Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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I.- C,) z IC, a -J LAND PURCHASES •l— for the National Bureau of Standards U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 100 0 100 I- Cl) z ('J WASHINGTON. D.C. Source: PLANT I-. U) 10 II-, SCALE DIVISION, NBS 200 300L.400FT. 0.85 ACRES 1942 ndustr,al APPENDIX L Cl) I-. Cl) .1d U) ' I Mineral Products 8th PURCHASE 12.52 ACRES 1941$ Harry Diamond Laboratories SCHEDULE OF PURCHASES 1901 7.46 ACRES 1913 8.76 ACRES 1918 10.80 ACRES 1918 1.47 ACRES 1920 6.60 ACRES 1925 7.95 ACRES 1930 15.01 ACRES 1941 12.52 ACRES 1942 .085 ACRES $25,000 66,034 81,500 7,000 47,260 173,117 400,000 125,000
APPENDIX M SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON Founder and First Director of the National Bureau of Standards 1 It is no exaggeration to say that Dr. Stratton's whole life was the National Bureau of Standards and that every formative influence in his early years was a preparation for his founding and direction of the Bureau. The Bureau is his monument, and the ideals of service that Stratton built into the edifice he raised in the age of commerce and industry survive intact into the present space age. The name "Stratton" goes back to l2th.century Scotland, the surname of families who dwelt in a walled village by a paved road. The first Stratton on record in this country came from England in 1628. Dr. Stratton himself is believed to have descended from a Thomas Stratton who received a patent of land in Pittsylvania County, Va., in 1764. Thomas's great grandson Robertson Stratton moved from Virginia to Kentucky, where his fifth child, the father of Samuel Wesley Stratton, was born in 1832. Upon the death of Robertson in 1832, his widow and children moved to Illinois. Dr. Stratton's father, Samuel, grew up in Litchfield, Ill., went into stock farming and later lumbering, and married a widow, Mrs. Mary Webster Philips. It was on the farm just outside Litchfield that Samuel Wesley was born on July 18, 1861. Young Samuel Wesley grew up with little taste for farm life or for the stocks of Jersey cattle, Shetland ponies, Brahma chickens, and other new breeds of farm animals introduced into the State by his father as a result of periodic trips East and one voyage he made for new stock to England and the Channel Islands. Instead, he took an early interest in tinkering with the farm machinery, clocks, and other devices in the house, and in devising mechanical ways of taking the drudgery out of soapmaking, making apple butter, and similar farm chores. An annual treat was the stock show in St. Louis, 50 miles away, where his father exhibited his livestock and where young Samuel explored the exhibits of farm machinery, tools, and new mechanical inventions on display. Determined on more education than provided by the district school and the high school in Litchfield, 2 miles away, Stratton sold a colt he had raised and announced his intention of going for a year to the Illinois Industrial University at Urbana, the future University of Illinois. In 1880 land.grant Illinois Industrial was almost 12 years old, a citadel of learning offering courses in "such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, and military studies, without excluding other scientific and practical studies." The course Samuel Wesley set his heart on was that in "Machine shop practice," and he persuaded the registrar to let him take it in his freshman year. He was then 19, Except as otherwise noted, the present sketch is based on the manuscript fragment of a biography of Stratton written by Dr. Samuel C. Prescott of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1933—34 and on the materials collected for that biography that now comprise the Stratton Papers in the Archives Library at M.I.T. The biographical frag. ment and other documents in that collection used in this sketch have been reproduced for the NBS Historical File. 651
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Rexmond C. Cochrane MP 275 UNITED S
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Grateful acknowledgment is made to
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IV FOREWORD There are many examples
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VI PREFACE Vannevar Bush, architect
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VIII AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION so many
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CONTENTS Page FOREWORD 'U PREFACE v
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CONTENTS XIII Chapter II. FOUNDING
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CONTENTS XV Chapter III. ELECTRICIT
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CONTENTS XVII Chapter IV. THE WAR Y
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CONTENTS Chapter V. THE TIDE OF COM
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CONTENTS XXI Chapter VII. WORLD WAR
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XXIV CONTENTS THE CRUCIAL DECADE—
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MAIN STREET, 1900 AT THE TURN OF TH
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MAIN STREET, 1900 The marvel of the
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MAIN STREET, 1900 5 prosperous more
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MAIN STREET, 1900 Equally amazing w
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 9 Among
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 11 make
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 13 stit
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 15 comm
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GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
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GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
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LOOKING BACK 21 was maintained only
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LOOKING BACK 23 general public. Ada
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LOOKING BACK 25 many more as he cou
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LOOKING BACK 27 barometric pressure
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LOOKING BACK 29 Prototypes of the w
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LOOKING BACK 31 Without the force o
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 33 necessar
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 35 the Stat
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 37 Some of
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A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATIONAL NEED .. . A NATIONAL HUM
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A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON FOUNDING THE
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 51 fessor of
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON ing Professo
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 55 For over
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Dr. Frank A. Wolff, Jr., who was ab
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 59 TIlE EVEN
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON appeared as
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EDWARD B. ROSA 63 Dr. Edward B. Ros
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EDWARD B. ROSA 65 Free exercise of
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EDWARD B. ROSA 67 Dr. Charles W. Wa
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THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 69 exer
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THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 71 Chas
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 73 mad
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS Divisi
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 77 ref
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 79 in
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ACQUIRiNG NATIONAL STANDARDS The wo
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AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
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The Baltimore fire of 1904. The tur
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AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
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AN: AUTUMN FIRE AND CONSUMERS' CRUS
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THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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THE BEGINNING OF 93 gates, poured c
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The Bureau about 1910, just prior t
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The 2,300,000-pound Emery testing m
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THE BEGiNNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICIT
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STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICiT
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STANDARDS FOR PUBLiC UTILITIES 111
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Laboratory setup for testing the ca
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STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC UTILITIES 115
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The first iVBS railway scale test c
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 125 Go
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 127 an
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 129 se
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 131 In
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STANDARDS FOR THE CONSUMER 133 in t
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136 ELECTRICITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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148 ELECTRICiTY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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cJ1 OF COMME The proliferation of B
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152 ELECTRiCITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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154 ELECTRICITY, RAiLROADS, AND RAD
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160 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) design.
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162 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) and Gov
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164 Abate, the experimental roiling
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Mule teams leveling the ground for
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C' The Standard Store and gas stati
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170 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) physici
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172 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) it was
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174 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) where t
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176 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) industr
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178 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) cut fro
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180 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) flew at
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182 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) Except
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184 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) But so
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186 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) make it
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OPTICAL GLASS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMEN
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NEW THINGS IN RADIO COMMUNICATION 1
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194 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) read,"
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196 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) up clea
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198 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) The use
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200 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) program
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202 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) investi
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204 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) certain
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206 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) large-s
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208 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) some ye
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210 . THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) estab
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212 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) trade f
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214 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) As appr
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216 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) necessa
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218 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) tripled
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The Physikalisch-Technische Reichsa
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222 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND INDUST
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232 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND iNDUST
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238 Unlike Stratton, Dr. George K.
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The Visiting Committee of the Secre
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GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 245 and ofte
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GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 247 Bureau n
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BUiLDING AND HOUSING 249 Although i
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BUILDING AND HOUSING 251 The spring
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THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATION 253
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THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATiON 255
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 263 RESEARCH
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 265 appliance
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 267 molasses
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY quest of the
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278 Freighted with apparatus design
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AUTOMOBILES AND AIRCRAFT 285 Testin
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POLICING THE ETHER 287 circuit crys
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POLICING THE ETHER 289 died in comm
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POLICING THE ETHER 291 If simple re
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POLICING THE ETHER 293 Bureau turne
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POLICING THE ETHER 295 a special hi
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POLICING THE ETHER 297 and radiotel
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW THE T
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 301 t
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 303 l
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLiC VIEW 305 e
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 307 a
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 309 the wake of
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 311 The Bureau w
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 313 Receiving th
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Dr. Hugh L. Dryden made some of thi
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 317 active inter
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 319 new administ
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINITION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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SOME FUNDAMENTAL WORK ON STANDARDS
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342 THE TIME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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348 THE TiME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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366 WORLD WAR II RESEARCH (1941-45)
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370 WORLD WAR I! RESEARCH (1941-45)
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• amounts 376 WORLD WAR II RESEAR
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THE BUREAU AND THE ATOMIC BOMB 387
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 389 ness o
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 391 A vari
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 393 Actual
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 395 and ot
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 397 Novemb
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 399
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 401
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDiCTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTiNG
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL MATERIALS 411
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL lilA TERIALS 4
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RESEARCH IN CRiTICAL MATERIALS 415
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RESEARCH ZN CRiTiCAL MATERIALS 419
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"THE PECULIAR PEACE" THE NEW WORLD
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THE PECULIAR PEACE cated the fissio
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THE PECULIAR PEACE Further augmenti
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THE PECULIAR PEACE 433 Dr. Briggs a
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON weapon and the
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON While at Prince
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440 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946-
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45O THE NEW' WORLD OF SCiENCE (1946
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'a 452 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (19
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458 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946
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One of the three giunt IVurtsburg a
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496 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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498 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN ENVO! s
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500 THE CRUCiAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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502 THE CRUCIAL DECI4DE—AN EN VOl
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C).' Gaithersburg, showing the high
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510 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VU!
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C,' The Visiting Committee of Comme
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514 The Exchequer standard corn gal
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516 APPENDIX A Hassler, a man highl
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518 APPENDIX A When he made known h
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520 APPENDIX A Hassler sets up camp
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522 APPENDIX A A new employment cam
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524 APPENDIX A thizing with a chara
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526 APPENDIX A possessed the scient
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528 APPENDIX B As the more practica
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530 APPENDIX B republican regime, a
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APPENDiX B him by Tralles. Thus fro
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APPENDIX B 535 By the 1930's metric
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APPENDIX C BASIC LEGISLATION Relati
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APPENDIX C For construction and ver
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APPENDIX C Eighth. The unit of indu
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APPENDIX C 543 Act of 4 March 1909
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APPENDIX C 545 Provided, That the m
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APPENDIX C Economy Act of 30 June 1
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APPENDIX C 549 For the establishmen
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APPENDIX C 551 (f) Invention and de
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554 APPENDIX C Act of 20 June 1956,
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558 APPENDIX E Term GANO DUNN Presi
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NBS SPECIAL APPROPRIATIONS, 1910-19
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1500 APPENDIX I PUBLICATIONS BY THE
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568 APPENDIX I Reorganization of NB
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APPENDIX J DIVISION. AND SECTION CH
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CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNI
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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WARTIME PROJECTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC
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APPENDIX 1 Radio Communications Sec
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APPENDIX J WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Fis
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APPENDIX J Airplane Power Plant—C
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APPENDIX J I 585 Electrochemistry E
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APPENDIX J Aviation Instruments—C
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APPENDIX / 589 Steel, Concrete, Cem
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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APPENDIX 1 VI. ENGINEERING PHYSICS
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APPENDIX J III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECTOR Assistant Director for Res
Page 618 and 619: APPENDIX 1 IX. CLAY AND SILICATE PR
Page 620 and 621: APPENDIX 1 III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
Page 622 and 623: DIRECFOR Assistant to the Director
Page 624 and 625: APPENDIX J VII. ORGANIC AND FIBROUS
Page 626 and 627: DIRECTOR ASSISTANT DIRECTOR L ELECT
Page 628 and 629: APPENDIX / 609 VI. MECHANICS AND SO
Page 630 and 631: APPENDIX 1 611 ORDNANCE DEVELOPMENT
Page 632 and 633: APPENDIX J 613 II. METROLOGY—Cont
Page 634 and 635: APPENDIX / 615 VIII. METALLURGY—C
Page 636 and 637: APPENDIX 1 617 FIELD STATIONS Brook
Page 638 and 639: APPENDIX J I. ELECTRICITY AND ELECT
Page 640 and 641: APPENDIX 1 621 VII. ORGANIC AND FIB
Page 642 and 643: APPENDIX J 623 84. Radio Standards
Page 644 and 645: APPENDIX 1 H. METROLOGY—Continued
Page 646 and 647: APPENDIX J X. BUILDING RESEARCH—C
Page 648 and 649: APPENDIX 1 83. Radio Propagation En
Page 650 and 651: NBS PUBLICATIONS S T RP C H M BMS L
Page 652 and 653: APPENDIX K 4. OPTICS 5. CHEMISTRY 6
Page 654 and 655: APPENDIX K 635 Lowell & Willoughby,
Page 656 and 657: APPENDIX K 637 5. CHEMISTRY Judd, C
Page 658 and 659: APPENDIX K 639 9. CERAMICS French &
Page 660 and 661: APPENDIX K 641 Gardner, Design and
Page 662 and 663: APPENDIX K 643 Kline & Malmberg, Su
Page 664 and 665: APPENDIX K 645 McPherson, Adaptor f
Page 666 and 667: APPENDIX K Thomas, Driscoll & Hippl
Page 670 and 671: 652 APPENDIX M Samuel W. Stratton a
Page 672 and 673: 654 APPENDIX M Sometime after settl
Page 674 and 675: Scenes at the summer picnics that D
Page 676 and 677: a' The Bureau of Standards Orchestr
Page 678 and 679: 660 APPENDIX M the American consul
Page 680 and 681: Alt, Franz L., Electronic digital c
Page 682 and 683: APPENDIX N 665 Harriman, Norman Fol
Page 684 and 685: APPENDIX N 667 hydrocarbons and rel
Page 686 and 687: 670 APPENDIX 0 Bldg. No. 33 34 35 3
Page 688 and 689: 672 APPENDIX 0 Estimated Estimated
Page 690 and 691: 674 PUBLISHED SOURCES on World War
Page 692 and 693: 676 PUBLISHED SOURCES Marshall, Log
Page 694 and 695: 678 PUBLISHED SOURCES Biographies,
Page 696 and 697: 680 UNPUBLISHED SOURCES Seventeen o
Page 698 and 699: INDEX Note: Only those members of t
Page 700 and 701: INDEX BELL, Alexander Graham, 210 B
Page 702: iNDEX Colorimetry section, NBS, 170
Page 705 and 706: 690 iNDEX GARDNER, Washington (Cong
Page 707 and 708: 692 inventions at NBS (see NBS staf
Page 709 and 710: 694 metric legislation, 209, 210—
Page 711 and 712: 696 INDEX National Bureau of Standa
Page 713 and 714: 698 PRIEST, Irwin C., 99n, 186, 196
Page 715 and 716: 700 screw thread standardization, 3
Page 717 and 718: 702 INDEX testing machines, 96 text
Page 719:
INDEX WALKER, Percy H., 155 WALLACE
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Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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