OFR 151.pdf - CRC LEME

More documents

Recommendations

Info

(Lophosoria) reached Tasmania before southeastern Victoria. If correct, the Lemonthyme and Wilmot microfloras may be correlatives of the Upper Nothofagidites asperus Zone assemblages in the Gippsland Basin. Pollen dominance is variable, with the mostly commonly occurring taxa being Dicksoniaceae (up to 15%), Lagarostrobos (8-17%), Podocarpus-Prumnopitys (6-12%), Podosporites (1-3%), Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. (24- 37%), Nothofagus (Fuscospora) spp. (4-5%). Nothofagus (Nothofagus) spp. (1-6%), Casuarinaceae (1-4%), and Proteaceae (3-4%). The diversity of cool temperate cryptogams and gymnosperms is unusually high whilst species whose NLRs are confined to warm temperate or subtropical rainforest are very rare, e.g. Ascarina, Cupanieae, Ilex, Quintinia and Sapotaceae. Other rare taxa include species that are unique to the sites or are the earliest records to date for Tasmania, e.g. Droseraceae, Menyanthaceae, Sparganiaceae, Stylidiaceae and cf. Trimeniaceae (Periporopollenites hexaporus). Other species point to floristic interchange with South America, e.g. Asteraceae (Mutisieae) and Proteaceae (Embothrium). Proteacidites tuberculatus Zone Equivalent microfloras from Cethana, Lea River and Little Rapid River are dominated by Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. with lesser amounts of Podocarpaceae (Lagarostrobos, Podocarpus-Prumnopitys), Casuarinaceae and Proteaceae. Cryptogams such as Lycopodiaceae, Dicksoniaceae (Trilites tuberculiformis) and Lophosoria, and two angiosperms, Ilex and Liliaceae, are unusually frequent at Lea and Little Rapid Rivers relative to mainland assemblages of similar age. Taxa that are usually uncommon to rare include Araucariaceae (Araucaria, Wollemia-type), Cupressaceae, Podocarpaceae (Dacrycarpus, Dacrydium, Halocarpus, Microcachrys, Microstrobos, Phyllocladus, Podosporites), Ascarina, Casuarinaceae, Cunoniaceae, Cupanieae, Cyperaceae, Ericales (including Sprengelia-type), Euphorbiaceae (Austrobuxus-type, Micrantheum), Gyrostemonaceae, Meliaceae, Myrtaceae (including Eucalyptus), Quintinia, Proteaceae (including Agastachys-type, Beauprea, Embothrium, Telopea-type), Restionaceae, Sparganiaceae (Aglaoreidia, Sparganiaceaepollenites), Strasburgeriaceae and Winteraceae. Unusual records include Asteraceae (Mutisieae), Droseraceae, Menyanthaceae, Stylidiaceae, and the youngest known records of the primitive angiosperm family Lactoridaceae (Macphail et al. 1999). A probable Proteacidites tuberculatus Zone assemblage from Moina, ca. 10 km west of Cethana, is reported to include diverse Nothofagus spp. and rare Lophosoria, Sparganiaceae and Winteraceae (Harris (1967). A probable Early Miocene (late P. tuberculatus Zone Equivalent) microflora from Monpeelyata is wholly dominated by Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. (43%) and Lagarostrobos (45%) but otherwise is similar in composition to Cethana, Lea River and Little Rapid River. The assemblage includes an early record of Mimosaceae (Archidendron-type), misidentified as Acacia in Macphail et al. (1991) and (macrofossil data) cool-adapted species of Araucariaceae, Proteaceae and Epacridaceae. Lagarostrobos macrofossils are not recorded despite the high relative abundance of the associated fossil pollen type (Phyllocladidites mawsonii). Inferred climate Holocene data (Macphail 1979) confirm that microfloras accumulating within the upper subalpine and alpine zones usually include a significant percentage of pollen transported upslope by wind from forests at lower elevation. Assuming the same phenomenon occurred during the Oligo-Miocene, then some of the taxa recorded at Monpeelyata may have been growing on the eastern escarpment of the Central Plateau or at lower elevations within the Midlands. Thermophilous taxa such as Archidendron-type and Cupanieae are one example; Lagarostrobos may be another. If correct, then mean annual temperatures will have varied from cool (upper microtherm) at lower elevations such as Cethana, to cold (lower microtherm) on the Central Plateau at Monpeelyata. Rainfall was high to very high (perhumid) throughout the year. 267
4.3 Other Records 4.3.1 North-West Australia The major regression at ~30 Ma (Early Oligocene) almost certainly reflects the development of continental ice sheets in Antarctica. Subsequent eustatic events are overprinted with the effects of tectonic downwarping along the western margin due to collision of the Australian and Asian plates (Bradshaw et al. 1988, Apthorpe 1988). 4.3.2 North-East Australia 1. Coral Sea Feary et al. (1991) estimate surface water temperatures off the north-east coast of Queensland during the Oligo-Miocene time were between 9.5-13.0 0 C in the Early Oligocene, rising to 14.5-19.5 0 C and 17-20.5 0 C during the Early and Middle Miocene, respectively. 2. Riversleigh Diverse vertebrate faunas preserved in freshwater limestones at Riversleigh are circumstantial evidence that complex tropical rainforests lined some streams in northwestern Queensland (Sige et al. 1982; Archer et al. 1989, Duncan et al. 1998, Hand 1998). This interpretation may be overly simplistic, based on the rare occurrence of Allocasuarina/Casuarina and Sapindaceae (Cupanieae) leaf impressions. 4.3.3 Central Australia Faunal remains found at and near the surface in central Australia are difficult to date and/or correlate with microfloras recovered from below the weathering front. In exceptional cases, a combination of palaeomagnetic and palaeontological evidence allows local Land Mammal biostratigraphies to be established, for example the Tirari-Sub-basin (Woodburne et al. 1993). This schema potentially provides an independent record of evolving climates in the basin during the Late Oligocene. More generally however, the palaeontological and geological evidence of climates are contradictory or reflect different local hydrologic regimes at different intervals within the Late Oligocene-Miocene. For example, the remains of turtles, freshwater crocodiles, aquatic birds and dolphins confirm that climates were sufficiently wet to support some permanent water bodies in central Australia. Terrestrial vertebrate faunas are dominated by browsing marsupials and include possums and a koala-like species that indicate sclerophyll trees (cf. Woodburne 1967, Archer et al. 1994). Geological evidence indicates climates were strongly seasonal with elevated (possible mesotherm) temperatures (Alley 1998). 4.4.4 South-East Australia 1. Northern Tablelands of New South Wales Geological and palaeomagnetic analyses of bauxites developed on, and overlain by, mafic volcanic flows indicate deep weathering over a significant period of time during mid Oligocene to Early Miocene time on the New England Plateau (Acton and Kettles 1996). 268
Page 1 and 2:
CRCLEME Cooperative Research Centre
Page 3 and 4:
Electronic copies of the publicatio
Page 5 and 6:
and, for Tertiary continental seque
Page 7 and 8:
2. Analysis of a Plio-Pleistocene l
Page 9 and 10:
Table A (cont.) Basin and related s
Page 11 and 12:
Figure A: Generalised climatic curv
Page 13 and 14:
Carpenter, R.J., Hill, R.S., Greenw
Page 15 and 16:
Hill, S.M., Eggleton, R.A. and Tayl
Page 17 and 18:
Macphail, M.K. and Stone, M.S., 200
Page 19 and 20:
Swenson, U., Backlund, McLoughlin,
Page 22 and 23:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This review prese
Page 24 and 25:
Temperature Climates in palaeo-sout
Page 26 and 27:
SUMMARY OF INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALA
Page 28 and 29:
INTRODUCTION Mineral resources, whe
Page 30 and 31:
Professor B. Balme (Geology Departm
Page 32:
Section 7 (Tertiary climates) This
Page 35 and 36:
vegetation. Moreover, individual ta
Page 37 and 38:
1.3 Flora, vegetation and climate 1
Page 39 and 40:
TABLE 2: Classification of vegetati
Page 41 and 42:
Figure 2: Relationship of different
Page 43 and 44:
Accordingly, only at sites with exc
Page 45 and 46:
2.1.3 Palaeoecology Palaeoecology i
Page 47 and 48:
wind-pollinated trees and shrubs bu
Page 49 and 50:
1. The usual practice of equating t
Page 51 and 52:
1. Palaeontological evidence Like p
Page 53 and 54:
5. Facies architecture and lithostr
Page 55 and 56:
Subsequent developments include mel
Page 58 and 59:
SECTION 4 (GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES AN
Page 60 and 61:
SECTION 5 (EARLY CRETACEOUS CLIMATE
Page 62 and 63:
events on other continents and sugg
Page 64 and 65:
If these considerations apply to th
Page 66 and 67:
surrounding basins. Thick sands ero
Page 68 and 69:
Haig and Lynch 1993, Erbacher et al
Page 70 and 71:
SECTION 6 (LATE CRETACEOUS CLIMATES
Page 72 and 73:
has highlighted the roles played by
Page 74 and 75:
6.4.2 Palaeobotany Cenomanian flora
Page 76 and 77:
Palaeo-southern Australia Dryland c
Page 78 and 79:
6.7 Time Slice K-6. Late Campanian-
Page 80 and 81:
7.1. Global backdrop SECTION 7 (TER
Page 82 and 83:
Explanations for the PETM are centr
Page 84 and 85:
East Antarctica and strengthening o
Page 86 and 87:
amplifying, pacing and potentially
Page 88 and 89:
southeastern Australia than elsewhe
Page 90 and 91:
7.4 Time Slice T-1. Paleocene [65-5
Page 92 and 93:
Palaeo-southern Australia Unlike no
Page 94 and 95:
Palaeo-central Australia As for the
Page 96 and 97:
7.6.2 Palaeobotany The palaeobotani
Page 98 and 99:
Zone microfloras imply temporary wa
Page 100 and 101:
in the Bass Basin, the basal Seaspr
Page 102 and 103:
Similarly it is difficult to summar
Page 104 and 105:
However, the data are emphatic that
Page 106 and 107:
margin of plateau were cooler (~7 0
Page 108 and 109:
fossil taxa that are morphologicall
Page 110 and 111:
during Late Pleistocene glacial max
Page 112 and 113:
SECTION 8 (CONCLUSIONS) Climatic in
Page 114 and 115:
• On present indications, Early C
Page 116 and 117:
TABLE 8a: INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALAE
Page 118 and 119:
8.2 Results in prospect (recommenda
Page 120 and 121:
The 10 μm sieved, oxidised extract
Page 122 and 123:
phenology. The method also provides
Page 124 and 125:
SECTION 9 (REFERENCES) Acton, G.D.
Page 126 and 127:
Ashley, P.M., Duncan, R.A. and Feeb
Page 128 and 129:
Birks, H.J.B. and Gordon, A.D., 198
Page 130 and 131:
Burnham, R.J., 1989. Relationships
Page 132 and 133:
Clarke, J.D.A., 1994. Evolution of
Page 134 and 135:
Dettmann, M.E. and Playford, G., 19
Page 136 and 137:
Evans, P.R., 1970b. Palynology of H
Page 138 and 139:
Godthelp, H., Archer, M., Cifelli,
Page 140 and 141:
Harris, W.K., 1974. Biostratigraphy
Page 142 and 143:
Hill, R.S., 1994b. Nothofagus smith
Page 144 and 145:
Holland, S.M. and Patzkowsky, M.E.,
Page 146 and 147:
Australia: paleoceanographic implic
Page 148 and 149:
Lindsay, J.M. and Harris, W.K., 196
Page 150 and 151:
Macphail, M.K., Colhoun, E.A. and F
Page 152 and 153:
McGowran, B. and Beecroft, A., 1985
Page 154 and 155:
Morgan, R., 1977. Palynology of Ter
Page 156 and 157:
Abstracts of the Annual General Mee
Page 158 and 159:
Raymo, M.E., Grant, B., Horowitz, M
Page 160 and 161:
Sereno, P.C., 1999. The evolution o
Page 162 and 163:
Taylor, G., 1998. Prediction of mod
Page 164 and 165:
Webb, L.G., 1968. Environmental rel
Page 166 and 167:
Zachos, J.C., Stott, L.D. and Lohma
Page 168 and 169:
APPENDIX 1 CRETACEOUS DATA 167
Page 170 and 171:
1. TIME SLICE K-1 Age Range: Berria
Page 172 and 173:
Australian assemblages, located on
Page 174 and 175:
2. Officer Basin Dinoflagellates in
Page 176 and 177:
2. TIME SLICE K-2 Age Range: Aptian
Page 178 and 179:
Inferred climate The combined data
Page 180 and 181:
Dettmann et al. (1992) have argued
Page 182 and 183:
3. TIME SLICE K-3 Age Range: Cenoma
Page 184 and 185:
3.2.2 North-East Australia 1. Carpe
Page 186 and 187:
4. TIME SLICE K-4 Age Range: Turoni
Page 188 and 189:
1. Otway Basin Limited data (Macpha
Page 190 and 191:
5. TIME SLICE K-5 Age Range: Early
Page 192 and 193:
Inferred climate The data indicate
Page 194 and 195:
6. TIME SLICE K-6 Age Range: Late C
Page 196 and 197:
Contrary to global cooling trends d
Page 198 and 199:
Inferred climate The relatively goo
Page 200 and 201:
Inferred climate As for regions to
Page 202 and 203:
APPENDIX 2 TERTIARY DATA 201
Page 204 and 205:
1. TIME SLICE T-1 Age Range: Paleoc
Page 206 and 207:
also include relatively frequent No
Page 208 and 209:
Inferred climate Some differences b
Page 210 and 211:
Microfloras preserved in the Lower
Page 212 and 213:
subtropical affinities are rare, hi
Page 214 and 215:
2. TIME SLICE T-2 Age Range: Early
Page 216 and 217:
Inferred climate Climates appear to
Page 218 and 219: northern New South Wales. The assem
Page 220 and 221: 2.2.5 Central southern Australia Ha
Page 222 and 223: a number of distinctive Proteaceae
Page 224 and 225: Inferred climate The Regatta Point
Page 226 and 227: 3. TIME SLICE T-3 Age Range: Middle
Page 228 and 229: 2. Lake Torrens Basin Abundant leaf
Page 230 and 231: Dominance is highly variable. For e
Page 232 and 233: types (M.K. Macphail unpubl. data).
Page 234 and 235: Dacrycarpus), Euphorbiaceae (Austro
Page 236 and 237: (possibly upper mesotherm) and drie
Page 238 and 239: Basin) on the Eyre Peninsula (Alley
Page 240 and 241: explanation is that a warm water gy
Page 242 and 243: several taxa, which first appear in
Page 244 and 245: 4. TIME SLICE T-4 Age Range: Oligoc
Page 246 and 247: Inferred climate The southern limit
Page 248 and 249: The lowest and possibly the oldest
Page 250 and 251: Dominants include fresh to brackish
Page 252 and 253: Based on the relative abundance of
Page 254 and 255: (Morgan 1977, McMinn 1981a, Martin
Page 256 and 257: common (up to 5-6%) in the middle s
Page 258 and 259: Polypodiaceae, Palmae (Dicolpopolli
Page 260 and 261: Strasburgeriaceae. Proprietary info
Page 262 and 263: Rare taxa which first appear in the
Page 264 and 265: Correlative microfloras in the onsh
Page 266 and 267: impression of floristic impoverishm
Page 270 and 271: 2. Otway Basin Oxygen isotope strat
Page 272 and 273: 5. TIME SLICE T-5 Age Range: Late M
Page 274 and 275: Casuarinaceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeoca
Page 276 and 277: maximum temperature of the hottest
Page 278 and 279: Nothofagus-gymnosperm temperate rai
Page 280: 5.2.7 Tasmania Late Neogene sedimen
show all

OFR 151.pdf - CRC LEME

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?