Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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INDEX organic reagents, high.purity, 343 The Origin of Spectra (Foote and Mohler), 249 OSBORN, Albert S., 302n OSBORNE, Nathan S., 74, 130, 225n outer space phenomena, 474 OVERMAN, Lee S. (Congressman), 148—149 Overman Act, 213 P PTR (see Physikalisch.Technische Reichsanstalt) Packard Motor Car Co., 182, 184 PAGE, Chester H., 454 PAIGE, Satchel, 316 Panama Canal Commission (see Isthmian Canal Commission) Pan.Arnerican Exposition (Buffalo, 1901), 2, 5, 20 paper mill, NBS, 162—165, 167, 203 paper research, 267, 268, 334—335, 423, 479—480 paper substitutes, 176 paraffin hydrocarbons (see petroleum research) Paris Exposition (1900),60 Paris, University of, 74 PARSONS, Douglas E., 439n Passamaquoddy Bay Dam, 327 patent litigation, 206, 347—348 patent litigation, radio, 191—192, 197, 198, 286 Patent Office, 17, 230-231 patents and patent policy, NBS (see NBS policy) patents and trade secrets, 187, 221, 265, 267, 274, 279, 334—335 PEARSON, Joseph C., 170, 175 PEGRAM, George B, 360, 363 PEIRCE, CHARLES S., 20, 21, 23, 27n, 32, 33, 53n "Pelican" (see guided missile research) Pembroke Park, 376 Pennsylvania State College, 74 Pennsylvania, University of, 74, 453 Pennsylvania Railroad, 14 pentane lamp, 112, 114 performance, standards of, 156 periodic table of the elements, 65n, 357-358 Perkins Observatory (Ohio Wesleyan Univ.), 274 permeameter, 128—129 perpetual motion devices, 301 PERSHING, General John J., 161, 184, 211, 212 personnel (see NBS, staff) PETERS, Chauncey G., 186, 352n, 443n petrographic laboratory, NBS, 126 petroleum, critical supply, 184—185, 263, 276, 374, 410 petroleum industry, 262, 383 petroleum laboratory, NBS, 420 petroleum research, 185, 276, 277, 369, 374, 419—420, 466n petroleum, tables of physical constants, 247 pH standards, 465—466 PHELAN, Vincent B., 251 PHELPS, Francis P., 410 Philco Radio Corp., 348n, 397 phosgene (see gas warfare) photoelectric fuze (see proximity I uze) photographic emulsion research, 344—345 photographic research, military, 190, 418 Photographic Technology section, NBS, 240 photometric measurement, 59, 111, 116 697 photometric standards, 15, 37, 58, 81, 110, 111—112 photometric units, 337—338, 462 photometry, 94, 110, 271 Photometry section, NBS. 74, 81, 171 physical constants, 43, 93, 129—130, 156, 170—171, 245, 246, 343, 363, 382, 462, 464, 468, 471, 496 physical properties of materials, 269n physicist, what is a? 148—149 Physics (Ganot), 49, 313 physics, stasis in, 12, 13n, app. M Physics of Radioactivity (Dorsey), 147 Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, 463—464 Physikalisch.Technische Reichsanstalt (PTR), 13, 38, 39, 42, 44, 60, 61, 75n, 78, 79, 80n, 81, 82, 101, 101, 111, 261n, 310n, 361n, 463—464 piezo oscillator 291. See also quartz crystal. pile, atomic (see nuclear fission) PINCKNEY, Charles C., 16 Pioneers, Inc., 484, 485n Pittsburgh, Pa., field laboratory, 94, 96, 126, 148, 162, 165, 167, 175, 187, 188, 267 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.. 187 Pittsburgh, University of, 54, 139 PLANCK, Max, 13, 245, 357 Planck's constant, 245 planeness, standard of, 275—276 plasma physics, 15, 249 plastics and plastics research, 15, 371—372, 399, 422, 478 Plastics section, NBS, 371, 422 platinum and platinum research, 174—175 platinum resistance thermometer (see resistance thermometry) PlOcker tube, 83n plumbing codes, 250, 374 plutonium, 378, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385 Polar Year (see International Polar Year) polarimetry, 94, 217, 247 Polarimetry section, NBS, 265, 409 polariscope testing and standards, 37, 58, 65, 79 polarization of downcoming ionospheric radio waves, 403 polymer research, 412, 449, 476, 477-479 Polytechnic Institute of Warsaw, 343 porcelain research, 217 Portland Cement Conference, 125 portland cement, Federal specifications, 257 Post Office Department, 30, 91, 196, 281, 301, 302n, 483, 491, app. B pot, glass-making (see crucible) potentiometer, 81, 109 avoirdupois, 23, 25, 26, 30, 33, 34n, 36 English, 30 imperial, 28, 36 Kater, 26, 27 troy, 23, 26, 28n, 34 U.s., 36 power measurement, electric, 80 practice, standards of, 156, 157 predetonation (atomic bomb), 387—388 prediction services, radio, 474 preemptive stockpiling, 408n pressure gage, 37, 60, 79 PRESTON. Prince IL. Jr. (Congressman), 502
698 PRIEST, Irwin C., 99n, 186, 196n, 225n, 270, 271 Princeton University, 140, 342, 360, 361, 364, 382, 385, 435, 437, 444 The Principles Underlying Radio Communication, 138, 193 printed circuits, 398, 452—453. See also miniatur- ization. PRITCHETT, Henry S., 37, 45, 52, 53, app. M Procurement Division (Treasury), 408 "proof gallon," 31 propagation data, radio (see radio propagation research) prophets of 20th century science. 11 protective coatings, 201, 415—416, 419, 421, 422 Protecto-charge (see AD—X2) proton measurements, 468—469 proximity faze, 376, 378, 381, 385, 388—397, 398—399, 407, 418, 429—430, 445, 451—452, 490, 497 Public Buildings Administration (PBA), 439n, 503, 504 public service commissions, 110—111, 114, 115, 116, 118, 122. 123—124 public utility monopolies, 110, 114n, 122. See also monopolies. public utility research, 15, 112, 123—124, 133, 148, 149, 153, 231n, 244, 263. See also individual utilities. Public Works Administration (PWA), 309, 326, 333 PUPIN, Michael. 160 Purdue University, 74 Pure Food and Drug Act, 20, 88. 89, 91, 137n, 306. See also Food and Drug Administration. pure research (see under NBS research) Pusey & Jones, 162 pyrometers, optical, 78, 217, 239, 245—246 Pyrometry section, NBS, 171 Pyrometry and Heat division, NBS (see Heat and Thermometry division) pyrometry, 61, 67, 111—112, 127, 245—246, 268—269 Q quality, standards of, 156 quantity, electrical (see coulomb) quantum theory, 13, 249, 357, 435 Quartermaster Corps, 176, 277, 422 quartz crystal stockpiling and research, 371, 374, 375, 408—410 quartz research laboratory, NBS, 410 Questioned Documents (Osborn), 302n RABAUT, Louis C. (Congressman), 439n, 448 RABINOW, Jacob, 391n, 397, 458 radar, 378, 381, 388, 399, 400, 401, 403—404, 474 radiation hazards, 146—147, 202, 338, 387 Radiation Laboratory (Univ. of California), 385, 387 Radiation Laboratory (M.I.T.), 400, 401 radiation, standards of, 15, 245 radiation protection standards, 146, 338, 339 radiation physics, 15 radiation tolerance dosage, 304 radio astronomy, 474 radio beacon, 142, 295—297 R INDEX radio and radio broadcasting development, 139—240, 141, 172, 286—292, 294n Radio Communications, Principles Underlying (see Principles) radio compass (see radio direction finder) Radio Corporation of America (RCA), 198, 289, 348n, 400 radio, crystal set, 199, 286—287 radio direction finder, 142—144, 194, 196, 197, 285-286, 294—295, 297, 403 Radio Division (Commerce), 230 radio fading phenomena, 289, 290, 293—294, 351. See also radio propagation research. radio frequencies and frequency standards, 140—141, 291, 292, 350, 407—407. See also time intervals; radio propagation research. radio guidance system, aircraft (see blind landing system) Radio Inspection Service (Commerce), 291 radio instruments and measurements, 192—193, 287 radio interference, 142, 194, 287, 290—291, 292, 293— 294. See also radio propagation research. Radio Laboratory, NBS, 144, 165 radio laboratory at NBS (Navy), see Laboratory for Special Radio Transmission Research. radio legislation, 141—142, 192, 198, 287—289, 292 Radio Measurements section, NBS, 140 radio noise, 405, 406 radio patent litigation (see patent litigation, radio) Radio Propagation Handbook, IRPL, 407 Radio Propagation Laboratory, Interservice, NBS (see Interservice; also Central Radio Propagation Laboratory) radio propagation research, 15, 197. 289, 293—294, 350, 351, 404—407, 408, 442, 474. See also ionospheric research. radio proximity fuse (see proximity fuze) "radio and radioactivity," 139, 144—146 radio research and engineering, 104, 140—141, 144, 191—197, 217, 347, 350, 474—475 radio stations, NBS (experimental, WWV, WWVH), 290, 291, 350, 474—475 radio in submarines, 194 Radio Transmission Handbook, 405 radio as war weapon, 194 radio "weather" and "weather" predicting, 351, 404, 405, 407. See also radio propagation research; ionospheric storms. radioactive (tracer) labeling, 268, 469—471 Radioactiviry (Rutherford). 13, 138—139 radioactivity, 13, 139, 147, 357 radioactivity research, 104, 144, 383, 488n radiographic detection of metal flaws, 202 Radiological Society of North America, 339 radiometeorography, 353—354 radiometry, 94, 245 Radiometry section, NBS, 171 radiosonde (radiometeorology), 353—354, 407 radiotelegraphy, 140 radiotelephony, 285—286, 294—295 radium, 139, 146, 202, 300, 301—302, 339, 340—341 radium protection, 339 radium sickness, 340—341 radium standards, 146—147, 338—339
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Rexmond C. Cochrane MP 275 UNITED S
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Grateful acknowledgment is made to
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IV FOREWORD There are many examples
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VI PREFACE Vannevar Bush, architect
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VIII AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION so many
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CONTENTS Page FOREWORD 'U PREFACE v
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CONTENTS XIII Chapter II. FOUNDING
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CONTENTS XV Chapter III. ELECTRICIT
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CONTENTS XVII Chapter IV. THE WAR Y
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CONTENTS Chapter V. THE TIDE OF COM
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CONTENTS XXI Chapter VII. WORLD WAR
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XXIV CONTENTS THE CRUCIAL DECADE—
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MAIN STREET, 1900 AT THE TURN OF TH
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MAIN STREET, 1900 The marvel of the
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MAIN STREET, 1900 5 prosperous more
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MAIN STREET, 1900 Equally amazing w
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 9 Among
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 11 make
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 13 stit
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 15 comm
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GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
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GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
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LOOKING BACK 21 was maintained only
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LOOKING BACK 23 general public. Ada
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LOOKING BACK 25 many more as he cou
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LOOKING BACK 27 barometric pressure
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LOOKING BACK 29 Prototypes of the w
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LOOKING BACK 31 Without the force o
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 33 necessar
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 35 the Stat
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 37 Some of
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A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATIONAL NEED .. . A NATIONAL HUM
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A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON FOUNDING THE
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 51 fessor of
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON ing Professo
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 55 For over
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Dr. Frank A. Wolff, Jr., who was ab
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 59 TIlE EVEN
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON appeared as
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EDWARD B. ROSA 63 Dr. Edward B. Ros
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EDWARD B. ROSA 65 Free exercise of
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EDWARD B. ROSA 67 Dr. Charles W. Wa
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THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 69 exer
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THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 71 Chas
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 73 mad
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS Divisi
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 77 ref
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 79 in
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ACQUIRiNG NATIONAL STANDARDS The wo
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AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
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The Baltimore fire of 1904. The tur
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AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
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AN: AUTUMN FIRE AND CONSUMERS' CRUS
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THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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THE BEGINNING OF 93 gates, poured c
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The Bureau about 1910, just prior t
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The 2,300,000-pound Emery testing m
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THE BEGiNNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICIT
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STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICiT
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STANDARDS FOR PUBLiC UTILITIES 111
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Laboratory setup for testing the ca
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STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC UTILITIES 115
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The first iVBS railway scale test c
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 125 Go
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 127 an
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 129 se
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 131 In
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STANDARDS FOR THE CONSUMER 133 in t
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136 ELECTRICITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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148 ELECTRICiTY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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cJ1 OF COMME The proliferation of B
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152 ELECTRiCITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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154 ELECTRICITY, RAiLROADS, AND RAD
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160 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) design.
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162 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) and Gov
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164 Abate, the experimental roiling
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Mule teams leveling the ground for
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C' The Standard Store and gas stati
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170 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) physici
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172 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) it was
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174 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) where t
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176 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) industr
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178 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) cut fro
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180 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) flew at
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182 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) Except
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184 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) But so
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186 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) make it
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OPTICAL GLASS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMEN
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NEW THINGS IN RADIO COMMUNICATION 1
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194 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) read,"
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196 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) up clea
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198 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) The use
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200 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) program
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202 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) investi
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204 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) certain
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206 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) large-s
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208 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) some ye
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210 . THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) estab
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212 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) trade f
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214 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) As appr
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216 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) necessa
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218 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) tripled
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The Physikalisch-Technische Reichsa
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222 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND INDUST
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232 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND iNDUST
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238 Unlike Stratton, Dr. George K.
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The Visiting Committee of the Secre
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GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 245 and ofte
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GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 247 Bureau n
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BUiLDING AND HOUSING 249 Although i
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BUILDING AND HOUSING 251 The spring
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THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATION 253
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THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATiON 255
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 263 RESEARCH
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 265 appliance
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 267 molasses
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY quest of the
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278 Freighted with apparatus design
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AUTOMOBILES AND AIRCRAFT 285 Testin
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POLICING THE ETHER 287 circuit crys
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POLICING THE ETHER 289 died in comm
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POLICING THE ETHER 291 If simple re
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POLICING THE ETHER 293 Bureau turne
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POLICING THE ETHER 295 a special hi
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POLICING THE ETHER 297 and radiotel
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW THE T
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 301 t
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 303 l
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLiC VIEW 305 e
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 307 a
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 309 the wake of
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 311 The Bureau w
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 313 Receiving th
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Dr. Hugh L. Dryden made some of thi
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 317 active inter
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 319 new administ
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINITION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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SOME FUNDAMENTAL WORK ON STANDARDS
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342 THE TIME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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348 THE TiME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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366 WORLD WAR II RESEARCH (1941-45)
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370 WORLD WAR I! RESEARCH (1941-45)
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• amounts 376 WORLD WAR II RESEAR
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THE BUREAU AND THE ATOMIC BOMB 387
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 389 ness o
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 391 A vari
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 393 Actual
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 395 and ot
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 397 Novemb
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 399
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 401
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDiCTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTiNG
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL MATERIALS 411
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL lilA TERIALS 4
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RESEARCH IN CRiTICAL MATERIALS 415
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RESEARCH ZN CRiTiCAL MATERIALS 419
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"THE PECULIAR PEACE" THE NEW WORLD
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THE PECULIAR PEACE cated the fissio
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THE PECULIAR PEACE Further augmenti
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THE PECULIAR PEACE 433 Dr. Briggs a
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON weapon and the
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON While at Prince
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440 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946-
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45O THE NEW' WORLD OF SCiENCE (1946
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'a 452 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (19
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458 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946
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One of the three giunt IVurtsburg a
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496 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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498 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN ENVO! s
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500 THE CRUCiAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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502 THE CRUCIAL DECI4DE—AN EN VOl
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C).' Gaithersburg, showing the high
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510 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VU!
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C,' The Visiting Committee of Comme
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514 The Exchequer standard corn gal
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516 APPENDIX A Hassler, a man highl
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518 APPENDIX A When he made known h
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520 APPENDIX A Hassler sets up camp
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522 APPENDIX A A new employment cam
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524 APPENDIX A thizing with a chara
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526 APPENDIX A possessed the scient
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528 APPENDIX B As the more practica
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530 APPENDIX B republican regime, a
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APPENDiX B him by Tralles. Thus fro
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APPENDIX B 535 By the 1930's metric
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APPENDIX C BASIC LEGISLATION Relati
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APPENDIX C For construction and ver
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APPENDIX C Eighth. The unit of indu
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APPENDIX C 543 Act of 4 March 1909
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APPENDIX C 545 Provided, That the m
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APPENDIX C Economy Act of 30 June 1
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APPENDIX C 549 For the establishmen
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APPENDIX C 551 (f) Invention and de
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554 APPENDIX C Act of 20 June 1956,
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558 APPENDIX E Term GANO DUNN Presi
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NBS SPECIAL APPROPRIATIONS, 1910-19
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1500 APPENDIX I PUBLICATIONS BY THE
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568 APPENDIX I Reorganization of NB
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APPENDIX J DIVISION. AND SECTION CH
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CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNI
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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WARTIME PROJECTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC
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APPENDIX 1 Radio Communications Sec
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APPENDIX J WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Fis
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APPENDIX J Airplane Power Plant—C
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APPENDIX J I 585 Electrochemistry E
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APPENDIX J Aviation Instruments—C
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APPENDIX / 589 Steel, Concrete, Cem
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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APPENDIX 1 VI. ENGINEERING PHYSICS
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APPENDIX J III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECTOR Assistant Director for Res
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APPENDIX 1 IX. CLAY AND SILICATE PR
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APPENDIX 1 III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECFOR Assistant to the Director
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APPENDIX J VII. ORGANIC AND FIBROUS
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DIRECTOR ASSISTANT DIRECTOR L ELECT
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APPENDIX / 609 VI. MECHANICS AND SO
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APPENDIX 1 611 ORDNANCE DEVELOPMENT
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APPENDIX J 613 II. METROLOGY—Cont
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APPENDIX / 615 VIII. METALLURGY—C
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APPENDIX 1 617 FIELD STATIONS Brook
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APPENDIX J I. ELECTRICITY AND ELECT
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APPENDIX 1 621 VII. ORGANIC AND FIB
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APPENDIX J 623 84. Radio Standards
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APPENDIX 1 H. METROLOGY—Continued
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APPENDIX J X. BUILDING RESEARCH—C
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APPENDIX 1 83. Radio Propagation En
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NBS PUBLICATIONS S T RP C H M BMS L
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APPENDIX K 4. OPTICS 5. CHEMISTRY 6
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APPENDIX K 635 Lowell & Willoughby,
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APPENDIX K 637 5. CHEMISTRY Judd, C
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APPENDIX K 639 9. CERAMICS French &
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APPENDIX K 641 Gardner, Design and
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Page 664 and 665: APPENDIX K 645 McPherson, Adaptor f
Page 666 and 667: APPENDIX K Thomas, Driscoll & Hippl
Page 668 and 669: I.- C,) z IC, a -J LAND PURCHASES
Page 670 and 671: 652 APPENDIX M Samuel W. Stratton a
Page 672 and 673: 654 APPENDIX M Sometime after settl
Page 674 and 675: Scenes at the summer picnics that D
Page 676 and 677: a' The Bureau of Standards Orchestr
Page 678 and 679: 660 APPENDIX M the American consul
Page 680 and 681: Alt, Franz L., Electronic digital c
Page 682 and 683: APPENDIX N 665 Harriman, Norman Fol
Page 684 and 685: APPENDIX N 667 hydrocarbons and rel
Page 686 and 687: 670 APPENDIX 0 Bldg. No. 33 34 35 3
Page 688 and 689: 672 APPENDIX 0 Estimated Estimated
Page 690 and 691: 674 PUBLISHED SOURCES on World War
Page 692 and 693: 676 PUBLISHED SOURCES Marshall, Log
Page 694 and 695: 678 PUBLISHED SOURCES Biographies,
Page 696 and 697: 680 UNPUBLISHED SOURCES Seventeen o
Page 698 and 699: INDEX Note: Only those members of t
Page 700 and 701: INDEX BELL, Alexander Graham, 210 B
Page 702: iNDEX Colorimetry section, NBS, 170
Page 705 and 706: 690 iNDEX GARDNER, Washington (Cong
Page 707 and 708: 692 inventions at NBS (see NBS staf
Page 709 and 710: 694 metric legislation, 209, 210—
Page 711: 696 INDEX National Bureau of Standa
Page 715 and 716: 700 screw thread standardization, 3
Page 717 and 718: 702 INDEX testing machines, 96 text
Page 719: INDEX WALKER, Percy H., 155 WALLACE
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Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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