Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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iNDEX electromagnetic units, 105 electrometer, absolute, 340n electromotive force, 38, 58, 61, 65, 79, 104, 107. See al.so volt. electron and electronics, 12, 13, 249, 451 electron microscope, 450 electron tube, 15, 139, 191—192, 194n, 197, 214, 286 Electron Tube Laboratory, NBS, 451 Electronic Computing Machine Development Labora- tory, NBS, 461 Electronics division, NBS, 454, 460 electrostatic units, 105 elements, transmutation of, 357, 359, 462 elevator safety code, 273 ELLETT, Alexander, 389, 390, 397 ELY, Edwin W., 259 EMERSON, W. B., 337 Emerson Radio and Phonograph Corp., 397 Emery universal testing machine, 96 emf (see electromotive force) emission spectra of elements, 34L See also spectro- graphic analysis. EMLEY, Warren E., 196n, 267 enabling act (see NBS organic act) "Encyclopedia of Specifications," 259n endorsement of products (see NBS policy) Engineering Instruments section, NBS, 74, 79, 86 Engineering Physics division, NBS, 257 Engineering Plant section, NBS, 74 Engineering Research division, NBS, 127, 148 engineering standards, 122 Engineers, Army Corps of, 16, 189, 190, 202, 343, 364, 383, 417, 423, 429, 497, 501 ENIAC (computer), 453 Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA), 511 expeditions, scientific, 316—317 "Experiment in Prophecy" (H. G. Wells), 11 explosives, 172—173 F 689 Federated American Engineering Societies, 253 Federation of American Business, 307 FERMI, Enrico, 357, 360, 361, 363, 378, 380, 381, 382, 384 FERNER, Roy Y., 65, 74, 100, 170 FERRY, John D., 478n FESSENDEN, Reginald A., 139, 191 Fibrous Materials division, NBS, 268 film, photographic (see photographic research) FINN, Alfred N., 418 fire-hose couplings, 84-86 Fire Resistance section, NBS, 130 fire resistance research, 130—133, 263, 273. See also building technology research. fireproofing aircraft (see airplane, fire resistant) FISCHER, Louis A., 49, 56, 58, 65, 67, 74, 77, 86, 90, 101, 162, 170, 233—234, app. A, app. B, app. M flame standards (see photometric standards) flasks, sugar, 58 FLEMING, Sir John A., 15 FLOOD, Daniel J. (Congressman), 439n Florida, University of, 344 FLORY, Paul J., 478n fluoroscope, 146 Flying Coffin (DeHavilland.4), 181 FOCKE, Heinrich, 282 Food Administration, 177n, 229 Food and Drug Administration, 137n, 306n. See also Pure Food and Drug Act. foot, 36 FOOTE, Paul D., 99, 240, 248, 249, 276n, 310n FORD, Henry, 5, 276 foreign calibration of U.S. instruments, 38, 58, 77 foundry, experimental, NBS, 165 Franck.Condon principle, 437 FRANKLIN, Benjamin, 16 fraud, weights and measures (see weights and measures, crusade) free radicals research, 15, 478n FREHAFER, Mabel K., 170n French scientific mission (1917), 191, 192, 202 frequency allocation, broadcast, 289, 291, 292, 404 frequency, standards, 15, 196-197, 291, 292, 408, 475, 477 FRICK, Henry Clay, 9 FRISCH, Otto R., 360 fading, radio (see radio propagation research) FAIRCHILD, Ihler J., 443n 474, Far West building, 165, 376n, 472 farad, faraday, 32, 469 FARLEY, James A., 332 farm waste utilization (see utilization of waste ma- fuel research, 78, 192, 507. See also petroleum terials) research FECHT, Arthur J., 203n FULTON, Robert, 16 Federal budget and expenditures for research (1920) 226—228 fuze (see proximity fuze; bomb fuze) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 302n, 351—352 Federal Communications Commission, 472 G Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) GAGE, Lyman J. (Secretary of Treasury), 39, 40, 41, 331, 333 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 52, 60, 61, app. M Federal Home Loan Bank Act, 309 gage blocks, precision, 200, 336, 374, 423 Federal Radio Commission (Federal Communications Gage Laboratory, NBS, 162, 165, 199—200, 286n, 314n Commission), 289, 292 gage testing and standards, 60, 165, 199—200, 374 Federal Radio Law of 1912. 287 Gaithersburg, Md., in, 503—505, 508 Federal Specifications Board, 112n, 257, 260 GALLATIN, Albert, 23, 28, app. A Federal Supply Commission (see General Services gallon, 26, 28, 34 Administration) gamma-rays, 146 Federal Trade Commission. 19, 110, 221n, 281, 301, GARAND, John C.. 206 302n, 330n, 482, 483 GARDNER, Irvine C., 356
690 iNDEX GARDNER, Washington (Congressman), 98 gas appliances, 115, 263—265 Gas Chemistry section, NBS, 204, 421 gas engineering 112—115 gas and gas appliance industry, 110, 111, 112, 114—115, 173n, 264 gas, household, 172, 173 gas light standards, 114, 151 gas, manufactured, 264, 411 gas, natural, 263, 264 gas mask research, 203 gas meters, 79, 110, 115 gas photometry, 112—115 "gas-saving" devices (appliance), 264, 302—303 gas service, standards, 114, 148 gas warfare, 202—203, 395n gasoline, standards, 276—277, 303 "gasoline.savers," gasoline additives, 277n, 375, 414n GAYNOR, William 3. (Mayor of New York City), 89 Geiger counter research, 353 Geissler tube, 83n GELLER, Roman F., 169n GEM lamp (carbon-filament), 112, 136—137 General Electric Company, 14, 61, 99n, 112, 136, 178, 192, 198, 257n, 286, 293, 343, 380, 391, 395, 419, 444 General Motors Corp., 366n General Services Administration (GSA), 500n General Supply Committee, 124, 149, 258n Geological Survey, 16, 18, 73, 81, 94, 96, 125, 173, 190, 215 Geophysical Laboratory (Carnegie Institution of Wash. ington), 188, 203 Ceorge Washington University, 99, 100 GIBSON, Kasson S., tIm, 245, 271, 337, 487n GILCHRLST, Raleigh, 169n GILLETT, Frank H. (Congressman), 149 GILLILAND, T. R., 404 glass fiber paper, 479—480 glass industry, 216n glass plant, NBS (see optical glass plant, NBS) GLAZEBROOK, Sir Richard T., 487 Globe Union, Inc., 398 GODDARD, Robert H., 205-206, 282 goggles, aviation, 189 GOLDSBOROUGH, Winder E, 313n golf ball, bounce, 413 GOLOVIN, Nicholas E., 443n Goodrich, B. F., Co., 14 GORDON, C. L., 387 GOULD, Ralph E., l69o Government Printing Office, 91, 128, 133, 308, 415 Government purchase specifications (see specifications, Federal purchase) Government testing (see NBS testing) graduate study program, 99—102 graduated line standard, 29 Craf Zeppelin (dirigible), 284n graphite, 362, 363, 379 gravitation, Newtonian constant (G), 237, 245 gravity, local acceleration (g), 245 GRIES, John M., 250 GROVER, Frederick W., 74, 80, 100, 105, 109, 169n GROVES. Leslie R., 383. 384, 437 - GR—S synthetic rubber (see rubber research) guided missile research, 376, 399—403, 407, 419, 429, 445, 451, 472, 475, 490, 497 gun screws, 162 gun sights, 189 GUNN, Ross, 363 GURNEY, Ronald W., 437 GUTHE, Karl E., 74, 79, 99n, 313 gyromagnetic ratio of the proton, 464, 468, 469 II HAFSTAD, Lawrence A., 390 HAHN, Otto, 360, 361 HAHNER, Clarence H., 418 HALE, George E., 160 HALSEY, Frederick A., 209n, 211 Handbook of Physics (Condon & Odishaw), 487—488 HARDING, Warren G., 219, 229, 237, 266 harmonic analyzer, 51 HARPER, William Rainey, 65 HARPER, D. R., 3d, 130 HARRIMAN, Norman F., 258 HARRIMAN, W. Averell (Secretary of Commerce), 448, 492n Harry Diamond Ordnance Laboratories, 497 Harvard University, 12, 20, 38, 52, 54, 99n, 356, 385 HASSLER, Edward Troughton, app. A HASSLER, Ferdinand Rudolph, 24—28, 30, 34—36, app. A, app. B HAUSER, Philip M., 435 HAY, John M., 2 HAYES, Rutherford B., 30 HAYFORD, John F., 153 HAYNES, Elwood, 5 Haywood Optical Co., 417 Heat (Heat and Power) division, NBS, 111, 128, 130, 131, 180, 240, 248, 250 Heat and Thermometry section (division), NBS, 65, 74, 78, 94, 127, 250 HEAVISIDE, Sir Oliver, 293 heavy hydrogen, heavy water (see deuterium) Hefner amytacetate lamp, 81, 111, 112 Werner, 435 helicopter, 282 heliographic signaling mirror (see mirror, signaling) helium, liquid, 466—467, 471n—472n. See also cryo- genic research. helmet liner, 422 - HENDERSON, Joseph E., 390 HENRY, Joseph, app. B. henry, 32 HERING, Carl, 37, 47 HERTZ, Heinrich R., 12 HEYL, Paul R., 99n, 245, 283 HIDNERT, Peter, 271—272 High Altitude Laboratory (see Dynamometer Labors. tory, NBS) high-altitude weather-recording system, 353 high.frequency direction finder (see direction finder, high frequency). high-frequency research, 140-141, 294—295 high-temperature measurement and research, 94, 127, 131, 231
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Rexmond C. Cochrane MP 275 UNITED S
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Grateful acknowledgment is made to
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IV FOREWORD There are many examples
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VI PREFACE Vannevar Bush, architect
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VIII AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION so many
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CONTENTS Page FOREWORD 'U PREFACE v
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CONTENTS XIII Chapter II. FOUNDING
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CONTENTS XV Chapter III. ELECTRICIT
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CONTENTS XVII Chapter IV. THE WAR Y
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CONTENTS Chapter V. THE TIDE OF COM
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CONTENTS XXI Chapter VII. WORLD WAR
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XXIV CONTENTS THE CRUCIAL DECADE—
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MAIN STREET, 1900 AT THE TURN OF TH
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MAIN STREET, 1900 The marvel of the
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MAIN STREET, 1900 5 prosperous more
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MAIN STREET, 1900 Equally amazing w
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 9 Among
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 11 make
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 13 stit
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 15 comm
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GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
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GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
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LOOKING BACK 21 was maintained only
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LOOKING BACK 23 general public. Ada
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LOOKING BACK 25 many more as he cou
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LOOKING BACK 27 barometric pressure
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LOOKING BACK 29 Prototypes of the w
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LOOKING BACK 31 Without the force o
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 33 necessar
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 35 the Stat
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 37 Some of
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A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATIONAL NEED .. . A NATIONAL HUM
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A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON FOUNDING THE
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 51 fessor of
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON ing Professo
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 55 For over
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Dr. Frank A. Wolff, Jr., who was ab
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 59 TIlE EVEN
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON appeared as
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EDWARD B. ROSA 63 Dr. Edward B. Ros
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EDWARD B. ROSA 65 Free exercise of
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EDWARD B. ROSA 67 Dr. Charles W. Wa
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THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 69 exer
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THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 71 Chas
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 73 mad
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS Divisi
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 77 ref
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 79 in
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ACQUIRiNG NATIONAL STANDARDS The wo
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AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
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The Baltimore fire of 1904. The tur
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AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
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AN: AUTUMN FIRE AND CONSUMERS' CRUS
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THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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THE BEGINNING OF 93 gates, poured c
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The Bureau about 1910, just prior t
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The 2,300,000-pound Emery testing m
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THE BEGiNNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICIT
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STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICiT
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STANDARDS FOR PUBLiC UTILITIES 111
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Laboratory setup for testing the ca
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STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC UTILITIES 115
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The first iVBS railway scale test c
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 125 Go
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 127 an
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 129 se
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 131 In
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STANDARDS FOR THE CONSUMER 133 in t
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136 ELECTRICITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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148 ELECTRICiTY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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cJ1 OF COMME The proliferation of B
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152 ELECTRiCITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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154 ELECTRICITY, RAiLROADS, AND RAD
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160 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) design.
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162 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) and Gov
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164 Abate, the experimental roiling
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Mule teams leveling the ground for
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C' The Standard Store and gas stati
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170 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) physici
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172 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) it was
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174 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) where t
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176 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) industr
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178 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) cut fro
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180 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) flew at
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182 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) Except
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184 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) But so
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186 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) make it
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OPTICAL GLASS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMEN
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NEW THINGS IN RADIO COMMUNICATION 1
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194 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) read,"
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196 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) up clea
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198 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) The use
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200 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) program
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202 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) investi
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204 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) certain
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206 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) large-s
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208 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) some ye
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210 . THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) estab
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212 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) trade f
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214 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) As appr
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216 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) necessa
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218 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) tripled
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The Physikalisch-Technische Reichsa
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222 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND INDUST
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232 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND iNDUST
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238 Unlike Stratton, Dr. George K.
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The Visiting Committee of the Secre
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GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 245 and ofte
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GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 247 Bureau n
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BUiLDING AND HOUSING 249 Although i
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BUILDING AND HOUSING 251 The spring
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THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATION 253
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THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATiON 255
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 263 RESEARCH
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 265 appliance
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 267 molasses
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY quest of the
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278 Freighted with apparatus design
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AUTOMOBILES AND AIRCRAFT 285 Testin
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POLICING THE ETHER 287 circuit crys
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POLICING THE ETHER 289 died in comm
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POLICING THE ETHER 291 If simple re
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POLICING THE ETHER 293 Bureau turne
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POLICING THE ETHER 295 a special hi
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POLICING THE ETHER 297 and radiotel
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW THE T
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 301 t
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 303 l
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLiC VIEW 305 e
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 307 a
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 309 the wake of
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 311 The Bureau w
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 313 Receiving th
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Dr. Hugh L. Dryden made some of thi
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 317 active inter
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 319 new administ
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINITION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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SOME FUNDAMENTAL WORK ON STANDARDS
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342 THE TIME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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348 THE TiME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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366 WORLD WAR II RESEARCH (1941-45)
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370 WORLD WAR I! RESEARCH (1941-45)
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• amounts 376 WORLD WAR II RESEAR
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THE BUREAU AND THE ATOMIC BOMB 387
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 389 ness o
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 391 A vari
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 393 Actual
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 395 and ot
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 397 Novemb
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 399
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 401
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDiCTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTiNG
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL MATERIALS 411
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL lilA TERIALS 4
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RESEARCH IN CRiTICAL MATERIALS 415
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RESEARCH ZN CRiTiCAL MATERIALS 419
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"THE PECULIAR PEACE" THE NEW WORLD
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THE PECULIAR PEACE cated the fissio
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THE PECULIAR PEACE Further augmenti
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THE PECULIAR PEACE 433 Dr. Briggs a
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON weapon and the
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON While at Prince
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440 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946-
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45O THE NEW' WORLD OF SCiENCE (1946
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'a 452 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (19
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458 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946
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One of the three giunt IVurtsburg a
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496 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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498 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN ENVO! s
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500 THE CRUCiAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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502 THE CRUCIAL DECI4DE—AN EN VOl
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C).' Gaithersburg, showing the high
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510 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VU!
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C,' The Visiting Committee of Comme
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514 The Exchequer standard corn gal
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516 APPENDIX A Hassler, a man highl
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518 APPENDIX A When he made known h
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520 APPENDIX A Hassler sets up camp
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522 APPENDIX A A new employment cam
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524 APPENDIX A thizing with a chara
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526 APPENDIX A possessed the scient
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528 APPENDIX B As the more practica
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530 APPENDIX B republican regime, a
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APPENDiX B him by Tralles. Thus fro
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APPENDIX B 535 By the 1930's metric
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APPENDIX C BASIC LEGISLATION Relati
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APPENDIX C For construction and ver
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APPENDIX C Eighth. The unit of indu
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APPENDIX C 543 Act of 4 March 1909
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APPENDIX C 545 Provided, That the m
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APPENDIX C Economy Act of 30 June 1
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APPENDIX C 549 For the establishmen
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APPENDIX C 551 (f) Invention and de
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554 APPENDIX C Act of 20 June 1956,
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558 APPENDIX E Term GANO DUNN Presi
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NBS SPECIAL APPROPRIATIONS, 1910-19
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1500 APPENDIX I PUBLICATIONS BY THE
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568 APPENDIX I Reorganization of NB
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APPENDIX J DIVISION. AND SECTION CH
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CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNI
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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WARTIME PROJECTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC
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APPENDIX 1 Radio Communications Sec
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APPENDIX J WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Fis
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APPENDIX J Airplane Power Plant—C
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APPENDIX J I 585 Electrochemistry E
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APPENDIX J Aviation Instruments—C
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APPENDIX / 589 Steel, Concrete, Cem
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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APPENDIX 1 VI. ENGINEERING PHYSICS
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APPENDIX J III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECTOR Assistant Director for Res
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APPENDIX 1 IX. CLAY AND SILICATE PR
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APPENDIX 1 III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECFOR Assistant to the Director
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APPENDIX J VII. ORGANIC AND FIBROUS
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DIRECTOR ASSISTANT DIRECTOR L ELECT
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APPENDIX / 609 VI. MECHANICS AND SO
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APPENDIX 1 611 ORDNANCE DEVELOPMENT
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APPENDIX J 613 II. METROLOGY—Cont
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APPENDIX / 615 VIII. METALLURGY—C
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APPENDIX 1 617 FIELD STATIONS Brook
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APPENDIX J I. ELECTRICITY AND ELECT
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APPENDIX 1 621 VII. ORGANIC AND FIB
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APPENDIX J 623 84. Radio Standards
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APPENDIX 1 H. METROLOGY—Continued
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APPENDIX J X. BUILDING RESEARCH—C
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APPENDIX 1 83. Radio Propagation En
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NBS PUBLICATIONS S T RP C H M BMS L
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Page 670 and 671: 652 APPENDIX M Samuel W. Stratton a
Page 672 and 673: 654 APPENDIX M Sometime after settl
Page 674 and 675: Scenes at the summer picnics that D
Page 676 and 677: a' The Bureau of Standards Orchestr
Page 678 and 679: 660 APPENDIX M the American consul
Page 680 and 681: Alt, Franz L., Electronic digital c
Page 682 and 683: APPENDIX N 665 Harriman, Norman Fol
Page 684 and 685: APPENDIX N 667 hydrocarbons and rel
Page 686 and 687: 670 APPENDIX 0 Bldg. No. 33 34 35 3
Page 688 and 689: 672 APPENDIX 0 Estimated Estimated
Page 690 and 691: 674 PUBLISHED SOURCES on World War
Page 692 and 693: 676 PUBLISHED SOURCES Marshall, Log
Page 694 and 695: 678 PUBLISHED SOURCES Biographies,
Page 696 and 697: 680 UNPUBLISHED SOURCES Seventeen o
Page 698 and 699: INDEX Note: Only those members of t
Page 700 and 701: INDEX BELL, Alexander Graham, 210 B
Page 702: iNDEX Colorimetry section, NBS, 170
Page 707 and 708: 692 inventions at NBS (see NBS staf
Page 709 and 710: 694 metric legislation, 209, 210—
Page 711 and 712: 696 INDEX National Bureau of Standa
Page 713 and 714: 698 PRIEST, Irwin C., 99n, 186, 196
Page 715 and 716: 700 screw thread standardization, 3
Page 717 and 718: 702 INDEX testing machines, 96 text
Page 719: INDEX WALKER, Percy H., 155 WALLACE
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Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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