Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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LOOKING BACK 21 was maintained only "to keep up the supply of standards and balances" to the States, territories, and the country's agricultural schools, as required by law, and to "take occasion to verify any standard that is referred to us." The latter service was of questionable value since in most instances "we want the means of executing the verifications asked of us." 24 The full title of Peirce's agency in appropriation acts, at that time was the Office of Construction of Standard Weights and Measures, indicating its limited scope in the eyes of Congress.25 Its history reflects the century- long hestitation of the Federal Government to exercise even that most ele- mentary degree of control in the affairs of the individual' citizen—the imposition of a discipline of weights and measures—and the failure of the States to exercise it in the absence of Federal regulation. The provision in article 9 of the Articles of Confederation (1777—78) granting Congress "the sole and exclusive right and power of * * * fixing the standard of weights and measures throughout the United States" was repeated in article I, section 8, clause 5 of the Constitution (1789), its principal purpose to make "all Duties, Imposts and Excises * * uniform" throughout the colonies. Without direct taxation, funds to maintain the Government depended largely on these imposts. Yet excises on flour, sugar, and other imported commodities, as well as the tonnage tax on vessels, the Government's other principal source of income, depended upon guesswork of a low order so long as barrel sizes and their contents and the weight of a ton met no uniform definition or standard. For over a hundred years it was to prove as difficult to legislate standards as it was to determine them. President Washington in his annual messages in 1790 and 1791, Sec- retary of State Thomas Jefferson in an elaborate report to Congress in 1790, President James Madison in his eighth annual message in 1816, and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams in a 'report in 1821 that has been called "a classic in weights and measures literature," all urged the establishment by law of uniform and reliable standards in weights and measures.26 To allay public fears and lessen the inconveniences attending the introduction of uniform standards, when determined, Jefferson recommended that they be introduced first iri the customhouses, to familiarize merchants with them, then among merchants and traders in foreign commodities, and finally offered to the '4Allison Commission, Testimony, p. 370. The Appropriation Act of Aug. 5, 1882 (22 Stat. 230) first designated the agency as the Office of Construction of Standard Weights and Measures. The name continued in appropriation acts until 1901, although after 1891 the agency was otherwise officially designated the Office of Standard Weights and Measures. 26 Source references for these documents appear in Ralph W. Smith's "The Federal basis for weights and measures," NBS C593 (1958). For a recent study of Jefferson's report see The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian P. Boyd (Princeton University Press, 1961), XVI, 602—675.
fe/fe' h' AJYR, f.e lee / 4 edy/C1d4S / (ICIIC" L €i i' / //el ,//,e.€J Y' / wa' '1, 1/ / Ic' I/if /u le // 7 1/i' flU! / A fragment of Jefferson's letter of transmittal accompanying his report to Congress on measures, weights, and coins in 1790, shortly before he became Secretary of State. The original of the copperplate transcription of Jefferson's message is in the National Archives, Record Group 59.
Page 1 and 2: Rexmond C. Cochrane MP 275 UNITED S
Page 3 and 4: Grateful acknowledgment is made to
Page 5 and 6: IV FOREWORD There are many examples
Page 7 and 8: VI PREFACE Vannevar Bush, architect
Page 9 and 10: VIII AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION so many
Page 11 and 12: CONTENTS Page FOREWORD 'U PREFACE v
Page 13 and 14: CONTENTS XIII Chapter II. FOUNDING
Page 15 and 16: CONTENTS XV Chapter III. ELECTRICIT
Page 17 and 18: CONTENTS XVII Chapter IV. THE WAR Y
Page 19 and 20: CONTENTS Chapter V. THE TIDE OF COM
Page 21: CONTENTS XXI Chapter VII. WORLD WAR
Page 24 and 25: XXIV CONTENTS THE CRUCIAL DECADE—
Page 26 and 27: MAIN STREET, 1900 AT THE TURN OF TH
Page 28 and 29: MAIN STREET, 1900 The marvel of the
Page 30 and 31: MAIN STREET, 1900 5 prosperous more
Page 32 and 33: MAIN STREET, 1900 Equally amazing w
Page 34 and 35: THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 9 Among
Page 36 and 37: THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 11 make
Page 38 and 39: THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 13 stit
Page 40 and 41: THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 15 comm
Page 42 and 43: GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
Page 44 and 45: GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
Page 48 and 49: LOOKING BACK 23 general public. Ada
Page 50 and 51: LOOKING BACK 25 many more as he cou
Page 52 and 53: LOOKING BACK 27 barometric pressure
Page 54 and 55: LOOKING BACK 29 Prototypes of the w
Page 56 and 57: LOOKING BACK 31 Without the force o
Page 58 and 59: LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 33 necessar
Page 60 and 61: LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 35 the Stat
Page 62 and 63: LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 37 Some of
Page 64 and 65: A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
Page 66 and 67: A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
Page 68 and 69: A NATIONAL NEED .. . A NATIONAL HUM
Page 70 and 71: A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
Page 72 and 73: A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
Page 74 and 75: SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON FOUNDING THE
Page 76 and 77: SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 51 fessor of
Page 78 and 79: SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON ing Professo
Page 80 and 81: SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 55 For over
Page 82 and 83: Dr. Frank A. Wolff, Jr., who was ab
Page 84 and 85: SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 59 TIlE EVEN
Page 86 and 87: SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON appeared as
Page 88 and 89: EDWARD B. ROSA 63 Dr. Edward B. Ros
Page 90 and 91: EDWARD B. ROSA 65 Free exercise of
Page 92 and 93: EDWARD B. ROSA 67 Dr. Charles W. Wa
Page 94 and 95: THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 69 exer
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THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 71 Chas
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 73 mad
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS Divisi
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 77 ref
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 79 in
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ACQUIRiNG NATIONAL STANDARDS The wo
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AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
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The Baltimore fire of 1904. The tur
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AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
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AN: AUTUMN FIRE AND CONSUMERS' CRUS
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THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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THE BEGINNING OF 93 gates, poured c
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The Bureau about 1910, just prior t
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The 2,300,000-pound Emery testing m
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THE BEGiNNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICIT
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STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICiT
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STANDARDS FOR PUBLiC UTILITIES 111
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Laboratory setup for testing the ca
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STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC UTILITIES 115
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The first iVBS railway scale test c
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 125 Go
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 127 an
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 129 se
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 131 In
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STANDARDS FOR THE CONSUMER 133 in t
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136 ELECTRICITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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148 ELECTRICiTY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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cJ1 OF COMME The proliferation of B
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152 ELECTRiCITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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154 ELECTRICITY, RAiLROADS, AND RAD
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160 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) design.
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162 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) and Gov
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164 Abate, the experimental roiling
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Mule teams leveling the ground for
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C' The Standard Store and gas stati
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170 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) physici
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172 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) it was
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174 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) where t
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176 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) industr
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178 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) cut fro
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180 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) flew at
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182 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) Except
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184 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) But so
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186 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) make it
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OPTICAL GLASS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMEN
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NEW THINGS IN RADIO COMMUNICATION 1
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194 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) read,"
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196 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) up clea
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198 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) The use
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200 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) program
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202 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) investi
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204 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) certain
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206 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) large-s
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208 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) some ye
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210 . THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) estab
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212 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) trade f
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214 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) As appr
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216 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) necessa
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218 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) tripled
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The Physikalisch-Technische Reichsa
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222 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND INDUST
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232 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND iNDUST
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238 Unlike Stratton, Dr. George K.
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The Visiting Committee of the Secre
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GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 245 and ofte
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GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 247 Bureau n
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BUiLDING AND HOUSING 249 Although i
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BUILDING AND HOUSING 251 The spring
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THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATION 253
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THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATiON 255
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 263 RESEARCH
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 265 appliance
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 267 molasses
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY quest of the
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278 Freighted with apparatus design
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AUTOMOBILES AND AIRCRAFT 285 Testin
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POLICING THE ETHER 287 circuit crys
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POLICING THE ETHER 289 died in comm
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POLICING THE ETHER 291 If simple re
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POLICING THE ETHER 293 Bureau turne
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POLICING THE ETHER 295 a special hi
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POLICING THE ETHER 297 and radiotel
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW THE T
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 301 t
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 303 l
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLiC VIEW 305 e
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 307 a
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 309 the wake of
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 311 The Bureau w
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 313 Receiving th
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Dr. Hugh L. Dryden made some of thi
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 317 active inter
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 319 new administ
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINITION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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SOME FUNDAMENTAL WORK ON STANDARDS
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342 THE TIME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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348 THE TiME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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366 WORLD WAR II RESEARCH (1941-45)
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370 WORLD WAR I! RESEARCH (1941-45)
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• amounts 376 WORLD WAR II RESEAR
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THE BUREAU AND THE ATOMIC BOMB 387
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 389 ness o
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 391 A vari
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 393 Actual
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 395 and ot
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 397 Novemb
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 399
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 401
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDiCTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTiNG
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL MATERIALS 411
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL lilA TERIALS 4
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RESEARCH IN CRiTICAL MATERIALS 415
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RESEARCH ZN CRiTiCAL MATERIALS 419
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"THE PECULIAR PEACE" THE NEW WORLD
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THE PECULIAR PEACE cated the fissio
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THE PECULIAR PEACE Further augmenti
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THE PECULIAR PEACE 433 Dr. Briggs a
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON weapon and the
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON While at Prince
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440 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946-
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45O THE NEW' WORLD OF SCiENCE (1946
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'a 452 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (19
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458 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946
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One of the three giunt IVurtsburg a
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496 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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498 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN ENVO! s
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500 THE CRUCiAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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502 THE CRUCIAL DECI4DE—AN EN VOl
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C).' Gaithersburg, showing the high
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510 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VU!
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C,' The Visiting Committee of Comme
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514 The Exchequer standard corn gal
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516 APPENDIX A Hassler, a man highl
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518 APPENDIX A When he made known h
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520 APPENDIX A Hassler sets up camp
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522 APPENDIX A A new employment cam
Page 549 and 550:
524 APPENDIX A thizing with a chara
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526 APPENDIX A possessed the scient
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528 APPENDIX B As the more practica
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530 APPENDIX B republican regime, a
Page 558 and 559:
APPENDiX B him by Tralles. Thus fro
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APPENDIX B 535 By the 1930's metric
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APPENDIX C BASIC LEGISLATION Relati
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APPENDIX C For construction and ver
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APPENDIX C Eighth. The unit of indu
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APPENDIX C 543 Act of 4 March 1909
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APPENDIX C 545 Provided, That the m
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APPENDIX C Economy Act of 30 June 1
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APPENDIX C 549 For the establishmen
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APPENDIX C 551 (f) Invention and de
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554 APPENDIX C Act of 20 June 1956,
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558 APPENDIX E Term GANO DUNN Presi
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NBS SPECIAL APPROPRIATIONS, 1910-19
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1500 APPENDIX I PUBLICATIONS BY THE
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568 APPENDIX I Reorganization of NB
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APPENDIX J DIVISION. AND SECTION CH
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CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNI
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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WARTIME PROJECTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC
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APPENDIX 1 Radio Communications Sec
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APPENDIX J WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Fis
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APPENDIX J Airplane Power Plant—C
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APPENDIX J I 585 Electrochemistry E
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APPENDIX J Aviation Instruments—C
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APPENDIX / 589 Steel, Concrete, Cem
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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APPENDIX 1 VI. ENGINEERING PHYSICS
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APPENDIX J III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECTOR Assistant Director for Res
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APPENDIX 1 IX. CLAY AND SILICATE PR
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APPENDIX 1 III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECFOR Assistant to the Director
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APPENDIX J VII. ORGANIC AND FIBROUS
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DIRECTOR ASSISTANT DIRECTOR L ELECT
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APPENDIX / 609 VI. MECHANICS AND SO
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APPENDIX 1 611 ORDNANCE DEVELOPMENT
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APPENDIX J 613 II. METROLOGY—Cont
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APPENDIX / 615 VIII. METALLURGY—C
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APPENDIX 1 617 FIELD STATIONS Brook
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APPENDIX J I. ELECTRICITY AND ELECT
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APPENDIX 1 621 VII. ORGANIC AND FIB
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APPENDIX J 623 84. Radio Standards
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APPENDIX 1 H. METROLOGY—Continued
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APPENDIX J X. BUILDING RESEARCH—C
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APPENDIX 1 83. Radio Propagation En
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NBS PUBLICATIONS S T RP C H M BMS L
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APPENDIX K 4. OPTICS 5. CHEMISTRY 6
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APPENDIX K 635 Lowell & Willoughby,
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APPENDIX K 637 5. CHEMISTRY Judd, C
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APPENDIX K 639 9. CERAMICS French &
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APPENDIX K 641 Gardner, Design and
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APPENDIX K 643 Kline & Malmberg, Su
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APPENDIX K 645 McPherson, Adaptor f
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APPENDIX K Thomas, Driscoll & Hippl
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I.- C,) z IC, a -J LAND PURCHASES
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652 APPENDIX M Samuel W. Stratton a
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654 APPENDIX M Sometime after settl
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Scenes at the summer picnics that D
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a' The Bureau of Standards Orchestr
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660 APPENDIX M the American consul
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Alt, Franz L., Electronic digital c
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APPENDIX N 665 Harriman, Norman Fol
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APPENDIX N 667 hydrocarbons and rel
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670 APPENDIX 0 Bldg. No. 33 34 35 3
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672 APPENDIX 0 Estimated Estimated
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674 PUBLISHED SOURCES on World War
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676 PUBLISHED SOURCES Marshall, Log
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678 PUBLISHED SOURCES Biographies,
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680 UNPUBLISHED SOURCES Seventeen o
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INDEX Note: Only those members of t
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INDEX BELL, Alexander Graham, 210 B
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iNDEX Colorimetry section, NBS, 170
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690 iNDEX GARDNER, Washington (Cong
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692 inventions at NBS (see NBS staf
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694 metric legislation, 209, 210—
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696 INDEX National Bureau of Standa
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698 PRIEST, Irwin C., 99n, 186, 196
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700 screw thread standardization, 3
Page 717 and 718:
702 INDEX testing machines, 96 text
Page 719:
INDEX WALKER, Percy H., 155 WALLACE
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Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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