Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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INDEX 691 High Voltage Laboratory, NBS, 116n, 333, 340 high voltage research, 80, 115—116 HILGARD, Julius E., 30n, app. B HILLEBRAND, William F., 101 Hindenburg (dirigible), 285n HINMAN, Wilbur S. Jr., 347n, 353, 389, 390, 391, 393 HOFFMAN, James I., 169n, 380, 417 HOKE, William E., 200 HOLT, W. L., 279 Home Owners' Loan Corp. (HOLC), 333 HOOVER, Gilbert C., 362 HOOVER, Herbert C., 177n, 211n, 234, 253, 319 as Secretary of Commerce, 157, 219, 229—235, 237, 241, 249—250, 253, 258, 260—263, 267, 269, 314, 510, app. M as President, 266, 307, 308, 309, 313, 319, 427 "Hooverizing," 177n HOPKINS, Harry L. (Secretary of Commerce), 319, 434, 446 HORAN, Walt (Congressman), 440n House Com,nittce on Coinage, Weights and Measures, 1, 45, 46 House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, 68 House Office building, 91 House Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropria. tions (see Appropriations, House Subcommittee) House Committee on Un.American Activities, 491 household measurements, 135—136, 303 household materials, 137, 303 household safety, 137—138, 103 housing program (1920s), 232—233, 249-253; (1930s), 333—334. See also building technology. HOWARD, Paul L., 484 Howard University, 477 HOWE, Henry M., 128, 153 HOXTON, Llewelyn C., 74, 139, I69n HUBBARD, Donald, 344-345 HUBBARD, Henry D., 65, 74 HUDSON, C. S., 268 HUDSON, Ray M., 259, 261, 314 "Huff.Duff" (See direction finder, high-frequency) HUMPHREY, R. L., 94 HUTCHINS, Robert M., 435 HYDE, Edward P., 74, 81, 98, 100 Hydraulics Laboratory, NBS, 310, 400—401 hydrocarbon research, 369, 419, 429, 445 hydrogen bomb, 379n, 458n hydrogen research (see deuteriuns; cryogenic research) Hydrographic Office (Navy), 17, 18 hydrometer testing, 31, 65, 77 hygrometer, electric, 354 Hygrade Sylvania Co., 391 I iceberg proximity detection, 142n Illinois, University of, 40, 49, 54, 74, 98, 385, app. M illuminants, gas and oil, 112—114 Illuminating Engineering Society, 255n illumination standards (see photometric standards) imperial weights and measures, 23, 28, 33, 34n incandescent lamps (see lamps, incandescent) inch, 336 inch board, 257 inclinometer (see aeronautical instruments) independent testing agencies, 37 Inductance and Capacity section, NBS, 74, 80, 101 inductance, electrical, 80, 105. See also henry. inductance measurements and standards, 104, 140, 196 Industrial building, 167, 217, 253, 262, 266, 268, 274, 279 industrial research (see under NBS research) industrial research laboratories, 14, 98, 217—218, 244, 264, 265, 269—270, 282 industry and Government, 216, 262 industry, Government interference in, 307—308, 345 infrared absorption spectra, 464 1NGBERG, Simon H., 131, 196n, 443n INGHAM, Samuel D., app. A Inspector of Standard Weights and Measures, 53 Inspector of Standards, 40, 56 Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton), 342 Institute for Applied Technology, NBS, 511 Institute for Basic Standards, NBS, 511 Institute for Materials Research, NBS, 511 Institute for Numerical Analysis, NBS, 454, 458, 461, 497 Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE), 255n, 496n instrument industry, scientific, 37—38, 269 instrument landing techniques, 196, 295—297, 407 Instrument Shop section, NBS, 74, 83n instrumentation program, basic, 490—491 insulating materials, electrical (see dielectric materials) interchangeable parts (see mass production) Interdepartmental Screw Thread Committee, 369—370 interference, radio (see radio interference) interferometry, Sin, 61n, 186n, 463n Interior, Department of, 16, 18, 94n, 152, I55n, 165 interlaboratory comparisons, 335n, 336, 337 internal combustion engine research (see automotive engine research) International Advisory Committee on Electricity (1928), 337 International Bureau of Weights and Measures, 29, 60, 61, 75, 77, 78, 146, 209, 24.6n, 335n, 463n, app. B, app. M International Commission for Illumination, 271 International Committee on Radium Standards, 146 International Committee of Weights and Measures, 61, 109 International Conference on Electrical Units and Standards (London, 1908), 107 International Congress of Radiology (London, 1925, 1928), 338—339 International Critical Tables of Numerical Data of Physics, Chemistry, and Technology, 359n International Geophysical Year (1957—59), 355 - International Polar Year (1882—83), 354, 357; (1932— 34), 354, 355, 357 International Practical Temperature Scale, 246—247, 335, 337n, 462 International Radium Standard, 146 Interservice Radio Propagation Laboratory (IRPL), 405, 406—407, 430n, 472, 474.. See also Central Radio Propagation Laboratory. Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), 19, 116, 118, 122, 148
692 inventions at NBS (see NBS staff, patents) ionization chamber for x-ray measurements, 24%, 339 ionospheric research, 293, 294n, 350—351, 355—357, 403— 405 ionospheric storms, 405—407 Iowa, University of, 389 iron, high-purity, 370 iron and steel industry (see steel industry) IRPL Radio Propagation Handbook (see radio propagation) ISBEL, Horace H., 268 isoprene (see rubber research) isotopes and isotope separation, 13, 109, 357—360, 363, 379, 380—385, 437 Isthmian Canal Commission, 94, 258n J JACKSON, Andrew, app. A JACKSON, Richard F., 265 JEFFERSON, Thomas, 16, 21, app. A, app. B Jena glass hydrometer, 77 jerusalem artichoke (see levulose) jet propulsion, 282—283, 466 JEWETT, Frank 0., 322 JOHANNSON, Carl Edvard, 200 Johns Hopkins University, 37, 61, 63, 65, 74, 81, 99n, 100, 101, 146, 16%, 236, 237n, 313, 314, 358, 361, 390, 430 JOHNSON, Joseph T. (Congressman), 149 Joint Resolutions of Congress: copies of Hassler's standards (1838), 27; standard balance, 27; metric weights and measures (1866), 28 JOLIFFE, Charles B., 289 JONES, Jesse H. (Secretary of Commerce), 432, 433, 434, 446 joule, 32 JUDD, Deane B.. 225n JUDSON, Lewis V., 169n Justice Department, 302n, 307 K KDKA (Westinghouse), 286, 289 Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, 360, 363 KALLET, Arthur, 327, 329 KANOLT, Clarence W., 101, 471n KARCHER, I. C., 276n KARRER, Enoch, 169n KATER, Capt. Henry, 26 KELLY, Marvin 3., 495, 507n Kelly Committee (see Ad Hoc Committee) KELVIN, Lord (William Thomson), 210 KENNELLY, Arthur E., 38, 52. 55, 293n, app. B Kennelly.Heaviaide layer (see ionospheric research). kerosene oil, 110, 112 KETTERING. Charles F., 311, 321 Keuffel & Esser, 187 Kew Observatory (Great Britain), 44 Kiess, Carl C.. 248 kilos and Kiln building, NBS, 165, 167, 188, 417 kilogram, 23, 28, 29, 30, 33, 36, 68, 77, 335n, app. B KING, William H. (Congressman), 209n "Kingfisher" (see guided missile research) INDEX KIRBY, Robert S.. 404 KOLSTER, Frederick A., 141, 142—144, 191, 194, 196n, 403 Kolster Radio Corporation, 144 Korean conflict, 429, 442, 445, 449, 490, 495, 496, 507 KOUWENHOVEN, William B., 169n KRYNITSKY, Alexander I., 169n krypton 86, 75n, 336 krypton lamp, 336, 463—464 L labeling, commercial standards, 260—261, 328 Labor, Department of, 19 (Navy) Laboratory for Special Radio Transmission Research, 140, 191, 192 laissez.faire, 7, 9, 17, 19—20, 33-34, 36, 37, 133, 228, 321, 482 LAMONT, Robert P. (Secretary of Commerce), 252, 311 lamps, incandescent, 3, 14, 31, 90, 110—111, 127, 136— 137, 257, 302—303 lamps, standards and specifications, 79, 81, 90, 109, 110, 112, 127, 133, 134, 257. See aLto photometric standards. LANGE, Oscar C., 74 LANGLEY, Samuel P., 182 Langley Field, 190 LANGMUIR, Irving, 136 laser, 464n LAWRENCE, Ernest 0., 380, 382, 383, 385 leather and leather substitutes research, 175, 268, 479 LeCJ-IATELIER, Henri R., 237 Lehigh University, 295n Lend.Lease, 367, 381, 423, 462 length, standards, 15, 34, 75, 462—464. See also indi- vidual units by name: foot; yard; meter. LESLIE, Robert T., 417 levulose research, 265—266, 268, 307, 345, 349 Libbey.Owens Ford, 417 Liberty engine, 182—184, 206 Light and Optical Instruments section, NBS, 74, 78 light bulbs (See lamps, incandescent) light, standard of (see photometric standards) light, Waidner.Burgess absolute standard, 111—112, 239, 337 lighter-than-air craft, 174, 283—284. See also dirigibles by name. Lighthouse Board (Commerce). 91 lightning hazards, research, 121 LINDBERGH, Charles A., 284n, 286 liquefied petroleum gas, 464 liquid hydrogen (see cryogenic research) LITTLE, Arthur D., 307. See also Arthur D. Little, Inc. living standards: 1900: 8—9 1920: 222, 223—224, 225, 228 1930: 308, 332 1946: 427 LIVINGSTON, Leonidas F. (Congressman), 148 LLOYD, Morton C., 74, 109, 122n LODGE, Henry Cabot, 53n LOGAN, Kirk H., 120 London Ejecerical Review, 61
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Rexmond C. Cochrane MP 275 UNITED S
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Grateful acknowledgment is made to
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IV FOREWORD There are many examples
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VI PREFACE Vannevar Bush, architect
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VIII AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION so many
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CONTENTS Page FOREWORD 'U PREFACE v
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CONTENTS XIII Chapter II. FOUNDING
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CONTENTS XV Chapter III. ELECTRICIT
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CONTENTS XVII Chapter IV. THE WAR Y
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CONTENTS Chapter V. THE TIDE OF COM
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CONTENTS XXI Chapter VII. WORLD WAR
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XXIV CONTENTS THE CRUCIAL DECADE—
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MAIN STREET, 1900 AT THE TURN OF TH
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MAIN STREET, 1900 The marvel of the
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MAIN STREET, 1900 5 prosperous more
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MAIN STREET, 1900 Equally amazing w
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 9 Among
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 11 make
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 13 stit
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 15 comm
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GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
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GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
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LOOKING BACK 21 was maintained only
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LOOKING BACK 23 general public. Ada
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LOOKING BACK 25 many more as he cou
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LOOKING BACK 27 barometric pressure
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LOOKING BACK 29 Prototypes of the w
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LOOKING BACK 31 Without the force o
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 33 necessar
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 35 the Stat
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 37 Some of
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A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATIONAL NEED .. . A NATIONAL HUM
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A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON FOUNDING THE
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 51 fessor of
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON ing Professo
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 55 For over
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Dr. Frank A. Wolff, Jr., who was ab
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 59 TIlE EVEN
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON appeared as
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EDWARD B. ROSA 63 Dr. Edward B. Ros
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EDWARD B. ROSA 65 Free exercise of
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EDWARD B. ROSA 67 Dr. Charles W. Wa
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THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 69 exer
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THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 71 Chas
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 73 mad
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS Divisi
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 77 ref
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 79 in
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ACQUIRiNG NATIONAL STANDARDS The wo
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AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
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The Baltimore fire of 1904. The tur
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AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
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AN: AUTUMN FIRE AND CONSUMERS' CRUS
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THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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THE BEGINNING OF 93 gates, poured c
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The Bureau about 1910, just prior t
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The 2,300,000-pound Emery testing m
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THE BEGiNNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICIT
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STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICiT
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STANDARDS FOR PUBLiC UTILITIES 111
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Laboratory setup for testing the ca
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STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC UTILITIES 115
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The first iVBS railway scale test c
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 125 Go
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 127 an
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 129 se
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 131 In
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STANDARDS FOR THE CONSUMER 133 in t
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136 ELECTRICITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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148 ELECTRICiTY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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cJ1 OF COMME The proliferation of B
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152 ELECTRiCITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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154 ELECTRICITY, RAiLROADS, AND RAD
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160 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) design.
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162 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) and Gov
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164 Abate, the experimental roiling
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Mule teams leveling the ground for
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C' The Standard Store and gas stati
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170 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) physici
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172 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) it was
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174 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) where t
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176 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) industr
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178 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) cut fro
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180 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) flew at
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182 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) Except
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184 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) But so
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186 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) make it
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OPTICAL GLASS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMEN
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NEW THINGS IN RADIO COMMUNICATION 1
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194 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) read,"
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196 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) up clea
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198 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) The use
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200 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) program
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202 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) investi
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204 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) certain
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206 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) large-s
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208 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) some ye
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210 . THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) estab
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212 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) trade f
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214 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) As appr
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216 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) necessa
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218 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) tripled
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The Physikalisch-Technische Reichsa
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222 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND INDUST
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232 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND iNDUST
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238 Unlike Stratton, Dr. George K.
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The Visiting Committee of the Secre
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GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 245 and ofte
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GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 247 Bureau n
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BUiLDING AND HOUSING 249 Although i
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BUILDING AND HOUSING 251 The spring
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THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATION 253
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THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATiON 255
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 263 RESEARCH
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 265 appliance
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 267 molasses
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY quest of the
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278 Freighted with apparatus design
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AUTOMOBILES AND AIRCRAFT 285 Testin
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POLICING THE ETHER 287 circuit crys
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POLICING THE ETHER 289 died in comm
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POLICING THE ETHER 291 If simple re
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POLICING THE ETHER 293 Bureau turne
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POLICING THE ETHER 295 a special hi
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POLICING THE ETHER 297 and radiotel
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW THE T
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 301 t
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 303 l
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLiC VIEW 305 e
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 307 a
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 309 the wake of
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 311 The Bureau w
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 313 Receiving th
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Dr. Hugh L. Dryden made some of thi
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 317 active inter
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 319 new administ
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINITION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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SOME FUNDAMENTAL WORK ON STANDARDS
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342 THE TIME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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348 THE TiME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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366 WORLD WAR II RESEARCH (1941-45)
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370 WORLD WAR I! RESEARCH (1941-45)
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• amounts 376 WORLD WAR II RESEAR
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THE BUREAU AND THE ATOMIC BOMB 387
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 389 ness o
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 391 A vari
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 393 Actual
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 395 and ot
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 397 Novemb
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 399
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 401
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDiCTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTiNG
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL MATERIALS 411
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL lilA TERIALS 4
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RESEARCH IN CRiTICAL MATERIALS 415
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RESEARCH ZN CRiTiCAL MATERIALS 419
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"THE PECULIAR PEACE" THE NEW WORLD
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THE PECULIAR PEACE cated the fissio
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THE PECULIAR PEACE Further augmenti
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THE PECULIAR PEACE 433 Dr. Briggs a
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON weapon and the
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON While at Prince
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440 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946-
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45O THE NEW' WORLD OF SCiENCE (1946
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'a 452 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (19
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458 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946
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One of the three giunt IVurtsburg a
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496 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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498 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN ENVO! s
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500 THE CRUCiAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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502 THE CRUCIAL DECI4DE—AN EN VOl
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C).' Gaithersburg, showing the high
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510 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VU!
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C,' The Visiting Committee of Comme
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514 The Exchequer standard corn gal
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516 APPENDIX A Hassler, a man highl
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518 APPENDIX A When he made known h
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520 APPENDIX A Hassler sets up camp
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522 APPENDIX A A new employment cam
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524 APPENDIX A thizing with a chara
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526 APPENDIX A possessed the scient
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528 APPENDIX B As the more practica
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530 APPENDIX B republican regime, a
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APPENDiX B him by Tralles. Thus fro
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APPENDIX B 535 By the 1930's metric
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APPENDIX C BASIC LEGISLATION Relati
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APPENDIX C For construction and ver
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APPENDIX C Eighth. The unit of indu
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APPENDIX C 543 Act of 4 March 1909
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APPENDIX C 545 Provided, That the m
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APPENDIX C Economy Act of 30 June 1
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APPENDIX C 549 For the establishmen
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APPENDIX C 551 (f) Invention and de
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554 APPENDIX C Act of 20 June 1956,
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558 APPENDIX E Term GANO DUNN Presi
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NBS SPECIAL APPROPRIATIONS, 1910-19
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1500 APPENDIX I PUBLICATIONS BY THE
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568 APPENDIX I Reorganization of NB
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APPENDIX J DIVISION. AND SECTION CH
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CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNI
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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WARTIME PROJECTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC
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APPENDIX 1 Radio Communications Sec
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APPENDIX J WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Fis
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APPENDIX J Airplane Power Plant—C
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APPENDIX J I 585 Electrochemistry E
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APPENDIX J Aviation Instruments—C
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APPENDIX / 589 Steel, Concrete, Cem
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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APPENDIX 1 VI. ENGINEERING PHYSICS
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APPENDIX J III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECTOR Assistant Director for Res
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APPENDIX 1 IX. CLAY AND SILICATE PR
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APPENDIX 1 III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECFOR Assistant to the Director
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APPENDIX J VII. ORGANIC AND FIBROUS
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DIRECTOR ASSISTANT DIRECTOR L ELECT
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APPENDIX / 609 VI. MECHANICS AND SO
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APPENDIX 1 611 ORDNANCE DEVELOPMENT
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APPENDIX J 613 II. METROLOGY—Cont
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APPENDIX / 615 VIII. METALLURGY—C
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APPENDIX 1 617 FIELD STATIONS Brook
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APPENDIX J I. ELECTRICITY AND ELECT
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APPENDIX 1 621 VII. ORGANIC AND FIB
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APPENDIX J 623 84. Radio Standards
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APPENDIX 1 H. METROLOGY—Continued
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APPENDIX J X. BUILDING RESEARCH—C
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APPENDIX 1 83. Radio Propagation En
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NBS PUBLICATIONS S T RP C H M BMS L
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APPENDIX K 4. OPTICS 5. CHEMISTRY 6
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APPENDIX K 635 Lowell & Willoughby,
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Page 660 and 661: APPENDIX K 641 Gardner, Design and
Page 662 and 663: APPENDIX K 643 Kline & Malmberg, Su
Page 664 and 665: APPENDIX K 645 McPherson, Adaptor f
Page 666 and 667: APPENDIX K Thomas, Driscoll & Hippl
Page 668 and 669: I.- C,) z IC, a -J LAND PURCHASES
Page 670 and 671: 652 APPENDIX M Samuel W. Stratton a
Page 672 and 673: 654 APPENDIX M Sometime after settl
Page 674 and 675: Scenes at the summer picnics that D
Page 676 and 677: a' The Bureau of Standards Orchestr
Page 678 and 679: 660 APPENDIX M the American consul
Page 680 and 681: Alt, Franz L., Electronic digital c
Page 682 and 683: APPENDIX N 665 Harriman, Norman Fol
Page 684 and 685: APPENDIX N 667 hydrocarbons and rel
Page 686 and 687: 670 APPENDIX 0 Bldg. No. 33 34 35 3
Page 688 and 689: 672 APPENDIX 0 Estimated Estimated
Page 690 and 691: 674 PUBLISHED SOURCES on World War
Page 692 and 693: 676 PUBLISHED SOURCES Marshall, Log
Page 694 and 695: 678 PUBLISHED SOURCES Biographies,
Page 696 and 697: 680 UNPUBLISHED SOURCES Seventeen o
Page 698 and 699: INDEX Note: Only those members of t
Page 700 and 701: INDEX BELL, Alexander Graham, 210 B
Page 702: iNDEX Colorimetry section, NBS, 170
Page 705: 690 iNDEX GARDNER, Washington (Cong
Page 709 and 710: 694 metric legislation, 209, 210—
Page 711 and 712: 696 INDEX National Bureau of Standa
Page 713 and 714: 698 PRIEST, Irwin C., 99n, 186, 196
Page 715 and 716: 700 screw thread standardization, 3
Page 717 and 718: 702 INDEX testing machines, 96 text
Page 719: INDEX WALKER, Percy H., 155 WALLACE
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Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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