALS 4
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RESEARCH IN CRiTICAL MATERIALS 415
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RESEARCH ZN CRiTiCAL MATERIALS 419
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"THE PECULIAR PEACE" THE NEW WORLD
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THE PECULIAR PEACE cated the fissio
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THE PECULIAR PEACE Further augmenti
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THE PECULIAR PEACE 433 Dr. Briggs a
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON weapon and the
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON While at Prince
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440 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946-
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45O THE NEW' WORLD OF SCiENCE (1946
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'a 452 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (19
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458 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946
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One of the three giunt IVurtsburg a
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496 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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498 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN ENVO! s
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500 THE CRUCiAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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502 THE CRUCIAL DECI4DE—AN EN VOl
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C).' Gaithersburg, showing the high
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510 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VU!
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C,' The Visiting Committee of Comme
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514 The Exchequer standard corn gal
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516 APPENDIX A Hassler, a man highl
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518 APPENDIX A When he made known h
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520 APPENDIX A Hassler sets up camp
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522 APPENDIX A A new employment cam
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524 APPENDIX A thizing with a chara
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526 APPENDIX A possessed the scient
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528 APPENDIX B As the more practica
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530 APPENDIX B republican regime, a
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APPENDiX B him by Tralles. Thus fro
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APPENDIX B 535 By the 1930's metric
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APPENDIX C BASIC LEGISLATION Relati
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APPENDIX C For construction and ver
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APPENDIX C Eighth. The unit of indu
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APPENDIX C 543 Act of 4 March 1909
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APPENDIX C 545 Provided, That the m
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APPENDIX C Economy Act of 30 June 1
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APPENDIX C 549 For the establishmen
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APPENDIX C 551 (f) Invention and de
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554 APPENDIX C Act of 20 June 1956,
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558 APPENDIX E Term GANO DUNN Presi
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NBS SPECIAL APPROPRIATIONS, 1910-19
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1500 APPENDIX I PUBLICATIONS BY THE
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568 APPENDIX I Reorganization of NB
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APPENDIX J DIVISION. AND SECTION CH
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CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNI
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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WARTIME PROJECTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC
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APPENDIX 1 Radio Communications Sec
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APPENDIX J WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Fis
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APPENDIX J Airplane Power Plant—C
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APPENDIX J I 585 Electrochemistry E
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APPENDIX J Aviation Instruments—C
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APPENDIX / 589 Steel, Concrete, Cem
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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APPENDIX 1 VI. ENGINEERING PHYSICS
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APPENDIX J III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECTOR Assistant Director for Res
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APPENDIX 1 IX. CLAY AND SILICATE PR
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APPENDIX 1 III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECFOR Assistant to the Director
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APPENDIX J VII. ORGANIC AND FIBROUS
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DIRECTOR ASSISTANT DIRECTOR L ELECT
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APPENDIX / 609 VI. MECHANICS AND SO
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APPENDIX 1 611 ORDNANCE DEVELOPMENT
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APPENDIX J 613 II. METROLOGY—Cont
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APPENDIX / 615 VIII. METALLURGY—C
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APPENDIX 1 617 FIELD STATIONS Brook
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APPENDIX J I. ELECTRICITY AND ELECT
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APPENDIX 1 621 VII. ORGANIC AND FIB
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APPENDIX J 623 84. Radio Standards
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APPENDIX 1 H. METROLOGY—Continued
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APPENDIX J X. BUILDING RESEARCH—C
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APPENDIX 1 83. Radio Propagation En
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NBS PUBLICATIONS S T RP C H M BMS L
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APPENDIX K 4. OPTICS 5. CHEMISTRY 6
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APPENDIX K 635 Lowell & Willoughby,
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APPENDIX K 637 5. CHEMISTRY Judd, C
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APPENDIX K 639 9. CERAMICS French &
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APPENDIX K 641 Gardner, Design and
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APPENDIX K 643 Kline & Malmberg, Su
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APPENDIX K 645 McPherson, Adaptor f
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APPENDIX K Thomas, Driscoll & Hippl
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I.- C,) z IC, a -J LAND PURCHASES
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652 APPENDIX M Samuel W. Stratton a
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654 APPENDIX M Sometime after settl
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Scenes at the summer picnics that D
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a' The Bureau of Standards Orchestr
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660 APPENDIX M the American consul
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Alt, Franz L., Electronic digital c
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APPENDIX N 665 Harriman, Norman Fol
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APPENDIX N 667 hydrocarbons and rel
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670 APPENDIX 0 Bldg. No. 33 34 35 3
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672 APPENDIX 0 Estimated Estimated
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674 PUBLISHED SOURCES on World War
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676 PUBLISHED SOURCES Marshall, Log
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678 PUBLISHED SOURCES Biographies,
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680 UNPUBLISHED SOURCES Seventeen o
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INDEX Note: Only those members of t
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INDEX BELL, Alexander Graham, 210 B
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iNDEX Colorimetry section, NBS, 170
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690 iNDEX GARDNER, Washington (Cong
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692 inventions at NBS (see NBS staf
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694 metric legislation, 209, 210—
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696 INDEX National Bureau of Standa
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698 PRIEST, Irwin C., 99n, 186, 196
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700 screw thread standardization, 3
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702 INDEX testing machines, 96 text
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INDEX WALKER, Percy H., 155 WALLACE
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