Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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THE LEGACY LEFT TO US 213 With the curtailment of military appropriations to the Bureau by Congress, it becomes necessary for the military bureaus to provide funds for the investigations in which they are interested. He asked Stratton to seek special funds from Navy Ordnance to continue the Bureau investigation of light armor plate steels and Army Ordnance funds to continue the study of machine gun corrosion.'37 A score of other investigations would need similar financing. The Bureau thus sought help through a wartime measure, the Over. man Act, passed by Congress on May 20, 1918.138 In the interest of economy and greater efficiency, the act authorized, among other things, the transfer of funds from one Government agency to another, where an agency with funds but lacking the staff or facilities for an investigation, survey, or other service that it required, might turn the necessary funds over to the investigating agency. Under the act the military services had transferred well over half a million dollars to the Bureau in 1917 and 1918 (apart from military funds directly appropriated by Congress to the Bureau), to carry out wartime research for them. The device of interagency fund transfers, although never officially sanctioned before the Overman Act, had prevailed for a number of years among Government agencies. Stratton had not approved of it. Seeking additional funds from Congress at a hearing in 1910, he rejected a sug- gestion that he avail himself of this custom, insisting that the Bureau "should not be under obligation to any individual or any department when it undertakes testing." 139 Now suddenly the Bureau was alarmed. It had a plant more than twice its prewar size. The end of hostilities left it stranded with many investigations for the services far from completed. Particularly important, the Bureau felt., was its research on radio vacuum tubes and coil aerials for the Signal Corps, its testing of rubber compositions and tires for the Motor Transport Service, structural materials testing for the Navy Bureau of Yards and Docks, and the work on airplane fabrics and aviation engines. Upon strong pleas by Stratton, President Wilson on March 4, 1919, authorized the transfer of $100,000 from unobligated funds of the Quarter- master Corps to the Bureau to complete some of these investigations.'40 Memo, Burgess for SWS, Nov. 25, 1918 (NBS Box 5, FPG) - " For passage of the Overman Act, possibly the most important piece of legislation enacted for the prosecution of the war, see Paxson, American Democracy and the World War, II, 225—226.. Hearings * * * 1912 (Dec. 2, 1910), p. 273. Letter, Secretary of War to Secretary of the Treasury, Mar. 4, 1919; letter, Secretary of Commerce to Secretary of War, Apr. 10, 1919, and attached corrrespondence (NBS Box 5, FPG). Further correspondence on tranferred funds appears in NBS Box 7, ICG 1918—22.
214 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) As appropriations to the military plummeted after the war, the Bu. reau's transferred funds fell to $62,000 in 1921 and $3,000 in But the precedent for transferred funds had been established and with no alternative Stratton accepted it. "We would rather handle [all search] * * as far as possible, on our regular funds," he told the House Appropriations Subcommittee, "but I see no objection [under the cumstances]. * * * I believe it would be a good thing." A paragraph on transferred funds that Stratton prepared and read to the committee was, with minor changes, accepted for inclusion in the Bureau budget. Appearing in the appropriation act of May 20, 1920, and repeated annually thereafter, it stated that— the head of any department or independent establishment of the government having funds available for scientific investigations and requiring cooperative work by the Bureau of Standards on scientific investigations within the scope of the functions of that Bureau and which it is unable to perform within the limits of its appropriations, may, with the approval of the Secretary of Commerce, transfer to the Bureau of Standards such sums as may be necessary to carry on such investigations.'42 Dr. Stratton's successors were often to find it easier to interest other Government agencies in supporting research at the Bureau than to obtain increased funds' from Congress.'43 Not Stratton, whose Bureau could not wait for proffered funds. At the second postwar hearing before the House Subcommittee on Appropriations, he requested what one of his auditors pro. tested as "practically double the appropriation asked for last year." It was over a million dollars, Stratton admitted, actually represented only a 60 percent increase. Item by item he explained his needs, and most of the re- quest was The appropriation bore witness not oniy to the powers of Stratton's persuasion but to the esteem the Bureau had won for itself in Congress. ' ' - By far the largest item in the new Bureau budget was for industrial 141 These sums apparently represent direct transfers of funds for other departments. The blow was softened, however, by the transfer of additional departmental funds through congressional action in 1921, 1922, and 1923, and are included with special appropriations to the Bureau. See app. F and NBS Annual Reports for those years. '42Hearings * * * 1921 (Jan. 2, 1920), p. 1598. The provision as enacted in 41 Stat. 683, is cited in Weber, The Bureau of Standards, p. 73. See also letter GKB to Air Service, WD, June 22, 1923 (NBS Box 41, FPG). Transferred funds to the Bureau rose from $60,870 in 1923 to approximately $418,600 in 1930, or almost 15 percent of total funds. They maintained the 1930 level until World War II. After World War II, transferred funds at times constituted as much 85 percent of total Bureau working funds. 144 Hearings * * * 1921 (Jan. 2, 1920), p. 1525.
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Rexmond C. Cochrane MP 275 UNITED S
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Grateful acknowledgment is made to
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IV FOREWORD There are many examples
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VI PREFACE Vannevar Bush, architect
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VIII AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION so many
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CONTENTS Page FOREWORD 'U PREFACE v
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CONTENTS XIII Chapter II. FOUNDING
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CONTENTS XV Chapter III. ELECTRICIT
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CONTENTS XVII Chapter IV. THE WAR Y
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CONTENTS Chapter V. THE TIDE OF COM
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CONTENTS XXI Chapter VII. WORLD WAR
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XXIV CONTENTS THE CRUCIAL DECADE—
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MAIN STREET, 1900 AT THE TURN OF TH
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MAIN STREET, 1900 The marvel of the
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MAIN STREET, 1900 5 prosperous more
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MAIN STREET, 1900 Equally amazing w
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 9 Among
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 11 make
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 13 stit
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 15 comm
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GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
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GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
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LOOKING BACK 21 was maintained only
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LOOKING BACK 23 general public. Ada
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LOOKING BACK 25 many more as he cou
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LOOKING BACK 27 barometric pressure
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LOOKING BACK 29 Prototypes of the w
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LOOKING BACK 31 Without the force o
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 33 necessar
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 35 the Stat
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 37 Some of
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A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATIONAL NEED .. . A NATIONAL HUM
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A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON FOUNDING THE
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 51 fessor of
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON ing Professo
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 55 For over
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Dr. Frank A. Wolff, Jr., who was ab
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 59 TIlE EVEN
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON appeared as
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EDWARD B. ROSA 63 Dr. Edward B. Ros
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EDWARD B. ROSA 65 Free exercise of
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EDWARD B. ROSA 67 Dr. Charles W. Wa
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THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 69 exer
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THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 71 Chas
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 73 mad
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS Divisi
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 77 ref
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 79 in
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ACQUIRiNG NATIONAL STANDARDS The wo
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AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
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The Baltimore fire of 1904. The tur
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AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
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AN: AUTUMN FIRE AND CONSUMERS' CRUS
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THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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THE BEGINNING OF 93 gates, poured c
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The Bureau about 1910, just prior t
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The 2,300,000-pound Emery testing m
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THE BEGiNNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICIT
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STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICiT
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STANDARDS FOR PUBLiC UTILITIES 111
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Laboratory setup for testing the ca
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STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC UTILITIES 115
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The first iVBS railway scale test c
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 125 Go
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 127 an
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 129 se
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 131 In
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STANDARDS FOR THE CONSUMER 133 in t
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136 ELECTRICITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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148 ELECTRICiTY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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cJ1 OF COMME The proliferation of B
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152 ELECTRiCITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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154 ELECTRICITY, RAiLROADS, AND RAD
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160 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) design.
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Page 189 and 190: 164 Abate, the experimental roiling
Page 191 and 192: Mule teams leveling the ground for
Page 193 and 194: C' The Standard Store and gas stati
Page 195 and 196: 170 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) physici
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Page 207 and 208: 182 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) Except
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Page 211 and 212: 186 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) make it
Page 214 and 215: OPTICAL GLASS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMEN
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Page 219 and 220: 194 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) read,"
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Page 223 and 224: 198 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) The use
Page 225 and 226: 200 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) program
Page 227 and 228: 202 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) investi
Page 229 and 230: 204 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) certain
Page 231 and 232: 206 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) large-s
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Page 235 and 236: 210 . THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) estab
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Page 241 and 242: 216 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) necessa
Page 243 and 244: 218 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) tripled
Page 245 and 246: The Physikalisch-Technische Reichsa
Page 247 and 248: 222 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND INDUST
Page 257 and 258: 232 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND iNDUST
Page 263 and 264: 238 Unlike Stratton, Dr. George K.
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Page 268 and 269: The Visiting Committee of the Secre
Page 270 and 271: GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 245 and ofte
Page 272 and 273: GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 247 Bureau n
Page 274 and 275: BUiLDING AND HOUSING 249 Although i
Page 276 and 277: BUILDING AND HOUSING 251 The spring
Page 278 and 279: THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATION 253
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 263 RESEARCH
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 265 appliance
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 267 molasses
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY quest of the
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272 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND INDUST
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278 Freighted with apparatus design
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AUTOMOBILES AND AIRCRAFT 285 Testin
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POLICING THE ETHER 287 circuit crys
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POLICING THE ETHER 289 died in comm
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POLICING THE ETHER 291 If simple re
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POLICING THE ETHER 293 Bureau turne
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POLICING THE ETHER 295 a special hi
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POLICING THE ETHER 297 and radiotel
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW THE T
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 301 t
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 303 l
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLiC VIEW 305 e
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 307 a
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 309 the wake of
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 311 The Bureau w
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 313 Receiving th
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Dr. Hugh L. Dryden made some of thi
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 317 active inter
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 319 new administ
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINITION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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SOME FUNDAMENTAL WORK ON STANDARDS
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342 THE TIME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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348 THE TiME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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366 WORLD WAR II RESEARCH (1941-45)
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370 WORLD WAR I! RESEARCH (1941-45)
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• amounts 376 WORLD WAR II RESEAR
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THE BUREAU AND THE ATOMIC BOMB 387
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 389 ness o
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 391 A vari
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 393 Actual
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 395 and ot
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 397 Novemb
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 399
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 401
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDiCTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTiNG
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL MATERIALS 411
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL lilA TERIALS 4
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RESEARCH IN CRiTICAL MATERIALS 415
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RESEARCH ZN CRiTiCAL MATERIALS 419
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"THE PECULIAR PEACE" THE NEW WORLD
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THE PECULIAR PEACE cated the fissio
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THE PECULIAR PEACE Further augmenti
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THE PECULIAR PEACE 433 Dr. Briggs a
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON weapon and the
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON While at Prince
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440 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946-
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45O THE NEW' WORLD OF SCiENCE (1946
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'a 452 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (19
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458 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946
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One of the three giunt IVurtsburg a
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496 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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498 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN ENVO! s
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500 THE CRUCiAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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502 THE CRUCIAL DECI4DE—AN EN VOl
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C).' Gaithersburg, showing the high
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510 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VU!
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C,' The Visiting Committee of Comme
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514 The Exchequer standard corn gal
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516 APPENDIX A Hassler, a man highl
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518 APPENDIX A When he made known h
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520 APPENDIX A Hassler sets up camp
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522 APPENDIX A A new employment cam
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524 APPENDIX A thizing with a chara
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526 APPENDIX A possessed the scient
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528 APPENDIX B As the more practica
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530 APPENDIX B republican regime, a
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APPENDiX B him by Tralles. Thus fro
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APPENDIX B 535 By the 1930's metric
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APPENDIX C BASIC LEGISLATION Relati
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APPENDIX C For construction and ver
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APPENDIX C Eighth. The unit of indu
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APPENDIX C 543 Act of 4 March 1909
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APPENDIX C 545 Provided, That the m
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APPENDIX C Economy Act of 30 June 1
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APPENDIX C 549 For the establishmen
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APPENDIX C 551 (f) Invention and de
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554 APPENDIX C Act of 20 June 1956,
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558 APPENDIX E Term GANO DUNN Presi
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NBS SPECIAL APPROPRIATIONS, 1910-19
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1500 APPENDIX I PUBLICATIONS BY THE
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568 APPENDIX I Reorganization of NB
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APPENDIX J DIVISION. AND SECTION CH
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CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNI
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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WARTIME PROJECTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC
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APPENDIX 1 Radio Communications Sec
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APPENDIX J WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Fis
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APPENDIX J Airplane Power Plant—C
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APPENDIX J I 585 Electrochemistry E
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APPENDIX J Aviation Instruments—C
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APPENDIX / 589 Steel, Concrete, Cem
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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APPENDIX 1 VI. ENGINEERING PHYSICS
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APPENDIX J III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECTOR Assistant Director for Res
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APPENDIX 1 IX. CLAY AND SILICATE PR
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APPENDIX 1 III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECFOR Assistant to the Director
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APPENDIX J VII. ORGANIC AND FIBROUS
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DIRECTOR ASSISTANT DIRECTOR L ELECT
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APPENDIX / 609 VI. MECHANICS AND SO
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APPENDIX 1 611 ORDNANCE DEVELOPMENT
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APPENDIX J 613 II. METROLOGY—Cont
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APPENDIX / 615 VIII. METALLURGY—C
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APPENDIX 1 617 FIELD STATIONS Brook
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APPENDIX J I. ELECTRICITY AND ELECT
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APPENDIX 1 621 VII. ORGANIC AND FIB
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APPENDIX J 623 84. Radio Standards
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APPENDIX 1 H. METROLOGY—Continued
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APPENDIX J X. BUILDING RESEARCH—C
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APPENDIX 1 83. Radio Propagation En
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NBS PUBLICATIONS S T RP C H M BMS L
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APPENDIX K 4. OPTICS 5. CHEMISTRY 6
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APPENDIX K 635 Lowell & Willoughby,
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APPENDIX K 637 5. CHEMISTRY Judd, C
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APPENDIX K 639 9. CERAMICS French &
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APPENDIX K 641 Gardner, Design and
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APPENDIX K 643 Kline & Malmberg, Su
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APPENDIX K 645 McPherson, Adaptor f
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APPENDIX K Thomas, Driscoll & Hippl
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I.- C,) z IC, a -J LAND PURCHASES
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652 APPENDIX M Samuel W. Stratton a
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654 APPENDIX M Sometime after settl
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Scenes at the summer picnics that D
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a' The Bureau of Standards Orchestr
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660 APPENDIX M the American consul
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Alt, Franz L., Electronic digital c
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APPENDIX N 665 Harriman, Norman Fol
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APPENDIX N 667 hydrocarbons and rel
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670 APPENDIX 0 Bldg. No. 33 34 35 3
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672 APPENDIX 0 Estimated Estimated
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674 PUBLISHED SOURCES on World War
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676 PUBLISHED SOURCES Marshall, Log
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678 PUBLISHED SOURCES Biographies,
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680 UNPUBLISHED SOURCES Seventeen o
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INDEX Note: Only those members of t
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INDEX BELL, Alexander Graham, 210 B
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iNDEX Colorimetry section, NBS, 170
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690 iNDEX GARDNER, Washington (Cong
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692 inventions at NBS (see NBS staf
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694 metric legislation, 209, 210—
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696 INDEX National Bureau of Standa
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698 PRIEST, Irwin C., 99n, 186, 196
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700 screw thread standardization, 3
Page 717 and 718:
702 INDEX testing machines, 96 text
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INDEX WALKER, Percy H., 155 WALLACE
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Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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