Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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INDEX Note: Only those members of the Bureau staff mentioned in the text or singled out in the footnotes are indexed. Authors of NBS publications in the footnotes are not indexed, nor are the names of division and section chiefs from 1901 to 1960, listed in Appendix J. A ABBOT, Charles G., 205-206 ABELSON, Philip H., 378, 380 Aberdeen Proving Ground, 399 absolute units (see CGS and individual units by absolute zero, 467n acoustic fuze (see proximity fuze) acoustical research, 231, 263, 481 ACREE, Solomon F., 268, 443n ADAMS, John Quincey, 21, 25, app. A, app. B ADAMSON, Keith F., 362 Ad Hoc Committee, NAS, 495—500, 503, 505, 507 Advisory Committee on Uranium (later, S—I Section, NDRC; S—I Committee, OSRD), 362, 363—364, 365, 368, 377, 379, 381—382, 384, 437 AD—X2, 483—487, 493, 495. See also battery additives. AEF (American Expeditionary Forces), 161, 184, 189, 203, 207, 211—212 aerial photography (see photographic research, mili- tary) aerodynamic research, 159—160, 182, 282 "Aerodynamics of Aircraft Bombs" (Dryden), 400 aeronautical instruments, 181, 217, 282, 285—286 aeronautical research, 159, 162, 179—186, 282, 314, 370 Aeronautics Division (Commerce), 231, 282, 286, 295 AGNEW, Paul G., 100, 101, 109, 115, 255, 304, 305 Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), 321, 329 Agriculture, Department of, 17, 73, 81, lOOn, 151, 152, 155, 156n, 182, 215, 218n, 219, 267, 305, 314, 316, 326n, 328n, 349, 431 "Aid for Over the Counter Buyers," 330 Air Force, U.S., 390, 395, 398, 399, 421, 454, 472, 497, 502, 508 Air Service, Army (Air Corps), 190, 282, 283, 285, 293, 295, 348n, 355, 420 aircraft covering materials, 176, 185 airmail service, radio beacon for, 196, 295 airplane: development, 179—180, 182 "dopes," 185—186 engine research and testing, 167, 180, 182—185, 217, 282. See also aeronautical research. fire-resistant (fireproofing), 185—186, 370 metal, 185, 206 program, U. 5., 181, 182, 185 airspeed indicator (see aeronautical instruments) Akron (dirigible), 285 ALEXANDER, John Henry, 34—35 ALEXANDER, Samuel, 454 alidade, 189 ALLEN, Frederick Lewis, 19 Allentown, Pa., field laboratory, 96, 333 ALLISON, Samuel K., 363 ALLISON, William B. (Congressman), 18 Allison Commission, 18, 19, 20, 23 alloy of 1874, 30 alloy research, 173—174, 272, 414—415 alternating.current measurement, 58, 60, 61, 67, 80 altimeter (see aeronautical instruments) Altitude Laboratory building (see Dynamometer Lab' oratory building) alumina extraction, 417 aluminum and aluminum products, 173—174, 185 aluminum research, 416—417. See also bauxite. America in 1900, 1—9 after World War I, 221—222 in the l920a, 297—298 in the depression, 308—309, 326—327, 332 on the eve of World War II, 366—367 during Wcrrld War II, 425-426 after World War II, 427—429 American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 16 American Asaociation for the Advancement of Science, 16, 41 American Ceramic Society, 496n American Chemical Society, 41, 93, 255n, 496n American Committee on Electrolysis, 120 American Dental Association, 272 American Engineering Standards Committee (AESC), 122n, 255—256, 258, 273, 303—305. See also Amer. ican Standards Association. American Foundrymen's Association, 93 American Gas Association, 264 American Gas Institute, 112, 172 American Home Economics Association, 330 American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE), 37, 41, 47, 60, 116, 255n, 280, 496n American Institute of Physics, 496n American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engi- neers, 496n American Institute of Weights and Measures, 211, 307 American Instrument Company, 419 American Medical Association, 301, 302, 33%, 341 American Men of Science, 9% 683
684 American Mining Congress, 121, 152 American Petroleum Institute, 277, 420, 466n American Philosophical Society, 16, 41 American Physical Society, 41, 437 American Railroad Association, 255n American Roentgen Ray Society, 339n American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM), 125, 251n, 255n, 341, 419, 501 American Society of Chemical Engineers, 255n American Society of Civil Engineers, 125, 496n American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 86, 200, 255n, 496n American Society of Mining and Metallurgy, 255n American Society of Refrigerating Engineers, 130 American Standards Association (ASA), 251n, 256, 304, 305, 324, 328, 331, 336, 345n, 346—347, 449, 462, 501, app. B. See also American Engineering Standards Committee. American Telephone & Telegraph Company, 160, 294n Ames, Iowa, field laboratory, 310n AMES, Joseph S., 100, 235—236, 237n, 314 ammeter, 115, 140 ammonia, properties, 246 ampere, 32, 80 absolute, 337 international, 105, 107, 24.5, 337 ANDERSON, John A., 101 aneroid barometer (see barometer) ANGSTROM, Anders Jonas, 463n angstrom, 463n Antarctic expeditions (1933—1934), 355 antifreeze solutions, 277, 303, 414 209n, 211 apothecaries' weights, 27n APPEL, William, 423 APPLETON, Sir Edward Victor, 404 appliances, household, 222 Applied Mathematics division, NBS, 454 applied (industrial, technological) research (see under NBS research) apprentice system, 99 Appropriations, House Subcommittee of the Commit. tee, 46, 47, 98, 107. 148, 149, 155n, 214, 215, 216, 241—242, 307, 324n, 326n, 435, 438, 439, 441—442, 446—448, 488, 502—503 "Aquella" incident, 482—483, 487 Arago kilogram, 28n, app. B Arctic expedition (1941), 356 Arlington, Va., field laboratory, 310n armor plate steel, investigation, 213 ARMSTRONG, Edwin H., 286 Army, Department of the (see War Department) Army Air Corps (see Air Service, Army) Army Ordnance Corps (see Ordnance, Army) ARNALL, Ellis (Governor of Georgia), 483 Arthur D. Little, Inc., 307 Association of American Steel Manufacturers, 61, 93 astronomical objective, design of telephoto, 345 ASTIN, Allen V., 225n. 353, 389, 390, 393, 397, 454, 485, 486n, 493, 495, 504. 508, app. B ASTON, Francis W., 358 Atlantic City, N. I., field laboratory, 94, 126 stomic bomb project, 357—364. 368, 377—388. See also nuclear fission. INDEX atomic clock, 75n, 464, 469, 476—477 atomic constants, 467, 468—469 atomic emission spectra, 341 atomic energy, early estimates of accessibility, 381, 384 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 429, 431, 437o, 445, 450, 456, 467, 469, 470, 471, 472, 491, 492, 496 Atomic Energy Levels, 471 Atomic Energy, Special Senate Committee (Mc. Mahon Committee), 437, 444, 491n atomic physics, 248, 249 Atomic Physics division, NBS, 445, 467, 469 Atomic Physics section, NBS, 249, 358 atomic standards, 462, 463, 469 atomic structure, 357 ATWATER, Wilbur 0., 62 Auburn, Ala., field laboratory, 310n audion tube (see electron tube) AUSTIN, Louis W., 13, 99n, 138, 139, 140, 192, 293 automobile industry, 5, 11, 221, 276 automobile speeds, 277, 414 automobile tire testing (see tire testing) automotive engine research, 244, 263, 277—279, 345, 346 Automotive Research section, NBS, 331 aviation gasoline (see petroleum research) aviation, progress, 355, 357. Sec also airplane develop. ment. Aviation Physics section, NBS, 237, 314 aviation research (see aeronautical research) avoirdupois pound (see pound) B Btu (British thermal unit), 114, 115 BACHE, Alexander D., 28, 30n, 34, 35, app. A BAEKELAND, Leo H., 160 BAKER, Newton D., 187n BAKER, Ray Stannard, 88 ballistics, 202, 317 Baltimore Fire (1904), 84, 86 BARBROW, Louis E., llln barometer, 37, 78 BARUCH, Bernard, 159, 177, 233, 320, 327 baseball curve and spin, 317, 413 basic (pure, fundamental) research (see under NBS research) "Bat" (see guided missile research) BATES, Frederick 1., 74, 79, 99, 186, 247, 265, 409 BATES Phaon H., 94, 443n Foundation, 349 batteries, dry cell, 281 battery additives, 281, 303. See also AD—X2. battery, (see storage battery) Bausch & Lomb Inc., 187, 274n, 417 bauxite, 417 bazooka (see rocket weapons) beacon system (see radio direction finder) BEAL, Arthur F., 16% BEAMS, Jesse W., 363, 380 BEAN, Howard S., 169n BEARCE, Henry W., 433n BECQUEREL. Antoine Henri, 12, 139, 146, 357 BEKKEDAHL, Norman P., 411
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Rexmond C. Cochrane MP 275 UNITED S
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Grateful acknowledgment is made to
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IV FOREWORD There are many examples
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VI PREFACE Vannevar Bush, architect
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VIII AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION so many
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CONTENTS Page FOREWORD 'U PREFACE v
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CONTENTS XIII Chapter II. FOUNDING
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CONTENTS XV Chapter III. ELECTRICIT
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CONTENTS XVII Chapter IV. THE WAR Y
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CONTENTS Chapter V. THE TIDE OF COM
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CONTENTS XXI Chapter VII. WORLD WAR
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XXIV CONTENTS THE CRUCIAL DECADE—
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MAIN STREET, 1900 AT THE TURN OF TH
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MAIN STREET, 1900 The marvel of the
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MAIN STREET, 1900 5 prosperous more
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MAIN STREET, 1900 Equally amazing w
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 9 Among
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 11 make
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 13 stit
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 15 comm
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GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
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GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
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LOOKING BACK 21 was maintained only
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LOOKING BACK 23 general public. Ada
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LOOKING BACK 25 many more as he cou
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LOOKING BACK 27 barometric pressure
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LOOKING BACK 29 Prototypes of the w
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LOOKING BACK 31 Without the force o
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 33 necessar
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 35 the Stat
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 37 Some of
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A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATIONAL NEED .. . A NATIONAL HUM
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A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON FOUNDING THE
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 51 fessor of
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON ing Professo
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 55 For over
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Dr. Frank A. Wolff, Jr., who was ab
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 59 TIlE EVEN
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON appeared as
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EDWARD B. ROSA 63 Dr. Edward B. Ros
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EDWARD B. ROSA 65 Free exercise of
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EDWARD B. ROSA 67 Dr. Charles W. Wa
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THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 69 exer
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THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 71 Chas
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 73 mad
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS Divisi
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 77 ref
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 79 in
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ACQUIRiNG NATIONAL STANDARDS The wo
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AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
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The Baltimore fire of 1904. The tur
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AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
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AN: AUTUMN FIRE AND CONSUMERS' CRUS
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THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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THE BEGINNING OF 93 gates, poured c
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The Bureau about 1910, just prior t
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The 2,300,000-pound Emery testing m
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THE BEGiNNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICIT
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STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICiT
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STANDARDS FOR PUBLiC UTILITIES 111
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Laboratory setup for testing the ca
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STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC UTILITIES 115
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The first iVBS railway scale test c
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 125 Go
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 127 an
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 129 se
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 131 In
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STANDARDS FOR THE CONSUMER 133 in t
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136 ELECTRICITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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148 ELECTRICiTY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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cJ1 OF COMME The proliferation of B
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152 ELECTRiCITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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154 ELECTRICITY, RAiLROADS, AND RAD
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160 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) design.
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162 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) and Gov
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164 Abate, the experimental roiling
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Mule teams leveling the ground for
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C' The Standard Store and gas stati
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170 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) physici
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172 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) it was
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174 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) where t
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176 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) industr
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178 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) cut fro
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180 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) flew at
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182 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) Except
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184 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) But so
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186 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) make it
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OPTICAL GLASS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMEN
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NEW THINGS IN RADIO COMMUNICATION 1
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194 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) read,"
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196 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) up clea
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198 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) The use
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200 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) program
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202 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) investi
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204 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) certain
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206 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) large-s
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208 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) some ye
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210 . THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) estab
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212 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) trade f
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214 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) As appr
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216 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) necessa
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218 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) tripled
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The Physikalisch-Technische Reichsa
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222 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND INDUST
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232 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND iNDUST
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238 Unlike Stratton, Dr. George K.
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The Visiting Committee of the Secre
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GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 245 and ofte
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GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 247 Bureau n
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BUiLDING AND HOUSING 249 Although i
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BUILDING AND HOUSING 251 The spring
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THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATION 253
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THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATiON 255
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 263 RESEARCH
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 265 appliance
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 267 molasses
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY quest of the
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278 Freighted with apparatus design
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AUTOMOBILES AND AIRCRAFT 285 Testin
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POLICING THE ETHER 287 circuit crys
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POLICING THE ETHER 289 died in comm
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POLICING THE ETHER 291 If simple re
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POLICING THE ETHER 293 Bureau turne
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POLICING THE ETHER 295 a special hi
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POLICING THE ETHER 297 and radiotel
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW THE T
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 301 t
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 303 l
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLiC VIEW 305 e
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 307 a
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 309 the wake of
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 311 The Bureau w
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 313 Receiving th
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Dr. Hugh L. Dryden made some of thi
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 317 active inter
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 319 new administ
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINITION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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SOME FUNDAMENTAL WORK ON STANDARDS
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342 THE TIME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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348 THE TiME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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366 WORLD WAR II RESEARCH (1941-45)
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370 WORLD WAR I! RESEARCH (1941-45)
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• amounts 376 WORLD WAR II RESEAR
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THE BUREAU AND THE ATOMIC BOMB 387
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 389 ness o
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 391 A vari
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 393 Actual
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 395 and ot
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 397 Novemb
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 399
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 401
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDiCTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTiNG
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL MATERIALS 411
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL lilA TERIALS 4
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RESEARCH IN CRiTICAL MATERIALS 415
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RESEARCH ZN CRiTiCAL MATERIALS 419
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"THE PECULIAR PEACE" THE NEW WORLD
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THE PECULIAR PEACE cated the fissio
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THE PECULIAR PEACE Further augmenti
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THE PECULIAR PEACE 433 Dr. Briggs a
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON weapon and the
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON While at Prince
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440 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946-
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45O THE NEW' WORLD OF SCiENCE (1946
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'a 452 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (19
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458 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946
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One of the three giunt IVurtsburg a
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496 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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498 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN ENVO! s
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500 THE CRUCiAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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502 THE CRUCIAL DECI4DE—AN EN VOl
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C).' Gaithersburg, showing the high
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510 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VU!
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C,' The Visiting Committee of Comme
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514 The Exchequer standard corn gal
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516 APPENDIX A Hassler, a man highl
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518 APPENDIX A When he made known h
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520 APPENDIX A Hassler sets up camp
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522 APPENDIX A A new employment cam
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524 APPENDIX A thizing with a chara
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526 APPENDIX A possessed the scient
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528 APPENDIX B As the more practica
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530 APPENDIX B republican regime, a
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APPENDiX B him by Tralles. Thus fro
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APPENDIX B 535 By the 1930's metric
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APPENDIX C BASIC LEGISLATION Relati
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APPENDIX C For construction and ver
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APPENDIX C Eighth. The unit of indu
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APPENDIX C 543 Act of 4 March 1909
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APPENDIX C 545 Provided, That the m
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APPENDIX C Economy Act of 30 June 1
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APPENDIX C 549 For the establishmen
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APPENDIX C 551 (f) Invention and de
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554 APPENDIX C Act of 20 June 1956,
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558 APPENDIX E Term GANO DUNN Presi
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NBS SPECIAL APPROPRIATIONS, 1910-19
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1500 APPENDIX I PUBLICATIONS BY THE
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568 APPENDIX I Reorganization of NB
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APPENDIX J DIVISION. AND SECTION CH
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CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNI
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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WARTIME PROJECTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC
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APPENDIX 1 Radio Communications Sec
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APPENDIX J WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Fis
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APPENDIX J Airplane Power Plant—C
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APPENDIX J I 585 Electrochemistry E
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APPENDIX J Aviation Instruments—C
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APPENDIX / 589 Steel, Concrete, Cem
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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APPENDIX 1 VI. ENGINEERING PHYSICS
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APPENDIX J III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECTOR Assistant Director for Res
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APPENDIX 1 IX. CLAY AND SILICATE PR
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APPENDIX 1 III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECFOR Assistant to the Director
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APPENDIX J VII. ORGANIC AND FIBROUS
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DIRECTOR ASSISTANT DIRECTOR L ELECT
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APPENDIX / 609 VI. MECHANICS AND SO
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APPENDIX 1 611 ORDNANCE DEVELOPMENT
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APPENDIX J 613 II. METROLOGY—Cont
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APPENDIX / 615 VIII. METALLURGY—C
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APPENDIX 1 617 FIELD STATIONS Brook
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APPENDIX J I. ELECTRICITY AND ELECT
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APPENDIX 1 621 VII. ORGANIC AND FIB
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APPENDIX J 623 84. Radio Standards
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APPENDIX 1 H. METROLOGY—Continued
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APPENDIX J X. BUILDING RESEARCH—C
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Page 686 and 687: 670 APPENDIX 0 Bldg. No. 33 34 35 3
Page 688 and 689: 672 APPENDIX 0 Estimated Estimated
Page 690 and 691: 674 PUBLISHED SOURCES on World War
Page 692 and 693: 676 PUBLISHED SOURCES Marshall, Log
Page 694 and 695: 678 PUBLISHED SOURCES Biographies,
Page 696 and 697: 680 UNPUBLISHED SOURCES Seventeen o
Page 700 and 701: INDEX BELL, Alexander Graham, 210 B
Page 702: iNDEX Colorimetry section, NBS, 170
Page 705 and 706: 690 iNDEX GARDNER, Washington (Cong
Page 707 and 708: 692 inventions at NBS (see NBS staf
Page 709 and 710: 694 metric legislation, 209, 210—
Page 711 and 712: 696 INDEX National Bureau of Standa
Page 713 and 714: 698 PRIEST, Irwin C., 99n, 186, 196
Page 715 and 716: 700 screw thread standardization, 3
Page 717 and 718: 702 INDEX testing machines, 96 text
Page 719: INDEX WALKER, Percy H., 155 WALLACE
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Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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