Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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POLICING THE ETHER 287 circuit crystal set capable of picking up stations beyond 50 miles, at a cost of $15; and an electron-tube set, reaching out a hundred miles, for between $23 and $37, including the tube ($5) and the storage battery ($15—$20). Other Bureau letter circulars that spring and summer furnished sources of elementary radio information to amateurs and described auxiliary con- densers, loading coils, and an audiofrequency unit for receiving sets.194 Even before these letter circulars appeared as formal publications, they were widely printed on the new radio pages introduced by newspapers every. where.195 Altogether, in that first year of the radio boom the Bureau issued almost a hundred reports, most of them typewritten or mimeographed, to meet the demand for radio data and instruction of radio technicians.196 Available too was the Bureau's compendious Circular 74, "Radio instruments and measurements," an encyclopedia of the theoretical and practical aspects of radio measurements. Less than a year after the boom started so many types of radio sets were on the market that the Bureau urged that a national movement be launched for the standardization of radio apparatus and service.'97 The proliferation of radio receivers attracted thousands of hopeful station owners into the potentially lucrative broadcasting field, and for every one that succumbed, two stood ready to take his place. But there was more to it than building a station and selling air time even in those days. Of fewer than a thousand channels or noninterfering wavelengths in the then utilizable radio wave spectrum, only 89 were available to American broadcasting. Interference between stations as some 500 of them competed in these wavelengths raised immediate difficulties, and became insufferable when, in order to drown out competition and reach snore people, stations that could afford it increased their power.'98 Since radio had long been used almost exclusively by ships, the Federal Radio Law of 1912 had made the Bureau of Navigation in the Department of Commerce responsible for licensing stations and assigning wavelengths. It was a toothless law5 for Commerce could not deny or revoke a license, and bills proposed by Commerce for "policing the ether" repeatedly LC43 (Feb. 15, 1922) described the crystal set, LC48 (July 26, 1922) the vacuum tube set. The other letters were LC39, LC44, and LC46. C121, C122, and C133 were published in 1922; C137 and C141 in 1923. Two commercial publishers not only reprinted C120, on the crystal set, but copyrighted their booklet, and had to be enjoined. NBS Progress Report, May 1922 (NBS Box 24, PRM) NBS Annual Report 1922, p. 56. LC66 (June 1922) offered a partial list of almost 275 manufacturers and distributors of radio receiving equipment. late as 1928 most stations still operated on 500 watts, with some up to 1,000 watts. The most powerful, 50,000 watts, had a radius of less than 500 miles. Schubert, The Electric Word, pp. 223—224.
288 Above, Mrs. W. F. Har- low of the radio division, NBS, listens with something like incre- dulity to a radio broad- cast picked up by a homemade crystal set. Below, the widely cir- culated wiring diagram and details of that Bu- reau crystal set that could be built for $10. TELLPHONL DIAGRAM AND DLTAILS OFRLCfJVING5[T
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Rexmond C. Cochrane MP 275 UNITED S
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Grateful acknowledgment is made to
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IV FOREWORD There are many examples
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VI PREFACE Vannevar Bush, architect
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VIII AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION so many
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CONTENTS Page FOREWORD 'U PREFACE v
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CONTENTS XIII Chapter II. FOUNDING
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CONTENTS XV Chapter III. ELECTRICIT
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CONTENTS XVII Chapter IV. THE WAR Y
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CONTENTS Chapter V. THE TIDE OF COM
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CONTENTS XXI Chapter VII. WORLD WAR
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XXIV CONTENTS THE CRUCIAL DECADE—
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MAIN STREET, 1900 AT THE TURN OF TH
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MAIN STREET, 1900 The marvel of the
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MAIN STREET, 1900 5 prosperous more
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MAIN STREET, 1900 Equally amazing w
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 9 Among
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 11 make
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 13 stit
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 15 comm
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GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
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GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
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LOOKING BACK 21 was maintained only
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LOOKING BACK 23 general public. Ada
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LOOKING BACK 25 many more as he cou
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LOOKING BACK 27 barometric pressure
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LOOKING BACK 29 Prototypes of the w
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LOOKING BACK 31 Without the force o
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 33 necessar
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 35 the Stat
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 37 Some of
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A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATIONAL NEED .. . A NATIONAL HUM
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A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON FOUNDING THE
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 51 fessor of
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON ing Professo
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 55 For over
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Dr. Frank A. Wolff, Jr., who was ab
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 59 TIlE EVEN
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON appeared as
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EDWARD B. ROSA 63 Dr. Edward B. Ros
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EDWARD B. ROSA 65 Free exercise of
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EDWARD B. ROSA 67 Dr. Charles W. Wa
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THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 69 exer
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THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 71 Chas
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 73 mad
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS Divisi
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 77 ref
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 79 in
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ACQUIRiNG NATIONAL STANDARDS The wo
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AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
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The Baltimore fire of 1904. The tur
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AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
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AN: AUTUMN FIRE AND CONSUMERS' CRUS
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THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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THE BEGINNING OF 93 gates, poured c
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The Bureau about 1910, just prior t
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The 2,300,000-pound Emery testing m
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THE BEGiNNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICIT
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STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICiT
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STANDARDS FOR PUBLiC UTILITIES 111
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Laboratory setup for testing the ca
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STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC UTILITIES 115
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The first iVBS railway scale test c
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 125 Go
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 127 an
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 129 se
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 131 In
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STANDARDS FOR THE CONSUMER 133 in t
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136 ELECTRICITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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148 ELECTRICiTY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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cJ1 OF COMME The proliferation of B
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152 ELECTRiCITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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154 ELECTRICITY, RAiLROADS, AND RAD
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160 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) design.
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162 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) and Gov
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164 Abate, the experimental roiling
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Mule teams leveling the ground for
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C' The Standard Store and gas stati
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170 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) physici
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172 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) it was
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174 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) where t
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176 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) industr
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178 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) cut fro
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180 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) flew at
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182 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) Except
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184 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) But so
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186 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) make it
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OPTICAL GLASS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMEN
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NEW THINGS IN RADIO COMMUNICATION 1
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194 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) read,"
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196 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) up clea
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198 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) The use
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200 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) program
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202 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) investi
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204 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) certain
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206 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) large-s
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208 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) some ye
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210 . THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) estab
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212 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) trade f
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214 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) As appr
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216 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) necessa
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218 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) tripled
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The Physikalisch-Technische Reichsa
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222 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND INDUST
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232 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND iNDUST
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Page 261 and 262: 236 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND INDUST
Page 263 and 264: 238 Unlike Stratton, Dr. George K.
Page 265: 240 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND INDUST
Page 268 and 269: The Visiting Committee of the Secre
Page 270 and 271: GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 245 and ofte
Page 272 and 273: GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 247 Bureau n
Page 274 and 275: BUiLDING AND HOUSING 249 Although i
Page 276 and 277: BUILDING AND HOUSING 251 The spring
Page 278 and 279: THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATION 253
Page 280 and 281: THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATiON 255
Page 288 and 289: RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 263 RESEARCH
Page 290 and 291: RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 265 appliance
Page 292 and 293: RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 267 molasses
Page 294 and 295: RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY quest of the
Page 303 and 304: 278 Freighted with apparatus design
Page 310 and 311: AUTOMOBILES AND AIRCRAFT 285 Testin
Page 314 and 315: POLICING THE ETHER 289 died in comm
Page 316 and 317: POLICING THE ETHER 291 If simple re
Page 318 and 319: POLICING THE ETHER 293 Bureau turne
Page 320 and 321: POLICING THE ETHER 295 a special hi
Page 322 and 323: POLICING THE ETHER 297 and radiotel
Page 324 and 325: THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW THE T
Page 326 and 327: THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 301 t
Page 328 and 329: THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 303 l
Page 330 and 331: THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLiC VIEW 305 e
Page 332 and 333: THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 307 a
Page 334 and 335: LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 309 the wake of
Page 336 and 337: LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 311 The Bureau w
Page 338 and 339: LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 313 Receiving th
Page 340 and 341: Dr. Hugh L. Dryden made some of thi
Page 342 and 343: LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 317 active inter
Page 344 and 345: LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 319 new administ
Page 346 and 347: TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
Page 348 and 349: TOWARD A REDEFINITION OF BUREAU FUN
Page 350 and 351: TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
Page 360 and 361: SOME FUNDAMENTAL WORK ON STANDARDS
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SOME FUNDAMENTAL WORK ON STANDARDS
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SOME FUNDAMENTAL WORK ON STANDARDS
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342 THE TIME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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348 THE TiME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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366 WORLD WAR II RESEARCH (1941-45)
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370 WORLD WAR I! RESEARCH (1941-45)
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• amounts 376 WORLD WAR II RESEAR
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THE BUREAU AND THE ATOMIC BOMB 387
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 389 ness o
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 391 A vari
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 393 Actual
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 395 and ot
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 397 Novemb
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 399
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 401
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDiCTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTiNG
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL MATERIALS 411
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL lilA TERIALS 4
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RESEARCH IN CRiTICAL MATERIALS 415
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RESEARCH ZN CRiTiCAL MATERIALS 419
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"THE PECULIAR PEACE" THE NEW WORLD
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THE PECULIAR PEACE cated the fissio
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THE PECULIAR PEACE Further augmenti
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THE PECULIAR PEACE 433 Dr. Briggs a
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON weapon and the
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON While at Prince
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440 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946-
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45O THE NEW' WORLD OF SCiENCE (1946
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'a 452 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (19
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458 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946
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One of the three giunt IVurtsburg a
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496 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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498 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN ENVO! s
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500 THE CRUCiAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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502 THE CRUCIAL DECI4DE—AN EN VOl
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C).' Gaithersburg, showing the high
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510 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VU!
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C,' The Visiting Committee of Comme
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514 The Exchequer standard corn gal
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516 APPENDIX A Hassler, a man highl
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518 APPENDIX A When he made known h
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520 APPENDIX A Hassler sets up camp
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522 APPENDIX A A new employment cam
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524 APPENDIX A thizing with a chara
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526 APPENDIX A possessed the scient
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528 APPENDIX B As the more practica
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530 APPENDIX B republican regime, a
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APPENDiX B him by Tralles. Thus fro
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APPENDIX B 535 By the 1930's metric
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APPENDIX C BASIC LEGISLATION Relati
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APPENDIX C For construction and ver
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APPENDIX C Eighth. The unit of indu
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APPENDIX C 543 Act of 4 March 1909
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APPENDIX C 545 Provided, That the m
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APPENDIX C Economy Act of 30 June 1
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APPENDIX C 549 For the establishmen
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APPENDIX C 551 (f) Invention and de
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554 APPENDIX C Act of 20 June 1956,
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558 APPENDIX E Term GANO DUNN Presi
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NBS SPECIAL APPROPRIATIONS, 1910-19
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1500 APPENDIX I PUBLICATIONS BY THE
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568 APPENDIX I Reorganization of NB
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APPENDIX J DIVISION. AND SECTION CH
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CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNI
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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WARTIME PROJECTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC
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APPENDIX 1 Radio Communications Sec
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APPENDIX J WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Fis
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APPENDIX J Airplane Power Plant—C
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APPENDIX J I 585 Electrochemistry E
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APPENDIX J Aviation Instruments—C
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APPENDIX / 589 Steel, Concrete, Cem
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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APPENDIX 1 VI. ENGINEERING PHYSICS
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APPENDIX J III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECTOR Assistant Director for Res
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APPENDIX 1 IX. CLAY AND SILICATE PR
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APPENDIX 1 III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECFOR Assistant to the Director
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APPENDIX J VII. ORGANIC AND FIBROUS
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DIRECTOR ASSISTANT DIRECTOR L ELECT
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APPENDIX / 609 VI. MECHANICS AND SO
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APPENDIX 1 611 ORDNANCE DEVELOPMENT
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APPENDIX J 613 II. METROLOGY—Cont
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APPENDIX / 615 VIII. METALLURGY—C
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APPENDIX 1 617 FIELD STATIONS Brook
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APPENDIX J I. ELECTRICITY AND ELECT
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APPENDIX 1 621 VII. ORGANIC AND FIB
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APPENDIX J 623 84. Radio Standards
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APPENDIX 1 H. METROLOGY—Continued
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APPENDIX J X. BUILDING RESEARCH—C
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APPENDIX 1 83. Radio Propagation En
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NBS PUBLICATIONS S T RP C H M BMS L
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APPENDIX K 4. OPTICS 5. CHEMISTRY 6
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APPENDIX K 635 Lowell & Willoughby,
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APPENDIX K 637 5. CHEMISTRY Judd, C
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APPENDIX K 639 9. CERAMICS French &
Page 660 and 661:
APPENDIX K 641 Gardner, Design and
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APPENDIX K 643 Kline & Malmberg, Su
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APPENDIX K 645 McPherson, Adaptor f
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APPENDIX K Thomas, Driscoll & Hippl
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I.- C,) z IC, a -J LAND PURCHASES
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652 APPENDIX M Samuel W. Stratton a
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654 APPENDIX M Sometime after settl
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Scenes at the summer picnics that D
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a' The Bureau of Standards Orchestr
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660 APPENDIX M the American consul
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Alt, Franz L., Electronic digital c
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APPENDIX N 665 Harriman, Norman Fol
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APPENDIX N 667 hydrocarbons and rel
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670 APPENDIX 0 Bldg. No. 33 34 35 3
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672 APPENDIX 0 Estimated Estimated
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674 PUBLISHED SOURCES on World War
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676 PUBLISHED SOURCES Marshall, Log
Page 694 and 695:
678 PUBLISHED SOURCES Biographies,
Page 696 and 697:
680 UNPUBLISHED SOURCES Seventeen o
Page 698 and 699:
INDEX Note: Only those members of t
Page 700 and 701:
INDEX BELL, Alexander Graham, 210 B
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iNDEX Colorimetry section, NBS, 170
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690 iNDEX GARDNER, Washington (Cong
Page 707 and 708:
692 inventions at NBS (see NBS staf
Page 709 and 710:
694 metric legislation, 209, 210—
Page 711 and 712:
696 INDEX National Bureau of Standa
Page 713 and 714:
698 PRIEST, Irwin C., 99n, 186, 196
Page 715 and 716:
700 screw thread standardization, 3
Page 717 and 718:
702 INDEX testing machines, 96 text
Page 719:
INDEX WALKER, Percy H., 155 WALLACE
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Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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