OFR 151.pdf - CRC LEME

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has highlighted the roles played by animals in pollination and seed dispersal in the diversification of the angiosperms. 6.3.3 Climatic indicator taxa Many Late Cretaceous genera can be assigned to extant families and, occasionally, extant genera or species in the case of monotypic genera (Dettmann 1994, Chambers et al. 1998, Hill and Brodribb 1999). Examples are (NLRs in parentheses): Phyllocladidites mawsonii (Lagarostrobos franklinii) which first appears in the Turonian, Lygistepollenites florinii (Dacrydium) which first appears in the Santonian, and Dacrycarpites australiensis (Dacrycarpus) and Nothofagidites (ancestral Nothofagus) which first appear in the Campanian. All retain a preference for cool-cold (microtherm range) and wet-very wet (perhumid) conditions (Table 6) but only in a few cases do the geological and palaeo-distribution data show that the ecology of the ancestral taxon was similar to their nearest living relatives (NLR). An example is the microfossil species Australopollis obscurus which almost certainly was a freshwater aquatic herb like its NLR Callitriche (Callitrichaceae). Ancestral Nothofagus spp., which almost certainly evolved under microtherm conditions, appear to have given rise to at least one subgenus (Brassospora) that was adapted to warmer (lower mesotherm) conditions during the Late Cretaceous or earliest Tertiary. Table 6: Inferred ecological preferences TAXON GEOGRAPHIC BIAS TOTAL INFERRED Palaeolatitude Coast RANGE CLIMATIC Fossil NLR N S - PREFERENCE Gymnosperms Araucariacites Araucaria • • • pancontinental warmer/drier Dacrycarpites Dacrycarpus • • ± southern cooler/wetter Dilwynites Agathis/Wollemia • • ± southern cooler/wetter Lygistepollenites Dacrydium • • ± southern cooler/wetter Podocarpidites Podocarpus • • pancontinental cooler/wetter Phyllocladidites Lagarostrobos • • ± southern cooler/wetter Angiosperms Australopollis obscurus Callitrichaceae • • pancontinental freshwater Forcipites extinct • • southern cooler/wetter Ilexpollenites Ilex • • pancontinental warmer Longapertites Palmae • • ±northern ±hot Nothofagidites Nothofagus • • ±southern cooler/wetter Proteacidites Proteaceae • • • pancontinental drier? Tricolpites lilliei complex Neoscortechinia? • • pancontinental warm/freshwater Ferns and fern allies Camarozonosporites Lycopodiales • • pancontinental drier? Cicatricosisporites Schizaeaceae • pancontinental warmer/wetter Cyatheacidites Lophosoria • pancontinental cooler/wetter Cyathidites Cyatheaceae • • • pancontinental cooler/wetter Gleicheniidites Gleicheniaceae • • • pancontinental riparian Retitriletes Lycopodiaceae • • pancontinental cooler/wetter Stereisporites Sphagnum • • pancontinental cooler/wetter 71
6.4 Time Slice K-3. Cenomanian [97.5-91 Ma] Zones: Appendicisporites distocarinatus Zone Xenascus asperatus to Palaeohystrichophora infusorioides Zone Figure 6: Cenomanian (96 Ma) palaeogeography (from Veevers et al. 1991) 6.4.1 Palaeogeography During the latest Albian [99 Ma], Chilean-type subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath East Gondwana changed to Mariana-type (sinistral oblique) subduction, due to the onset of seafloor spreading between Australia and Antarctica, and back-arc spreading in the South-west Pacific (Veevers 1991a, 1991b, 1999). Tectono-stratigraphic changes associated with this ‘swerve’ led to uplift of the Eastern Highlands and forced the (asymmetric) drainage of much of the continent into what is now the Bight region (Figure 6). During the Early Cenomanian, marine regression left freshwater lakes and swamps in the Eromanga Basin although a shallow sea remained present in the Gulf of Carpentaria. Alluvial sequences accumulated in the Eromanga Basin include the Winton Formation (Dettmann et al. 1992). Continued subsidence along the palaeo-northwestern and western margins resulted in local marine transgression of the Carnarvon and Perth Basins. The Indian Ocean was sufficiently wide to have developed oceanic circulation, leading to carbonate deposition on the North West Shelf. 72
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CRCLEME Cooperative Research Centre
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Electronic copies of the publicatio
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and, for Tertiary continental seque
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2. Analysis of a Plio-Pleistocene l
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Table A (cont.) Basin and related s
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Figure A: Generalised climatic curv
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Carpenter, R.J., Hill, R.S., Greenw
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Hill, S.M., Eggleton, R.A. and Tayl
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Macphail, M.K. and Stone, M.S., 200
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Swenson, U., Backlund, McLoughlin,
Page 22 and 23: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This review prese
Page 24 and 25: Temperature Climates in palaeo-sout
Page 26 and 27: SUMMARY OF INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALA
Page 28 and 29: INTRODUCTION Mineral resources, whe
Page 30 and 31: Professor B. Balme (Geology Departm
Page 32: Section 7 (Tertiary climates) This
Page 35 and 36: vegetation. Moreover, individual ta
Page 37 and 38: 1.3 Flora, vegetation and climate 1
Page 39 and 40: TABLE 2: Classification of vegetati
Page 41 and 42: Figure 2: Relationship of different
Page 43 and 44: Accordingly, only at sites with exc
Page 45 and 46: 2.1.3 Palaeoecology Palaeoecology i
Page 47 and 48: wind-pollinated trees and shrubs bu
Page 49 and 50: 1. The usual practice of equating t
Page 51 and 52: 1. Palaeontological evidence Like p
Page 53 and 54: 5. Facies architecture and lithostr
Page 55 and 56: Subsequent developments include mel
Page 58 and 59: SECTION 4 (GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES AN
Page 60 and 61: SECTION 5 (EARLY CRETACEOUS CLIMATE
Page 62 and 63: events on other continents and sugg
Page 64 and 65: If these considerations apply to th
Page 66 and 67: surrounding basins. Thick sands ero
Page 68 and 69: Haig and Lynch 1993, Erbacher et al
Page 70 and 71: SECTION 6 (LATE CRETACEOUS CLIMATES
Page 74 and 75: 6.4.2 Palaeobotany Cenomanian flora
Page 76 and 77: Palaeo-southern Australia Dryland c
Page 78 and 79: 6.7 Time Slice K-6. Late Campanian-
Page 80 and 81: 7.1. Global backdrop SECTION 7 (TER
Page 82 and 83: Explanations for the PETM are centr
Page 84 and 85: East Antarctica and strengthening o
Page 86 and 87: amplifying, pacing and potentially
Page 88 and 89: southeastern Australia than elsewhe
Page 90 and 91: 7.4 Time Slice T-1. Paleocene [65-5
Page 92 and 93: Palaeo-southern Australia Unlike no
Page 94 and 95: Palaeo-central Australia As for the
Page 96 and 97: 7.6.2 Palaeobotany The palaeobotani
Page 98 and 99: Zone microfloras imply temporary wa
Page 100 and 101: in the Bass Basin, the basal Seaspr
Page 102 and 103: Similarly it is difficult to summar
Page 104 and 105: However, the data are emphatic that
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Page 108 and 109: fossil taxa that are morphologicall
Page 110 and 111: during Late Pleistocene glacial max
Page 112 and 113: SECTION 8 (CONCLUSIONS) Climatic in
Page 114 and 115: • On present indications, Early C
Page 116 and 117: TABLE 8a: INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALAE
Page 118 and 119: 8.2 Results in prospect (recommenda
Page 120 and 121: The 10 μm sieved, oxidised extract
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phenology. The method also provides
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SECTION 9 (REFERENCES) Acton, G.D.
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Ashley, P.M., Duncan, R.A. and Feeb
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Birks, H.J.B. and Gordon, A.D., 198
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Burnham, R.J., 1989. Relationships
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Clarke, J.D.A., 1994. Evolution of
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Dettmann, M.E. and Playford, G., 19
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Evans, P.R., 1970b. Palynology of H
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Godthelp, H., Archer, M., Cifelli,
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Harris, W.K., 1974. Biostratigraphy
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Hill, R.S., 1994b. Nothofagus smith
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Holland, S.M. and Patzkowsky, M.E.,
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Australia: paleoceanographic implic
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Lindsay, J.M. and Harris, W.K., 196
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Macphail, M.K., Colhoun, E.A. and F
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McGowran, B. and Beecroft, A., 1985
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Morgan, R., 1977. Palynology of Ter
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Abstracts of the Annual General Mee
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Raymo, M.E., Grant, B., Horowitz, M
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Sereno, P.C., 1999. The evolution o
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Taylor, G., 1998. Prediction of mod
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Webb, L.G., 1968. Environmental rel
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Zachos, J.C., Stott, L.D. and Lohma
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APPENDIX 1 CRETACEOUS DATA 167
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1. TIME SLICE K-1 Age Range: Berria
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Australian assemblages, located on
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2. Officer Basin Dinoflagellates in
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2. TIME SLICE K-2 Age Range: Aptian
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Inferred climate The combined data
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Dettmann et al. (1992) have argued
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3. TIME SLICE K-3 Age Range: Cenoma
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3.2.2 North-East Australia 1. Carpe
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4. TIME SLICE K-4 Age Range: Turoni
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1. Otway Basin Limited data (Macpha
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5. TIME SLICE K-5 Age Range: Early
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Inferred climate The data indicate
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6. TIME SLICE K-6 Age Range: Late C
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Contrary to global cooling trends d
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Inferred climate The relatively goo
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Inferred climate As for regions to
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APPENDIX 2 TERTIARY DATA 201
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1. TIME SLICE T-1 Age Range: Paleoc
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also include relatively frequent No
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Inferred climate Some differences b
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Microfloras preserved in the Lower
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subtropical affinities are rare, hi
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2. TIME SLICE T-2 Age Range: Early
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Inferred climate Climates appear to
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northern New South Wales. The assem
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2.2.5 Central southern Australia Ha
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a number of distinctive Proteaceae
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Inferred climate The Regatta Point
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3. TIME SLICE T-3 Age Range: Middle
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2. Lake Torrens Basin Abundant leaf
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Dominance is highly variable. For e
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types (M.K. Macphail unpubl. data).
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Dacrycarpus), Euphorbiaceae (Austro
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(possibly upper mesotherm) and drie
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Basin) on the Eyre Peninsula (Alley
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explanation is that a warm water gy
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several taxa, which first appear in
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4. TIME SLICE T-4 Age Range: Oligoc
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Inferred climate The southern limit
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The lowest and possibly the oldest
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Dominants include fresh to brackish
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Based on the relative abundance of
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(Morgan 1977, McMinn 1981a, Martin
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common (up to 5-6%) in the middle s
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Polypodiaceae, Palmae (Dicolpopolli
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Strasburgeriaceae. Proprietary info
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Rare taxa which first appear in the
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Correlative microfloras in the onsh
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impression of floristic impoverishm
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(Lophosoria) reached Tasmania befor
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2. Otway Basin Oxygen isotope strat
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5. TIME SLICE T-5 Age Range: Late M
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Casuarinaceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeoca
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maximum temperature of the hottest
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Nothofagus-gymnosperm temperate rai
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5.2.7 Tasmania Late Neogene sedimen
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