Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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INDEX standardization, arbitrary, 178—179 standardization crusade (see crusade) standardization, difficulties, 261—262, 262n standards, arbitrary, 33—34, 36—37 standards, atomic (see atomic standards) standards, Federal (1825—1875), 31 standards, Hassler's 24—27, 28, 87 standards, hierarchy of, 75—76 standards, industrial (see standardization, industrial) standards legislation, need for, 1, 14—15, 18—19, 23, 31— 32, 33, 34, 37, 41, 52, 53 "standards," meaning of term, 151 standards, reproducibility of, 35, 109 Standards Yearbook, 256 STANLEY, F. E., 5 State Department, 17 Statistical Engineering Laboratory, NBS, 461 steam, physical constants, 246 Steamboat Inspection Service (Commerce), 230 steel and steel alloys, 172, 174n, 175. See also alloy research. steel industry, 118, 127, 129, 174 steel shortage, 410, 414, 421. See also alloy research. STEFAN, Karl (Congressman), 439n, 442, 488 STEFFENS, Lincoln, 88 stellar and solar spectra, photography of, 190 Stephens College, 329 Sterling, Va., field laboratory, 376, 4U6n STIMSON, Harold F., 225n, 248 STOKES, Henry N., 74, 81 storage battery, 5, 14, 18 storage battery research, 263, 280—281. See also bat. tery additiveg. storage tanks, concrete, 421 The Story oJ Standards (Perry), 36 STOTESBURY, Edward, 9 strain gage, optical, 273 STRASSMAN, Fritz, 360 Strategic Materials Act, 365—366 stratospheric research, 355 Stratton, Samuel W., 40, 45, 49, 54, 65—67, 68, 69, 72, 73, 74, 83, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92, 93, 96, 99n. 100, 101, 102, 103, 110, 116, 120, 123, 124—125, 128, 130, 133— 134, 137, 146, 148, 149, 153, 154, 155, 157, 159- 160, 162, 167, 169—170, 171, 176, 178, 182, 184n, 186—187, 190, 191, 198n, 199, 200, 204n, 209, 210— 211, 212n, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 222n, 224, 225, 226, 233, 236, 237, 240, 241, 242, 254n, 255, 302n, 335, 439, 440, 445, 489, SOOn, app. A, app. B Inspector of Standards, 40, 52—54, 56—58 on salaries, 46, 98, 224 on his staff, 46, 98, 148 relations with Congress, 49, 107—108, 149 described, 49, 51, 54, 55 234, 316, app. M (brief biography) at U. of Illinois, 49 at U. of Chicago, 51 interest in interferometry, 51, 186 apppointed Director, 58 as administrator, 55, 58—60, 61, 64, 82, 99, 126, 127, 234n, 240, 249 as paterfamilias, 63, 233 as empire-builder, 64—65, 91, 148, 149—151, 151—152, 156, 162—165, 215, 231, 303 701 patent policy, 348n leaves NBS for MIT, 233, 235—236 guest lecturer policy, 478n at MIT, 236—237, app. M death, app M STRAUS, Oscar S. (Secretary of Commerce and La. bor), 229 streetcars (trolley cars), 9, 11, 12, 31, 62, 71, 119. See also electrolysis. street lamps, gas, 115 striae, optical, 191n - strontium 90, 340 Structural Engineering division, NBS, 250 Structural Materials division, NBS, 131, 167 Structural and Miscellaneous Materials division, NBS, 148 structural testing, 96, 125, 148 Stucco building, 199n STUDEBAKER brothers, 5 STUTZ, Walter F., 443n submarine (U-boat) detection, 204 submarines, combustible gas detection, 204 substitute materials, 174, 371, 421, 425. See also commercial standards and individual materials: wool; leather; paper; "dope;" platinum; tin, zinc; fuel (gasoline) ; concrete. sugar industry, 265 sugar mill, NBS, 266, 306 sugar research, 58, 79, 81, 151—152, 265, 266, 449, 470 SUMMERFIELD, Arthur E., 485n superconductivity, 247, 466, 467 supersonic flight research, 466 Surgeon General's Office, 17, 202, 271, 470 surveyors' instruments, 58 SWAC (computer), 458, 461 SWIETOSLAWSKI, Wojciech, 343, 478n synthetic rubber (see rubber) SZILARD, Leo, 361, 362 T tachometer (see aeronautical instruments) TAFT, William Howard, 228 TARBELL, Ida M., 88 TATE, John, 248 TAYLOR, A. Hoyt, 388n TAYLOR, Lauriston S., 339, 390, 393 TAYLOR, Wayne C., 432, 446n telegraph, 3, 16 telemeteorography (see radiometeorography) telephone and telegraph industry, 3, 6n, 31, 110, 123, 124, 218 Telephone building, NBS, 333n telephone, long.distance, 15, 139 television, early, 294n TELLER, Edward, 362, 458n temperature measnrements, 59, 78. See also high. temperature measurement; cryogenic research. temperature scale, 129, 130. See also International Practical Temperature Scale. temperature standards, 15 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 327, 333 TESLA, Nikola, 10 testing and calibrating (see under NBS)
702 INDEX testing machines, 96 textile industry, 172 textile mill, NBS (see cotton mill) textile research, 31, 176, 244, 268, 272—273, 422—423, 479 Textile section, NBS, 176, 423 thermal conductivity, 131, 263 thermal radiation standards, 338 thermocouples, 78 thermometer testing, 37, 58, 61, 65, 78, 500 thermometer, clinical, 59,78, 90 Thermometry section, NB5, 170 thermopile, 204 Thiokol (synthetic rubber), 411n, 412. See also rubber research. THOMAS, J. L., 109 THOMAS, J. Parnell (Congressman), 491 THOMPSON, John G., 439n THOMSON, Elihu, 61, 153, apP. M THOMSON, Sir John J., 12, 139 time intervals and signals, standard, 350, 474—475 time measurement, 78 time, standards, 15, 464, 475n time-temperature curve, 131 time zones, standard, 4iSn tire testing, 263, 279, 280, 413, 500 Titanic, 141 TITTMANN, Otto H, 155n tohiol (see explosives) toss bombing (see bomb director device) tracer micrography, 469 tracers (see radioactive labeling) trade associations, 255, 256 trade secrets (see patents and trade Secrets) Trade Standards division, NBS, 233, 260, 304, 432. See also under commercial - Trading-with-the-Enemy Act (1917), 221n training program, radio, 192 training program, weights and measures, 90 TRALLES, Johann Georg, app. A, app. B transatlantic radio system, 192 transformers, current, 115 transistor (see semiconductors; diode; miniaturiza- tion) Transportation Corps (Army), 277 Treasury Department, 16, 18, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 34, 39, 44, 45, 52, 53, 68, 69, 72, 79, 124, 302n, 370n, 416, 417, 423, 460. See alto Secretaries of the Treasury by name: Gage; Gallatin; Ingham; McLane; Woodbury. Treaty of the Meter (1875), 29—30 tritium, 341n troposphere research, 474 TROUGHTON, Edward, 26, app. A Troughton yard (see yard) TROWBRIDGE, John, 12-13 troy weight (see under pound) Truman Committee, 413 TRUMAN, Harry S., 428, 435, 445, 446, 492 trusts (see monopolies) "Tuballoy," 378 TUCKERMAN, Louis B., 147n, 273, 355, 443n Tufts College, 454 tungsten-filament lamp (see under lamp) Tuscaloosa, Ala., field laboratory, 310n, 331 TUVE, Merle A., 369, 390, 404 TYNDALL, E. P. 1., llln, 245, 273, 337 typewriter controversy, 261 U U-boat menace, 161, 194, 204, 372, 374—375, 403, 417, 420 ultrasonic laboratory, NBS, 451 ultrasonic mechanics, 15 ultraviolet lamps, 338 ultraviolet radiation standard, 338 UnAmerican Activities, House Committee (HUAAC). 491—492 underwater radio transmission, 194 Underwriters' Laboratories, 131 United States Testing Company, 500 uranium and uranium research, 12, 147, 174, 300, 357. 360—362, 363, 368, 377, 378, 379—380, 382, 383, 3M 385—387 uranium, estimatees of usefulness, 362, 378 Uranium Section (NDRC); Uranium Committee (OSRD). See Advisory Committee on Uraniom. UREY, Harold C., 357, 358, 359, 363, 379, 382, 383, 444 U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, 405, 419 U.S. Mint, 416 U.S. Naval Radiotelegraphic Laboratory (see Labora- tory for Special Radio Transmissisn Research) U.S. Rubber Co., 14 U.S.S.R. (Soviet), 356, 406, 423 utilization of waste materials, 263, 266, 267—268, 349 V vacuum tube (see electron tube) VANDERLIP, Frank A, 40, 52, 54 VanDUSEN, Milton S., 443n VanKEUREN, Harold L., 162 very high frequency (vhf) radio transmission, 293—294 Vidal Research Corp., 400, 401 VINAL, George W., 109, 24.5, 281, 392n, 484 VINCENT, George E., 215, 219 VINOGRADOFF, Dmltri I., 443 Virginia, University of, 74, 363, 380 visibility curve, standard, 337 Visiting Committee to NBS (see under NBS Visiting Committee). volt, 32, 80, 105, 107 voltage measurement, 80 voltameter, silver, 80, 104, 105, 245, 469 voltmeter, 58, 115 volume, Hassler's standards of, 26—27 volumetric determination, 151—152 VOORHEES, Samuel 5., 94 'V WGY (General Electric), 293 WWV and WWVH (see radio stations, NBS) WAIDNER, Charles W., 65, 67, 74, 78, 99n, 101, 111, 127, 142n, 234, 239, 240 WALCOTT, Charles D., 160
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Rexmond C. Cochrane MP 275 UNITED S
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Grateful acknowledgment is made to
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IV FOREWORD There are many examples
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VI PREFACE Vannevar Bush, architect
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VIII AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION so many
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CONTENTS Page FOREWORD 'U PREFACE v
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CONTENTS XIII Chapter II. FOUNDING
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CONTENTS XV Chapter III. ELECTRICIT
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CONTENTS XVII Chapter IV. THE WAR Y
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CONTENTS Chapter V. THE TIDE OF COM
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CONTENTS XXI Chapter VII. WORLD WAR
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XXIV CONTENTS THE CRUCIAL DECADE—
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MAIN STREET, 1900 AT THE TURN OF TH
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MAIN STREET, 1900 The marvel of the
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MAIN STREET, 1900 5 prosperous more
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MAIN STREET, 1900 Equally amazing w
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 9 Among
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 11 make
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 13 stit
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 15 comm
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GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
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GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
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LOOKING BACK 21 was maintained only
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LOOKING BACK 23 general public. Ada
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LOOKING BACK 25 many more as he cou
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LOOKING BACK 27 barometric pressure
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LOOKING BACK 29 Prototypes of the w
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LOOKING BACK 31 Without the force o
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 33 necessar
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 35 the Stat
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 37 Some of
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A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATIONAL NEED .. . A NATIONAL HUM
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A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON FOUNDING THE
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 51 fessor of
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON ing Professo
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 55 For over
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Dr. Frank A. Wolff, Jr., who was ab
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 59 TIlE EVEN
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON appeared as
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EDWARD B. ROSA 63 Dr. Edward B. Ros
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EDWARD B. ROSA 65 Free exercise of
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EDWARD B. ROSA 67 Dr. Charles W. Wa
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THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 69 exer
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THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 71 Chas
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 73 mad
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS Divisi
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 77 ref
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 79 in
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ACQUIRiNG NATIONAL STANDARDS The wo
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AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
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The Baltimore fire of 1904. The tur
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AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
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AN: AUTUMN FIRE AND CONSUMERS' CRUS
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THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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THE BEGINNING OF 93 gates, poured c
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The Bureau about 1910, just prior t
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The 2,300,000-pound Emery testing m
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THE BEGiNNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICIT
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STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICiT
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STANDARDS FOR PUBLiC UTILITIES 111
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Laboratory setup for testing the ca
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STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC UTILITIES 115
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The first iVBS railway scale test c
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 125 Go
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 127 an
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 129 se
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 131 In
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STANDARDS FOR THE CONSUMER 133 in t
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136 ELECTRICITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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148 ELECTRICiTY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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cJ1 OF COMME The proliferation of B
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152 ELECTRiCITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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154 ELECTRICITY, RAiLROADS, AND RAD
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160 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) design.
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162 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) and Gov
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164 Abate, the experimental roiling
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Mule teams leveling the ground for
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C' The Standard Store and gas stati
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170 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) physici
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172 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) it was
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174 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) where t
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176 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) industr
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178 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) cut fro
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180 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) flew at
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182 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) Except
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184 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) But so
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186 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) make it
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OPTICAL GLASS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMEN
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NEW THINGS IN RADIO COMMUNICATION 1
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194 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) read,"
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196 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) up clea
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198 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) The use
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200 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) program
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202 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) investi
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204 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) certain
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206 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) large-s
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208 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) some ye
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210 . THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) estab
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212 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) trade f
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214 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) As appr
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216 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) necessa
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218 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) tripled
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The Physikalisch-Technische Reichsa
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222 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND INDUST
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232 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND iNDUST
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238 Unlike Stratton, Dr. George K.
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The Visiting Committee of the Secre
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GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 245 and ofte
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GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 247 Bureau n
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BUiLDING AND HOUSING 249 Although i
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BUILDING AND HOUSING 251 The spring
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THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATION 253
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THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATiON 255
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 263 RESEARCH
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 265 appliance
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 267 molasses
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY quest of the
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278 Freighted with apparatus design
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AUTOMOBILES AND AIRCRAFT 285 Testin
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POLICING THE ETHER 287 circuit crys
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POLICING THE ETHER 289 died in comm
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POLICING THE ETHER 291 If simple re
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POLICING THE ETHER 293 Bureau turne
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POLICING THE ETHER 295 a special hi
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POLICING THE ETHER 297 and radiotel
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW THE T
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 301 t
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 303 l
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLiC VIEW 305 e
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 307 a
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 309 the wake of
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 311 The Bureau w
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 313 Receiving th
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Dr. Hugh L. Dryden made some of thi
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 317 active inter
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 319 new administ
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINITION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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SOME FUNDAMENTAL WORK ON STANDARDS
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342 THE TIME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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348 THE TiME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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366 WORLD WAR II RESEARCH (1941-45)
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370 WORLD WAR I! RESEARCH (1941-45)
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• amounts 376 WORLD WAR II RESEAR
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THE BUREAU AND THE ATOMIC BOMB 387
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 389 ness o
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 391 A vari
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 393 Actual
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 395 and ot
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 397 Novemb
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 399
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 401
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDiCTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTiNG
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL MATERIALS 411
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL lilA TERIALS 4
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RESEARCH IN CRiTICAL MATERIALS 415
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RESEARCH ZN CRiTiCAL MATERIALS 419
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"THE PECULIAR PEACE" THE NEW WORLD
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THE PECULIAR PEACE cated the fissio
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THE PECULIAR PEACE Further augmenti
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THE PECULIAR PEACE 433 Dr. Briggs a
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON weapon and the
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON While at Prince
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440 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946-
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45O THE NEW' WORLD OF SCiENCE (1946
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'a 452 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (19
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458 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946
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One of the three giunt IVurtsburg a
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496 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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498 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN ENVO! s
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500 THE CRUCiAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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502 THE CRUCIAL DECI4DE—AN EN VOl
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C).' Gaithersburg, showing the high
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510 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VU!
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C,' The Visiting Committee of Comme
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514 The Exchequer standard corn gal
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516 APPENDIX A Hassler, a man highl
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518 APPENDIX A When he made known h
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520 APPENDIX A Hassler sets up camp
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522 APPENDIX A A new employment cam
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524 APPENDIX A thizing with a chara
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526 APPENDIX A possessed the scient
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528 APPENDIX B As the more practica
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530 APPENDIX B republican regime, a
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APPENDiX B him by Tralles. Thus fro
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APPENDIX B 535 By the 1930's metric
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APPENDIX C BASIC LEGISLATION Relati
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APPENDIX C For construction and ver
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APPENDIX C Eighth. The unit of indu
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APPENDIX C 543 Act of 4 March 1909
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APPENDIX C 545 Provided, That the m
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APPENDIX C Economy Act of 30 June 1
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APPENDIX C 549 For the establishmen
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APPENDIX C 551 (f) Invention and de
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554 APPENDIX C Act of 20 June 1956,
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558 APPENDIX E Term GANO DUNN Presi
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NBS SPECIAL APPROPRIATIONS, 1910-19
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1500 APPENDIX I PUBLICATIONS BY THE
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568 APPENDIX I Reorganization of NB
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APPENDIX J DIVISION. AND SECTION CH
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CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNI
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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WARTIME PROJECTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC
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APPENDIX 1 Radio Communications Sec
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APPENDIX J WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Fis
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APPENDIX J Airplane Power Plant—C
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APPENDIX J I 585 Electrochemistry E
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APPENDIX J Aviation Instruments—C
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APPENDIX / 589 Steel, Concrete, Cem
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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APPENDIX 1 VI. ENGINEERING PHYSICS
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APPENDIX J III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECTOR Assistant Director for Res
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APPENDIX 1 IX. CLAY AND SILICATE PR
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APPENDIX 1 III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECFOR Assistant to the Director
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APPENDIX J VII. ORGANIC AND FIBROUS
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DIRECTOR ASSISTANT DIRECTOR L ELECT
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APPENDIX / 609 VI. MECHANICS AND SO
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APPENDIX 1 611 ORDNANCE DEVELOPMENT
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APPENDIX J 613 II. METROLOGY—Cont
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APPENDIX / 615 VIII. METALLURGY—C
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APPENDIX 1 617 FIELD STATIONS Brook
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APPENDIX J I. ELECTRICITY AND ELECT
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APPENDIX 1 621 VII. ORGANIC AND FIB
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APPENDIX J 623 84. Radio Standards
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APPENDIX 1 H. METROLOGY—Continued
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APPENDIX J X. BUILDING RESEARCH—C
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APPENDIX 1 83. Radio Propagation En
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NBS PUBLICATIONS S T RP C H M BMS L
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APPENDIX K 4. OPTICS 5. CHEMISTRY 6
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APPENDIX K 635 Lowell & Willoughby,
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APPENDIX K 637 5. CHEMISTRY Judd, C
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APPENDIX K 639 9. CERAMICS French &
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APPENDIX K 641 Gardner, Design and
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APPENDIX K 643 Kline & Malmberg, Su
Page 664 and 665:
APPENDIX K 645 McPherson, Adaptor f
Page 666 and 667: APPENDIX K Thomas, Driscoll & Hippl
Page 668 and 669: I.- C,) z IC, a -J LAND PURCHASES
Page 670 and 671: 652 APPENDIX M Samuel W. Stratton a
Page 672 and 673: 654 APPENDIX M Sometime after settl
Page 674 and 675: Scenes at the summer picnics that D
Page 676 and 677: a' The Bureau of Standards Orchestr
Page 678 and 679: 660 APPENDIX M the American consul
Page 680 and 681: Alt, Franz L., Electronic digital c
Page 682 and 683: APPENDIX N 665 Harriman, Norman Fol
Page 684 and 685: APPENDIX N 667 hydrocarbons and rel
Page 686 and 687: 670 APPENDIX 0 Bldg. No. 33 34 35 3
Page 688 and 689: 672 APPENDIX 0 Estimated Estimated
Page 690 and 691: 674 PUBLISHED SOURCES on World War
Page 692 and 693: 676 PUBLISHED SOURCES Marshall, Log
Page 694 and 695: 678 PUBLISHED SOURCES Biographies,
Page 696 and 697: 680 UNPUBLISHED SOURCES Seventeen o
Page 698 and 699: INDEX Note: Only those members of t
Page 700 and 701: INDEX BELL, Alexander Graham, 210 B
Page 702: iNDEX Colorimetry section, NBS, 170
Page 705 and 706: 690 iNDEX GARDNER, Washington (Cong
Page 707 and 708: 692 inventions at NBS (see NBS staf
Page 709 and 710: 694 metric legislation, 209, 210—
Page 711 and 712: 696 INDEX National Bureau of Standa
Page 713 and 714: 698 PRIEST, Irwin C., 99n, 186, 196
Page 715: 700 screw thread standardization, 3
Page 719: INDEX WALKER, Percy H., 155 WALLACE
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Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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