Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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REVISING THE ORGANIC ACT 149 Overman of North Carolina wondered too: "You have here * * * [a request for] a physicist qualified in optics. I want to know what you do with that fellow. What is his business?" 102 Patiently, Dr. Stratton explained, and the physicists were his. So well did Stratton get along with Congress that one of his admiring colleagues, sitting with him at the annual hearings, referred to him as "a scientific politician." Congressman Joseph T. Johnson of South Carolina marveled at Stratton's way with a committee, even when the subject was as minor as funds for grading the Bureau grounds. "Now, you have made a specially strong plea—in fact, you always make a strong plea and hypnotize this committee." 103 Behind the pleas were results, and the kind that a business-minded Congress appreciated. Stratton poured out facts on the dollar-and.cents value of Government testing and the public benefits "from a financial stand- point" of Bureau research in public utility service. He had only to show •that "we have never been able to keep up with 25 percent of the demands made on the Bureau," to say that never before had "the Bureau had so many demands for its cooperation in regard to industrial standards, in devising standard methods of measurement and test, and in researches involving precise measurement," for Congress to reach for its purse and add some- thing more.104 The annual increases in Bureau staff, equipment, and funds were the envy of other research agencies in the Government. "As you know," Congressman Frank H. Gillett of the Appropriations Subcommittee once said to Stratton, "our liberality to this bureau is one of the things that is criticized somewhat, and [so] we should be glad to get * * * results." 105 And Stratton cited the weights and measures investigation and the testing of Government materials, now being done for almost 60 different bureaus representing every department of the Government, the success of which had led to the organization of the General Supply Committee and almost doubled the test work of the Bureau. The proliferation of Bureau research interests' under' Stratton and Rosa had largely changed the mission of the Bureau envisioned in its organic act. Established to provide this country with a scientific basis for accurate measurements and a source of information regarding basic properties of materials determined by such measurements, the Bureau became involved almost at '°' i{earings * (May 22, 1912.), 232. 10"Hearings a a a 1916 (Nov. 28, l9l4),p. 104 Hearings * * (Dec. 2, 1910), p. 270; NBS Annual Report 1912, p. 3. Hearings * p. 262. On a later occasion, when asked by Congress how appropriated were being spent, Stratton said that in most investigations from 75 to 80 percent went for staff, the remaining for materials and equipment (Hearings a a a 1921, Jan. 2, 1920, p. 1566).
cJ1 OF COMME The proliferation of Bureau interests, abetted by special congressional appropriations for investigations not covered in the Organic Act, inspired the wheeled chart of NBS activities. It was probably prepared for an appropriations hearing before Congress about 1915.
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Rexmond C. Cochrane MP 275 UNITED S
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Grateful acknowledgment is made to
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IV FOREWORD There are many examples
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VI PREFACE Vannevar Bush, architect
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VIII AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION so many
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CONTENTS Page FOREWORD 'U PREFACE v
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CONTENTS XIII Chapter II. FOUNDING
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CONTENTS XV Chapter III. ELECTRICIT
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CONTENTS XVII Chapter IV. THE WAR Y
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CONTENTS Chapter V. THE TIDE OF COM
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CONTENTS XXI Chapter VII. WORLD WAR
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XXIV CONTENTS THE CRUCIAL DECADE—
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MAIN STREET, 1900 AT THE TURN OF TH
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MAIN STREET, 1900 The marvel of the
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MAIN STREET, 1900 5 prosperous more
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MAIN STREET, 1900 Equally amazing w
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 9 Among
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 11 make
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 13 stit
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 15 comm
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GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
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GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
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LOOKING BACK 21 was maintained only
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LOOKING BACK 23 general public. Ada
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LOOKING BACK 25 many more as he cou
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LOOKING BACK 27 barometric pressure
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LOOKING BACK 29 Prototypes of the w
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LOOKING BACK 31 Without the force o
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 33 necessar
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 35 the Stat
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 37 Some of
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A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATIONAL NEED .. . A NATIONAL HUM
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A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON FOUNDING THE
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 51 fessor of
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON ing Professo
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 55 For over
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Dr. Frank A. Wolff, Jr., who was ab
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 59 TIlE EVEN
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON appeared as
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EDWARD B. ROSA 63 Dr. Edward B. Ros
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EDWARD B. ROSA 65 Free exercise of
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EDWARD B. ROSA 67 Dr. Charles W. Wa
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THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 69 exer
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THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 71 Chas
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 73 mad
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS Divisi
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 77 ref
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 79 in
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ACQUIRiNG NATIONAL STANDARDS The wo
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AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
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The Baltimore fire of 1904. The tur
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AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
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AN: AUTUMN FIRE AND CONSUMERS' CRUS
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THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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THE BEGINNING OF 93 gates, poured c
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The Bureau about 1910, just prior t
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The 2,300,000-pound Emery testing m
Page 124 and 125: THE BEGiNNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
Page 126 and 127: THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
Page 128 and 129: STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICIT
Page 130 and 131: STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICiT
Page 136 and 137: STANDARDS FOR PUBLiC UTILITIES 111
Page 138 and 139: Laboratory setup for testing the ca
Page 140 and 141: STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC UTILITIES 115
Page 142 and 143: The first iVBS railway scale test c
Page 150 and 151: TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 125 Go
Page 152 and 153: TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 127 an
Page 154 and 155: TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 129 se
Page 156 and 157: TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 131 In
Page 158 and 159: STANDARDS FOR THE CONSUMER 133 in t
Page 161 and 162: 136 ELECTRICITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
Page 173: 148 ELECTRICiTY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
Page 177 and 178: 152 ELECTRiCITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
Page 179 and 180: 154 ELECTRICITY, RAiLROADS, AND RAD
Page 185 and 186: 160 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) design.
Page 187 and 188: 162 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) and Gov
Page 189 and 190: 164 Abate, the experimental roiling
Page 191 and 192: Mule teams leveling the ground for
Page 193 and 194: C' The Standard Store and gas stati
Page 195 and 196: 170 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) physici
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Page 203 and 204: 178 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) cut fro
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Page 207 and 208: 182 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) Except
Page 209 and 210: 184 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) But so
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Page 214 and 215: OPTICAL GLASS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMEN
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Page 219 and 220: 194 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) read,"
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Page 223 and 224: 198 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) The use
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200 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) program
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202 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) investi
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204 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) certain
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206 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) large-s
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208 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) some ye
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210 . THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) estab
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212 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) trade f
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214 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) As appr
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216 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) necessa
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218 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) tripled
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The Physikalisch-Technische Reichsa
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222 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND INDUST
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232 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND iNDUST
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238 Unlike Stratton, Dr. George K.
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The Visiting Committee of the Secre
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GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 245 and ofte
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GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 247 Bureau n
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BUiLDING AND HOUSING 249 Although i
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BUILDING AND HOUSING 251 The spring
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THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATION 253
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THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATiON 255
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 263 RESEARCH
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 265 appliance
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 267 molasses
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY quest of the
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278 Freighted with apparatus design
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AUTOMOBILES AND AIRCRAFT 285 Testin
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POLICING THE ETHER 287 circuit crys
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POLICING THE ETHER 289 died in comm
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POLICING THE ETHER 291 If simple re
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POLICING THE ETHER 293 Bureau turne
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POLICING THE ETHER 295 a special hi
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POLICING THE ETHER 297 and radiotel
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW THE T
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 301 t
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 303 l
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLiC VIEW 305 e
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 307 a
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 309 the wake of
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 311 The Bureau w
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 313 Receiving th
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Dr. Hugh L. Dryden made some of thi
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 317 active inter
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 319 new administ
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINITION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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SOME FUNDAMENTAL WORK ON STANDARDS
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342 THE TIME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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348 THE TiME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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366 WORLD WAR II RESEARCH (1941-45)
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370 WORLD WAR I! RESEARCH (1941-45)
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• amounts 376 WORLD WAR II RESEAR
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THE BUREAU AND THE ATOMIC BOMB 387
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 389 ness o
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 391 A vari
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 393 Actual
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 395 and ot
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 397 Novemb
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 399
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 401
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDiCTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTiNG
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL MATERIALS 411
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL lilA TERIALS 4
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RESEARCH IN CRiTICAL MATERIALS 415
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RESEARCH ZN CRiTiCAL MATERIALS 419
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"THE PECULIAR PEACE" THE NEW WORLD
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THE PECULIAR PEACE cated the fissio
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THE PECULIAR PEACE Further augmenti
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THE PECULIAR PEACE 433 Dr. Briggs a
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON weapon and the
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON While at Prince
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440 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946-
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45O THE NEW' WORLD OF SCiENCE (1946
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'a 452 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (19
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458 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946
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One of the three giunt IVurtsburg a
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496 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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498 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN ENVO! s
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500 THE CRUCiAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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502 THE CRUCIAL DECI4DE—AN EN VOl
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C).' Gaithersburg, showing the high
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510 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VU!
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C,' The Visiting Committee of Comme
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514 The Exchequer standard corn gal
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516 APPENDIX A Hassler, a man highl
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518 APPENDIX A When he made known h
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520 APPENDIX A Hassler sets up camp
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522 APPENDIX A A new employment cam
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524 APPENDIX A thizing with a chara
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526 APPENDIX A possessed the scient
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528 APPENDIX B As the more practica
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530 APPENDIX B republican regime, a
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APPENDiX B him by Tralles. Thus fro
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APPENDIX B 535 By the 1930's metric
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APPENDIX C BASIC LEGISLATION Relati
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APPENDIX C For construction and ver
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APPENDIX C Eighth. The unit of indu
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APPENDIX C 543 Act of 4 March 1909
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APPENDIX C 545 Provided, That the m
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APPENDIX C Economy Act of 30 June 1
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APPENDIX C 549 For the establishmen
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APPENDIX C 551 (f) Invention and de
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554 APPENDIX C Act of 20 June 1956,
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558 APPENDIX E Term GANO DUNN Presi
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NBS SPECIAL APPROPRIATIONS, 1910-19
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1500 APPENDIX I PUBLICATIONS BY THE
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568 APPENDIX I Reorganization of NB
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APPENDIX J DIVISION. AND SECTION CH
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CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNI
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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WARTIME PROJECTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC
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APPENDIX 1 Radio Communications Sec
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APPENDIX J WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Fis
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APPENDIX J Airplane Power Plant—C
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APPENDIX J I 585 Electrochemistry E
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APPENDIX J Aviation Instruments—C
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APPENDIX / 589 Steel, Concrete, Cem
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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APPENDIX 1 VI. ENGINEERING PHYSICS
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APPENDIX J III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECTOR Assistant Director for Res
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APPENDIX 1 IX. CLAY AND SILICATE PR
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APPENDIX 1 III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECFOR Assistant to the Director
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APPENDIX J VII. ORGANIC AND FIBROUS
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DIRECTOR ASSISTANT DIRECTOR L ELECT
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APPENDIX / 609 VI. MECHANICS AND SO
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APPENDIX 1 611 ORDNANCE DEVELOPMENT
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APPENDIX J 613 II. METROLOGY—Cont
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APPENDIX / 615 VIII. METALLURGY—C
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APPENDIX 1 617 FIELD STATIONS Brook
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APPENDIX J I. ELECTRICITY AND ELECT
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APPENDIX 1 621 VII. ORGANIC AND FIB
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APPENDIX J 623 84. Radio Standards
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APPENDIX 1 H. METROLOGY—Continued
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APPENDIX J X. BUILDING RESEARCH—C
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APPENDIX 1 83. Radio Propagation En
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NBS PUBLICATIONS S T RP C H M BMS L
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APPENDIX K 4. OPTICS 5. CHEMISTRY 6
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APPENDIX K 635 Lowell & Willoughby,
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APPENDIX K 637 5. CHEMISTRY Judd, C
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APPENDIX K 639 9. CERAMICS French &
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APPENDIX K 641 Gardner, Design and
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APPENDIX K 643 Kline & Malmberg, Su
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APPENDIX K 645 McPherson, Adaptor f
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APPENDIX K Thomas, Driscoll & Hippl
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I.- C,) z IC, a -J LAND PURCHASES
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652 APPENDIX M Samuel W. Stratton a
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654 APPENDIX M Sometime after settl
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Scenes at the summer picnics that D
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a' The Bureau of Standards Orchestr
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660 APPENDIX M the American consul
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Alt, Franz L., Electronic digital c
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APPENDIX N 665 Harriman, Norman Fol
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APPENDIX N 667 hydrocarbons and rel
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670 APPENDIX 0 Bldg. No. 33 34 35 3
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672 APPENDIX 0 Estimated Estimated
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674 PUBLISHED SOURCES on World War
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676 PUBLISHED SOURCES Marshall, Log
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678 PUBLISHED SOURCES Biographies,
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680 UNPUBLISHED SOURCES Seventeen o
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INDEX Note: Only those members of t
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INDEX BELL, Alexander Graham, 210 B
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iNDEX Colorimetry section, NBS, 170
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690 iNDEX GARDNER, Washington (Cong
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692 inventions at NBS (see NBS staf
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694 metric legislation, 209, 210—
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696 INDEX National Bureau of Standa
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698 PRIEST, Irwin C., 99n, 186, 196
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700 screw thread standardization, 3
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702 INDEX testing machines, 96 text
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INDEX WALKER, Percy H., 155 WALLACE
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Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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