Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICiTY 105 (CGS). But precise values for electrical units in relation to fundamental mechanical effects are difficult to establish, and electrical science and industry needed units that could be readily reproduced in their laboratories. By 1903 general agreement on reproducible primary electrical standards had been reached. The international ohm was arbitrarily defined as the resistance of a specified column of mercury, the international ampere by its rate of deposition of silver, and the international volt as a specified fraction of the electromotive force of the Weston standard cell. Commerce and industry, assuming that the units defined by reproducible standards were indistinguishable from absolute units, were satisfied. But for the most precise work, science looked to the Bureau for an accurate statement of the small but very real difference between these reproducible units and fundamental (absolute) units. Defining an electrical unit was one thing, determining its value relative to absolute units was quite another, and the standards set up in accordance with these definitions by the national laboratories here and abroad did not show the agreement that had been hoped for. Yet as Dorsey pointed out, between 1903 and 1910 the silver voltameter, standard resistors, standard cells, and instruments for comparing the standards were much improved. The work at the Bureau on the silver voltameter and standard cell, in terms of which current and voltage were measured, was to be of special importance in establishing more precise values for the volt. This was true of J. G. Coffin's construction and calculations of absolute standards of inductance, completed in 1906, a consequence of Rosa and Grover's extensive theoretical examination of inductance formulas. The work not only proved valuable for absolute measurement but of considerable service to the electrical industry in determining the inductance of circuit configurations.6 Earlier experience in the absolute measurement of current, the results of which were expressed in electromagnetic units, led to Rosa and Dorsey's painstaking experiment in 1907 which demonstrated that the measurement of a current in electromagnetic CGS units was related to its measurement in electrostatic CGS units by exactly the numerical value of the speed of light, accurate to within 0.03 percent.7 An important confirmation of Maxwell's theory of light, the investigation otherwise had little inimecliate practical application, except as an immensely prestigious piece of work that paid dividends in recruiting young physicists for the Bureau. S9 and SlO (Rosa and Grover, 1903—5); S29 (Coffin, 1906). N0TE.—S designates the Scientific Papers of the NBS, issued from 1904—28, as here- after RP will represent a Research Paper in the Journal of Research of the NBS, 1928 to date, T designates the Technologic Papers of the NBS, 1910—28, and H the NBS series of Handbooks. For further information on these and other Bureau publications, see notes to app. I. S66 (Rosa and Dorsev. 1907).
Members and assistants of the International Technical Committee of 1910 gather on the lawn at the Bureau upon completion of the work to establish new values for the international ampere, ohm, and volt. From left to right: F. Laporte (France), Sir Frank Smith (England), Dr. Frank A. Wolff, Jr., Dr. W. Jaeger (Germany), M. P. Shoemaker, Dr. Stratton, Dr. Frank Wenner, Dr. A. S. McDaniel, G. E. Post, Dr. Frederick W. Grover, Dr. Rosa, and Dr. George W. Vinal.
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Rexmond C. Cochrane MP 275 UNITED S
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Grateful acknowledgment is made to
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IV FOREWORD There are many examples
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VI PREFACE Vannevar Bush, architect
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VIII AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION so many
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CONTENTS Page FOREWORD 'U PREFACE v
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CONTENTS XIII Chapter II. FOUNDING
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CONTENTS XV Chapter III. ELECTRICIT
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CONTENTS XVII Chapter IV. THE WAR Y
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CONTENTS Chapter V. THE TIDE OF COM
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CONTENTS XXI Chapter VII. WORLD WAR
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XXIV CONTENTS THE CRUCIAL DECADE—
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MAIN STREET, 1900 AT THE TURN OF TH
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MAIN STREET, 1900 The marvel of the
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MAIN STREET, 1900 5 prosperous more
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MAIN STREET, 1900 Equally amazing w
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 9 Among
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 11 make
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 13 stit
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 15 comm
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GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
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GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
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LOOKING BACK 21 was maintained only
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LOOKING BACK 23 general public. Ada
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LOOKING BACK 25 many more as he cou
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LOOKING BACK 27 barometric pressure
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LOOKING BACK 29 Prototypes of the w
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LOOKING BACK 31 Without the force o
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 33 necessar
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 35 the Stat
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 37 Some of
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A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATIONAL NEED .. . A NATIONAL HUM
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A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON FOUNDING THE
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 51 fessor of
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON ing Professo
Page 80 and 81: SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 55 For over
Page 82 and 83: Dr. Frank A. Wolff, Jr., who was ab
Page 84 and 85: SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 59 TIlE EVEN
Page 86 and 87: SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON appeared as
Page 88 and 89: EDWARD B. ROSA 63 Dr. Edward B. Ros
Page 90 and 91: EDWARD B. ROSA 65 Free exercise of
Page 92 and 93: EDWARD B. ROSA 67 Dr. Charles W. Wa
Page 94 and 95: THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 69 exer
Page 96 and 97: THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 71 Chas
Page 98 and 99: ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 73 mad
Page 100 and 101: ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS Divisi
Page 102 and 103: ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 77 ref
Page 104 and 105: ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 79 in
Page 106 and 107: ACQUIRiNG NATIONAL STANDARDS The wo
Page 108 and 109: AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
Page 110 and 111: The Baltimore fire of 1904. The tur
Page 112 and 113: AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
Page 114 and 115: AN: AUTUMN FIRE AND CONSUMERS' CRUS
Page 116 and 117: THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
Page 118 and 119: THE BEGINNING OF 93 gates, poured c
Page 120 and 121: The Bureau about 1910, just prior t
Page 122 and 123: The 2,300,000-pound Emery testing m
Page 124 and 125: THE BEGiNNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
Page 126 and 127: THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
Page 128 and 129: STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICIT
Page 136 and 137: STANDARDS FOR PUBLiC UTILITIES 111
Page 138 and 139: Laboratory setup for testing the ca
Page 140 and 141: STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC UTILITIES 115
Page 142 and 143: The first iVBS railway scale test c
Page 150 and 151: TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 125 Go
Page 152 and 153: TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 127 an
Page 154 and 155: TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 129 se
Page 156 and 157: TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 131 In
Page 158 and 159: STANDARDS FOR THE CONSUMER 133 in t
Page 161 and 162: 136 ELECTRICITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
Page 173 and 174: 148 ELECTRICiTY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
Page 175 and 176: cJ1 OF COMME The proliferation of B
Page 177 and 178: 152 ELECTRiCITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
Page 179 and 180: 154 ELECTRICITY, RAiLROADS, AND RAD
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156 ELECTRICITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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158 ELECTRICITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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160 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) design.
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162 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) and Gov
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164 Abate, the experimental roiling
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Mule teams leveling the ground for
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C' The Standard Store and gas stati
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170 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) physici
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172 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) it was
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174 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) where t
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176 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) industr
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178 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) cut fro
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180 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) flew at
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182 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) Except
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184 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) But so
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186 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) make it
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OPTICAL GLASS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMEN
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NEW THINGS IN RADIO COMMUNICATION 1
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194 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) read,"
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196 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) up clea
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198 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) The use
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200 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) program
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202 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) investi
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204 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) certain
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206 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) large-s
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208 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) some ye
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210 . THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) estab
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212 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) trade f
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214 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) As appr
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216 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) necessa
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218 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) tripled
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The Physikalisch-Technische Reichsa
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222 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND INDUST
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232 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND iNDUST
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238 Unlike Stratton, Dr. George K.
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Page 268 and 269:
The Visiting Committee of the Secre
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GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 245 and ofte
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GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 247 Bureau n
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BUiLDING AND HOUSING 249 Although i
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BUILDING AND HOUSING 251 The spring
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THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATION 253
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THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATiON 255
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 263 RESEARCH
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 265 appliance
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 267 molasses
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY quest of the
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278 Freighted with apparatus design
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AUTOMOBILES AND AIRCRAFT 285 Testin
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POLICING THE ETHER 287 circuit crys
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POLICING THE ETHER 289 died in comm
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POLICING THE ETHER 291 If simple re
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POLICING THE ETHER 293 Bureau turne
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POLICING THE ETHER 295 a special hi
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POLICING THE ETHER 297 and radiotel
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW THE T
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 301 t
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 303 l
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLiC VIEW 305 e
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 307 a
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 309 the wake of
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 311 The Bureau w
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 313 Receiving th
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Dr. Hugh L. Dryden made some of thi
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 317 active inter
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 319 new administ
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINITION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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SOME FUNDAMENTAL WORK ON STANDARDS
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342 THE TIME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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348 THE TiME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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366 WORLD WAR II RESEARCH (1941-45)
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370 WORLD WAR I! RESEARCH (1941-45)
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• amounts 376 WORLD WAR II RESEAR
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THE BUREAU AND THE ATOMIC BOMB 387
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 389 ness o
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 391 A vari
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 393 Actual
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 395 and ot
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 397 Novemb
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 399
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 401
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDiCTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTiNG
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL MATERIALS 411
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL lilA TERIALS 4
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RESEARCH IN CRiTICAL MATERIALS 415
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RESEARCH ZN CRiTiCAL MATERIALS 419
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"THE PECULIAR PEACE" THE NEW WORLD
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THE PECULIAR PEACE cated the fissio
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THE PECULIAR PEACE Further augmenti
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THE PECULIAR PEACE 433 Dr. Briggs a
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON weapon and the
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON While at Prince
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440 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946-
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45O THE NEW' WORLD OF SCiENCE (1946
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'a 452 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (19
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458 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946
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One of the three giunt IVurtsburg a
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496 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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498 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN ENVO! s
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500 THE CRUCiAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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502 THE CRUCIAL DECI4DE—AN EN VOl
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Page 531 and 532:
C).' Gaithersburg, showing the high
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Page 535 and 536:
510 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VU!
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C,' The Visiting Committee of Comme
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514 The Exchequer standard corn gal
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516 APPENDIX A Hassler, a man highl
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518 APPENDIX A When he made known h
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520 APPENDIX A Hassler sets up camp
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522 APPENDIX A A new employment cam
Page 549 and 550:
524 APPENDIX A thizing with a chara
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526 APPENDIX A possessed the scient
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528 APPENDIX B As the more practica
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530 APPENDIX B republican regime, a
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APPENDiX B him by Tralles. Thus fro
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APPENDIX B 535 By the 1930's metric
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APPENDIX C BASIC LEGISLATION Relati
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APPENDIX C For construction and ver
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APPENDIX C Eighth. The unit of indu
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APPENDIX C 543 Act of 4 March 1909
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APPENDIX C 545 Provided, That the m
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APPENDIX C Economy Act of 30 June 1
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APPENDIX C 549 For the establishmen
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APPENDIX C 551 (f) Invention and de
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554 APPENDIX C Act of 20 June 1956,
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558 APPENDIX E Term GANO DUNN Presi
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NBS SPECIAL APPROPRIATIONS, 1910-19
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1500 APPENDIX I PUBLICATIONS BY THE
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568 APPENDIX I Reorganization of NB
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APPENDIX J DIVISION. AND SECTION CH
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CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNI
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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WARTIME PROJECTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC
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APPENDIX 1 Radio Communications Sec
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APPENDIX J WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Fis
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APPENDIX J Airplane Power Plant—C
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APPENDIX J I 585 Electrochemistry E
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APPENDIX J Aviation Instruments—C
Page 608 and 609:
APPENDIX / 589 Steel, Concrete, Cem
Page 610 and 611:
DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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APPENDIX 1 VI. ENGINEERING PHYSICS
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APPENDIX J III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECTOR Assistant Director for Res
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APPENDIX 1 IX. CLAY AND SILICATE PR
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APPENDIX 1 III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECFOR Assistant to the Director
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APPENDIX J VII. ORGANIC AND FIBROUS
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DIRECTOR ASSISTANT DIRECTOR L ELECT
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APPENDIX / 609 VI. MECHANICS AND SO
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APPENDIX 1 611 ORDNANCE DEVELOPMENT
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APPENDIX J 613 II. METROLOGY—Cont
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APPENDIX / 615 VIII. METALLURGY—C
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APPENDIX 1 617 FIELD STATIONS Brook
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APPENDIX J I. ELECTRICITY AND ELECT
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APPENDIX 1 621 VII. ORGANIC AND FIB
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APPENDIX J 623 84. Radio Standards
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APPENDIX 1 H. METROLOGY—Continued
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APPENDIX J X. BUILDING RESEARCH—C
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APPENDIX 1 83. Radio Propagation En
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NBS PUBLICATIONS S T RP C H M BMS L
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APPENDIX K 4. OPTICS 5. CHEMISTRY 6
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APPENDIX K 635 Lowell & Willoughby,
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APPENDIX K 637 5. CHEMISTRY Judd, C
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APPENDIX K 639 9. CERAMICS French &
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APPENDIX K 641 Gardner, Design and
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APPENDIX K 643 Kline & Malmberg, Su
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APPENDIX K 645 McPherson, Adaptor f
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APPENDIX K Thomas, Driscoll & Hippl
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I.- C,) z IC, a -J LAND PURCHASES
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652 APPENDIX M Samuel W. Stratton a
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654 APPENDIX M Sometime after settl
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Scenes at the summer picnics that D
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a' The Bureau of Standards Orchestr
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660 APPENDIX M the American consul
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Alt, Franz L., Electronic digital c
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APPENDIX N 665 Harriman, Norman Fol
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APPENDIX N 667 hydrocarbons and rel
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670 APPENDIX 0 Bldg. No. 33 34 35 3
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672 APPENDIX 0 Estimated Estimated
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674 PUBLISHED SOURCES on World War
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676 PUBLISHED SOURCES Marshall, Log
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678 PUBLISHED SOURCES Biographies,
Page 696 and 697:
680 UNPUBLISHED SOURCES Seventeen o
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INDEX Note: Only those members of t
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INDEX BELL, Alexander Graham, 210 B
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iNDEX Colorimetry section, NBS, 170
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690 iNDEX GARDNER, Washington (Cong
Page 707 and 708:
692 inventions at NBS (see NBS staf
Page 709 and 710:
694 metric legislation, 209, 210—
Page 711 and 712:
696 INDEX National Bureau of Standa
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698 PRIEST, Irwin C., 99n, 186, 196
Page 715 and 716:
700 screw thread standardization, 3
Page 717 and 718:
702 INDEX testing machines, 96 text
Page 719:
INDEX WALKER, Percy H., 155 WALLACE
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Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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