OFR 151.pdf - CRC LEME

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Casuarinaceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeocarpaceae and Symplocos. The only ‘frequent’ Proteaceae is an extinct species, Proteacidites pachypolus (M.K. Macphail unpubl. data). 4. Capricorn Basin Late Miocene to Early Pleistocene microfloras are co-dominated by Podocarpus- Prumnopitys, Araucariaceae (Agathis), Casuarinaceae, Myrtaceae, Casuarinaceae and trilete ferns including Cyathea. Palmae and/or Liliaceae occur in trace numbers: Nothofagus is not recorded the Late Miocene or Pliocene sections. 5. Northern New South Wales Palaeovalleys incised into the north-west slopes in New South Wales are filled with Late Cenozoic colluvium. Independent age control is lacking, although a number of assemblages include rare taxa that become extinct during the Late Neogene, e.g. Lophosoria. Martin (1973, 1980, 1981) has proposed that the associated microfloras can be dated as Mid-Late Miocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene, based on the abundance of Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. relative to Asteraceae, Chenopodiaceae-Amarathaceae and Poaceae. For example, Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. had become rare or extinct although gymnosperms (Araucariaceae, Podocarpaceae) continued to dominate stands of gallery rainforest during the Early Pliocene. By the Late Pliocene, the regional vegetation was dominated by sclerophyll taxa, Asteraceae and (at one site) Poaceae. Inferred climate Climates on the northeastern Queensland coast were very warm (upper mesotherm) and very wet (perhumid) with a possibly pronounced dry season. Climates at higher elevations on the Eastern Highlands were cooler (lower mesotherm) and wetter during summer months. Macphail (1997b) has proposed that the increase in sclerophyll taxa is evidence that regional climates became increasingly seasonal (possibly monsoonal) during the Late Neogene. In inland northwestern New South Wales, summer rainfall first fell below the threshold (~200 mm per month) to support Nothofagus during the mid to Late Miocene, possibly earlier in the north than in the south of the region. Conditions were warm (upper mesotherm) and relatively wet (humid) during the Early Pliocene but had became cooler (lower mesotherm) and much drier (subhumid) and/or strongly seasonal during the Late Pliocene. 5.2.3 Central Australia A probable Late Neogene microflora is preserved in the Tempe Downs T1A borehole, drilled ca. 160 km north-east of Uluru (Macphail 1996c). This is dominated by Casuarinaceae (70%) but includes a significant representation of mesophytic taxa, e.g. Araucaria (2%), Dacrydium (2%), Podocarpus-Prumnopitys (10%) and Cyperaceae (12%). Nothofagus is not recorded but Lagarostrobos, Eucalyptus, Dodonaea, Epacridaceae and Restionaceae (Milfordia homeopunctata) occur in trace (
The regional vegetation appears to have been sclerophyll woodlands, with relict populations of rainforest species in the uplands or (gallery forest) on the banks of streams flowing into the Eyre Basin. Inferred climate Climates are likely to have been relatively cool (mesotherm range) and seasonally dry (subhumid-humid), although rainfall (or groundwater discharge) was adequate to support the wetlands in the Callabonna Sub-basin. 5.2.4 South-West Australia Late Neogene microfloras are preserved at Yallalie north of Perth and in fragmented lake systems on the Yilgarn Plateau (Bint 1981, Clarke 1994). 1. Yallalie Basin A 110 m thick sequence of Late Neogene (Macphail 1994b, Dodson and Macphail in press) lacustrine silts and clays is sealed under Quaternary cover beds in a probable Early Cretaceous meteor crater (Dentith et al. 1999) at Yallalie, about 200 km north of Perth (Yallalie Basin). Palaeomagnetic dating (J. Dodson pers. comm.) confirms that these sediments accumulated between ~2.5 to 3.6 Ma – a period that coincides with pronounced warming in the mid to high latitudes of both hemispheres (Macphail 1997b). Charcoal is abundant in all samples. At least 100 distinctive fossil pollen and spore types are present (M.K. Macphail unpubl. data). The number of plants forming the source vegetation is likely to be much greater since many types represent more than one species or genus and several distinctive fossil types cannot be assigned to any living family or genus. Dominants are Restionaceae and sclerophyll taxa, in particular non-eucalypt Myrtaceae such as Melaleuca and Leptospermum: Chenopodiaceae-Amarathaceae are common to abundant in three intervals with estimated ages of 2.56 Ma, 2.59 Ma and 2.90 Ma but otherwise are uncommon to rare (< 1%). Araucariaceae are sporadically frequent to common over the same period. Rare taxa represent a number of rainforest species that no longer occur in south-west Australia, such as Cyathea, Calochlaena, Lygodium, Pteris and Phyllocladus, or Australia as a whole, such as. Dacrycarpus, Dacrydium, Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. and Ungeria. Some other taxa no longer occur in the local area, such as Caesalpinaceae, Podocarpus and Eucalyptus spathulata. Aglaoreidia qualumis represents an extinct clade of Sparganiaceae. 2. Yilgarn Craton Pliocene microfloras appear to be widely preserved in relict drainage lines in south-west Western Australia (Bint 1981, Clarke 1994, Partridge 1997). These are dominated by Casuarinaceae and Restionaceae but also include trace numbers of Araucariaceae (chiefly Araucaria with occasional Agathis/Wollemia), Podocarpaceae (including Lagarostrobos), Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. and Sapotaceae. Inferred climate The presence of Araucariaceae hints that mean temperatures in south-west Western Australia were warmer (upper mesotherm) than at present during the mid Pliocene. If Pliocene Agathis spp. at Yallalie possessed similar temperature requirements to the most southerly occurring species (A. bidwillii) then mean minimum and maximum temperature will have been ~16 0 C and ~26 0 C based on 1995 Bureau of Meteorology climatic averages for Brisbane. The mean minimum temperature of the coldest month will have been between 5-10 0 C and mean 274
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CRCLEME Cooperative Research Centre
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Electronic copies of the publicatio
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and, for Tertiary continental seque
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2. Analysis of a Plio-Pleistocene l
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Table A (cont.) Basin and related s
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Figure A: Generalised climatic curv
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Carpenter, R.J., Hill, R.S., Greenw
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Hill, S.M., Eggleton, R.A. and Tayl
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Macphail, M.K. and Stone, M.S., 200
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Swenson, U., Backlund, McLoughlin,
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This review prese
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Temperature Climates in palaeo-sout
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SUMMARY OF INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALA
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INTRODUCTION Mineral resources, whe
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Professor B. Balme (Geology Departm
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Section 7 (Tertiary climates) This
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vegetation. Moreover, individual ta
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1.3 Flora, vegetation and climate 1
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TABLE 2: Classification of vegetati
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Figure 2: Relationship of different
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Accordingly, only at sites with exc
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2.1.3 Palaeoecology Palaeoecology i
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wind-pollinated trees and shrubs bu
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1. The usual practice of equating t
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1. Palaeontological evidence Like p
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5. Facies architecture and lithostr
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Subsequent developments include mel
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SECTION 4 (GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES AN
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SECTION 5 (EARLY CRETACEOUS CLIMATE
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events on other continents and sugg
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If these considerations apply to th
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surrounding basins. Thick sands ero
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Haig and Lynch 1993, Erbacher et al
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SECTION 6 (LATE CRETACEOUS CLIMATES
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has highlighted the roles played by
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6.4.2 Palaeobotany Cenomanian flora
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Palaeo-southern Australia Dryland c
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6.7 Time Slice K-6. Late Campanian-
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7.1. Global backdrop SECTION 7 (TER
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Explanations for the PETM are centr
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East Antarctica and strengthening o
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amplifying, pacing and potentially
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southeastern Australia than elsewhe
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7.4 Time Slice T-1. Paleocene [65-5
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Palaeo-southern Australia Unlike no
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Palaeo-central Australia As for the
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7.6.2 Palaeobotany The palaeobotani
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Zone microfloras imply temporary wa
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in the Bass Basin, the basal Seaspr
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Similarly it is difficult to summar
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However, the data are emphatic that
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margin of plateau were cooler (~7 0
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fossil taxa that are morphologicall
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during Late Pleistocene glacial max
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SECTION 8 (CONCLUSIONS) Climatic in
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• On present indications, Early C
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TABLE 8a: INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALAE
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8.2 Results in prospect (recommenda
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The 10 μm sieved, oxidised extract
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phenology. The method also provides
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SECTION 9 (REFERENCES) Acton, G.D.
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Ashley, P.M., Duncan, R.A. and Feeb
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Birks, H.J.B. and Gordon, A.D., 198
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Burnham, R.J., 1989. Relationships
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Clarke, J.D.A., 1994. Evolution of
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Dettmann, M.E. and Playford, G., 19
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Evans, P.R., 1970b. Palynology of H
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Godthelp, H., Archer, M., Cifelli,
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Harris, W.K., 1974. Biostratigraphy
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Hill, R.S., 1994b. Nothofagus smith
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Holland, S.M. and Patzkowsky, M.E.,
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Australia: paleoceanographic implic
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Lindsay, J.M. and Harris, W.K., 196
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Macphail, M.K., Colhoun, E.A. and F
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McGowran, B. and Beecroft, A., 1985
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Morgan, R., 1977. Palynology of Ter
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Abstracts of the Annual General Mee
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Raymo, M.E., Grant, B., Horowitz, M
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Sereno, P.C., 1999. The evolution o
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Taylor, G., 1998. Prediction of mod
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Webb, L.G., 1968. Environmental rel
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Zachos, J.C., Stott, L.D. and Lohma
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APPENDIX 1 CRETACEOUS DATA 167
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1. TIME SLICE K-1 Age Range: Berria
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Australian assemblages, located on
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2. Officer Basin Dinoflagellates in
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2. TIME SLICE K-2 Age Range: Aptian
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Inferred climate The combined data
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Dettmann et al. (1992) have argued
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3. TIME SLICE K-3 Age Range: Cenoma
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3.2.2 North-East Australia 1. Carpe
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4. TIME SLICE K-4 Age Range: Turoni
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1. Otway Basin Limited data (Macpha
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5. TIME SLICE K-5 Age Range: Early
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Inferred climate The data indicate
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6. TIME SLICE K-6 Age Range: Late C
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Contrary to global cooling trends d
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Inferred climate The relatively goo
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Inferred climate As for regions to
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APPENDIX 2 TERTIARY DATA 201
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1. TIME SLICE T-1 Age Range: Paleoc
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also include relatively frequent No
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Inferred climate Some differences b
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Microfloras preserved in the Lower
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subtropical affinities are rare, hi
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2. TIME SLICE T-2 Age Range: Early
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Inferred climate Climates appear to
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northern New South Wales. The assem
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2.2.5 Central southern Australia Ha
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a number of distinctive Proteaceae
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Page 228 and 229: 2. Lake Torrens Basin Abundant leaf
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Page 234 and 235: Dacrycarpus), Euphorbiaceae (Austro
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Page 242 and 243: several taxa, which first appear in
Page 244 and 245: 4. TIME SLICE T-4 Age Range: Oligoc
Page 246 and 247: Inferred climate The southern limit
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Page 250 and 251: Dominants include fresh to brackish
Page 252 and 253: Based on the relative abundance of
Page 254 and 255: (Morgan 1977, McMinn 1981a, Martin
Page 256 and 257: common (up to 5-6%) in the middle s
Page 258 and 259: Polypodiaceae, Palmae (Dicolpopolli
Page 260 and 261: Strasburgeriaceae. Proprietary info
Page 262 and 263: Rare taxa which first appear in the
Page 264 and 265: Correlative microfloras in the onsh
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Page 270 and 271: 2. Otway Basin Oxygen isotope strat
Page 272 and 273: 5. TIME SLICE T-5 Age Range: Late M
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Page 278 and 279: Nothofagus-gymnosperm temperate rai
Page 280: 5.2.7 Tasmania Late Neogene sedimen
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