OFR 151.pdf - CRC LEME

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Professor B. Balme (Geology Department: University of Western Australia). Industry colleagues, in particular Drs. R. Helby (Sydney) and A.D. Partridge (Melbourne) provided important information on the few open file samples from the North West Shelf, which preserve diverse Late Cretaceous and Tertiary terrestrial spores and pollen in dinoflagellatedominated microfloras. Conversely only old reports, general comments and informal ‘notes’ seem to have been have been archived regarding microfloras recovered from Tertiary sub-basins in northern Tasmania (cf. Evans 1970a, 1970b, Forsyth 1979a, 1979b). Samples from the important Paleocene- Eocene Kings Park Shale (onshore Perth Basin), which had been sought for a previous review (Macphail et al. 1994), arrived too late to be analysed for this review. Shedding of experienced palaeontological staff within the State and Commonwealth geological organisations has resulted in the loss of many unrecorded observations as well as irreplaceable samples. An example is the only non-marine Late Cretaceous sediment found so far in New South Wales. Similarly, much potentially fossiliferous drillcore and cuttings samples have been discarded to minimise storage costs and some important core holdings have survived only because they were stored in remote locations, e.g. the Lemonthyme Tillite sequence in Tasmania (Macphail et al. 1993). Few organisations now support in-house drilling rigs and it is unlikely that any of the sites will be re-drilled in the foreseeable future. For this reason, the review concludes by suggesting techniques that will improve the 'extraction' of palaeoclimatic information from the existing palaeobotanical database. c. Methodology The procedure used in this review is similar to the chronostratigraphic column (time series) method used by Langford et al. (1995) to reconstruct the Cenozoic palaeogeography of Australia. The six key steps are: 1. Subdivision of the Australian continent into broad bioclimatic regions. 2. Subdivision of the Cretaceous and Tertiary Periods into time slices that are commensurate with the existing age control. 3. Identification of sections and drill-holes that have yielded Cretaceous and/or Cenozoic fossil sequences, using published and unpublished reports. 4. Revision of all accessible palaeobotanical and other relevant proxy-climatic evidence for each geographic region and time slice, including where possible, the analysis of additional material to fill known gaps in the chronostratigraphic or geographic record. 5. Use of a modified version of the NLR method to reconstruct past vegetation and climate patterns (references in Hill 1994a, Macphail et al. 1994). A related proposal, to plot the palaeoclimatic interpretations onto the palaeogeographic baseline maps of Langford et al. (1995), could not be undertaken in the time available. 29
d. Format The review is made up of nine separate sections that may be consulted or passed over as required. Sections 1-4 provides background information on climate and climatic change. Sections 5-7 summarise published and unpublished evidence for climatic change during the Early Cretaceous, Late Cretaceous and Tertiary, respectively. Section 8 presents general conclusions and recommendations. Section 9 provides a comprehensive list of palaeobotanical and related publications. Plant names and distributions follow Mabberley (1989) and Hnatiuk (1990). Section 1 (Definitions) This section defines and discusses climate and climatic change, as natural phenomena and as agents in regolith development. It includes a review of modern relationships between climate and major vegetation types (biomes) on the global and regional scale. Section 2 (The nature of fossil evidence) This section lists the types of palaeobotanical and related fossil evidence that are available in Australia. It includes a discussion of their strengths and weaknesses as proxies for reconstructing past climates in qualitative and (if possible) quantitative terms. Section 3 (Chronostratigraphy) This section briefly discusses chronostratigraphic methods by which fossiliferous terrestrial sediments are tied to the International (Geological) Time Scale. Section 4 (Boundaries in space and time) This section defines the geographic and time slices in which the palaeobotanical evidence is discussed. Section 5 (Early Cretaceous climates) This section reviews published evidence for global climatic change and summarises evidence for climates and climatic change in Australia during the Early Cretaceous. Detailed analyses of palaeobotanical and other proxy-climatic evidence are given in Time Slice K-1 (Berriasian- Barremian) and Time Slice K-2 (Aptian-Albian) in Appendix 1. Section 6 (Late Cretaceous climates) This section reviews published evidence for global climatic change and summarises evidence for climates and climatic change in Australia during the Late Cretaceous. Analyses of the palaeobotanical and other proxy-climatic evidence are given in Time Slice K-3 (Cenomanian) to Time Slice K-6 (Late Campanian-Maastrichtian) in Appendix 1. 30
Page 1 and 2: CRCLEME Cooperative Research Centre
Page 3 and 4: Electronic copies of the publicatio
Page 5 and 6: and, for Tertiary continental seque
Page 7 and 8: 2. Analysis of a Plio-Pleistocene l
Page 9 and 10: Table A (cont.) Basin and related s
Page 11 and 12: Figure A: Generalised climatic curv
Page 13 and 14: Carpenter, R.J., Hill, R.S., Greenw
Page 15 and 16: Hill, S.M., Eggleton, R.A. and Tayl
Page 17 and 18: Macphail, M.K. and Stone, M.S., 200
Page 19 and 20: Swenson, U., Backlund, McLoughlin,
Page 22 and 23: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This review prese
Page 24 and 25: Temperature Climates in palaeo-sout
Page 26 and 27: SUMMARY OF INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALA
Page 28 and 29: INTRODUCTION Mineral resources, whe
Page 32: Section 7 (Tertiary climates) This
Page 35 and 36: vegetation. Moreover, individual ta
Page 37 and 38: 1.3 Flora, vegetation and climate 1
Page 39 and 40: TABLE 2: Classification of vegetati
Page 41 and 42: Figure 2: Relationship of different
Page 43 and 44: Accordingly, only at sites with exc
Page 45 and 46: 2.1.3 Palaeoecology Palaeoecology i
Page 47 and 48: wind-pollinated trees and shrubs bu
Page 49 and 50: 1. The usual practice of equating t
Page 51 and 52: 1. Palaeontological evidence Like p
Page 53 and 54: 5. Facies architecture and lithostr
Page 55 and 56: Subsequent developments include mel
Page 58 and 59: SECTION 4 (GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES AN
Page 60 and 61: SECTION 5 (EARLY CRETACEOUS CLIMATE
Page 62 and 63: events on other continents and sugg
Page 64 and 65: If these considerations apply to th
Page 66 and 67: surrounding basins. Thick sands ero
Page 68 and 69: Haig and Lynch 1993, Erbacher et al
Page 70 and 71: SECTION 6 (LATE CRETACEOUS CLIMATES
Page 72 and 73: has highlighted the roles played by
Page 74 and 75: 6.4.2 Palaeobotany Cenomanian flora
Page 76 and 77: Palaeo-southern Australia Dryland c
Page 78 and 79: 6.7 Time Slice K-6. Late Campanian-
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7.1. Global backdrop SECTION 7 (TER
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Explanations for the PETM are centr
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East Antarctica and strengthening o
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amplifying, pacing and potentially
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southeastern Australia than elsewhe
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7.4 Time Slice T-1. Paleocene [65-5
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Palaeo-southern Australia Unlike no
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Palaeo-central Australia As for the
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7.6.2 Palaeobotany The palaeobotani
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Zone microfloras imply temporary wa
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in the Bass Basin, the basal Seaspr
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Similarly it is difficult to summar
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However, the data are emphatic that
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margin of plateau were cooler (~7 0
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fossil taxa that are morphologicall
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during Late Pleistocene glacial max
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SECTION 8 (CONCLUSIONS) Climatic in
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• On present indications, Early C
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TABLE 8a: INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALAE
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8.2 Results in prospect (recommenda
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The 10 μm sieved, oxidised extract
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phenology. The method also provides
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SECTION 9 (REFERENCES) Acton, G.D.
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Ashley, P.M., Duncan, R.A. and Feeb
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Birks, H.J.B. and Gordon, A.D., 198
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Burnham, R.J., 1989. Relationships
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Clarke, J.D.A., 1994. Evolution of
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Dettmann, M.E. and Playford, G., 19
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Evans, P.R., 1970b. Palynology of H
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Godthelp, H., Archer, M., Cifelli,
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Harris, W.K., 1974. Biostratigraphy
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Hill, R.S., 1994b. Nothofagus smith
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Holland, S.M. and Patzkowsky, M.E.,
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Australia: paleoceanographic implic
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Lindsay, J.M. and Harris, W.K., 196
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Macphail, M.K., Colhoun, E.A. and F
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McGowran, B. and Beecroft, A., 1985
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Morgan, R., 1977. Palynology of Ter
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Abstracts of the Annual General Mee
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Raymo, M.E., Grant, B., Horowitz, M
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Sereno, P.C., 1999. The evolution o
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Taylor, G., 1998. Prediction of mod
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Webb, L.G., 1968. Environmental rel
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Zachos, J.C., Stott, L.D. and Lohma
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APPENDIX 1 CRETACEOUS DATA 167
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1. TIME SLICE K-1 Age Range: Berria
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Australian assemblages, located on
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2. Officer Basin Dinoflagellates in
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2. TIME SLICE K-2 Age Range: Aptian
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Inferred climate The combined data
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Dettmann et al. (1992) have argued
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3. TIME SLICE K-3 Age Range: Cenoma
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3.2.2 North-East Australia 1. Carpe
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4. TIME SLICE K-4 Age Range: Turoni
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1. Otway Basin Limited data (Macpha
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5. TIME SLICE K-5 Age Range: Early
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Inferred climate The data indicate
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6. TIME SLICE K-6 Age Range: Late C
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Contrary to global cooling trends d
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Inferred climate The relatively goo
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Inferred climate As for regions to
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APPENDIX 2 TERTIARY DATA 201
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1. TIME SLICE T-1 Age Range: Paleoc
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also include relatively frequent No
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Inferred climate Some differences b
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Microfloras preserved in the Lower
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subtropical affinities are rare, hi
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2. TIME SLICE T-2 Age Range: Early
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Inferred climate Climates appear to
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northern New South Wales. The assem
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2.2.5 Central southern Australia Ha
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a number of distinctive Proteaceae
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Inferred climate The Regatta Point
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3. TIME SLICE T-3 Age Range: Middle
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2. Lake Torrens Basin Abundant leaf
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Dominance is highly variable. For e
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types (M.K. Macphail unpubl. data).
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Dacrycarpus), Euphorbiaceae (Austro
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(possibly upper mesotherm) and drie
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Basin) on the Eyre Peninsula (Alley
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explanation is that a warm water gy
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several taxa, which first appear in
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4. TIME SLICE T-4 Age Range: Oligoc
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Inferred climate The southern limit
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The lowest and possibly the oldest
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Dominants include fresh to brackish
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Based on the relative abundance of
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(Morgan 1977, McMinn 1981a, Martin
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common (up to 5-6%) in the middle s
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Polypodiaceae, Palmae (Dicolpopolli
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Strasburgeriaceae. Proprietary info
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Rare taxa which first appear in the
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Correlative microfloras in the onsh
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impression of floristic impoverishm
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(Lophosoria) reached Tasmania befor
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2. Otway Basin Oxygen isotope strat
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5. TIME SLICE T-5 Age Range: Late M
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Casuarinaceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeoca
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maximum temperature of the hottest
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Nothofagus-gymnosperm temperate rai
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5.2.7 Tasmania Late Neogene sedimen
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