OFR 151.pdf - CRC LEME

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impression of floristic impoverishment is valid or merely due to cursory examination of the material. If the former then it is probable that conditions within the Bass Basin were as wet (perhumid) but cooler (upper microtherm) than in the Gippsland Basin. 2. North-west Coast Diverse microfloras are preserved in mudstones at Wilsons Creek in the lower Mersey Valley in northwestern Tasmania, and a rafted clast of estuarine mud deposited in offshore marls at Fossil Bluff at Wynyard (Macphail 1996a, M.K. Macphail unpubl. results). The Wilsons Creek microfloras lack Cyatheacidites annulatus but include two rare taxa (Mutisiaepollis patersonii, Tricolpites stylidioides) that first appear in the earliest Oligocene/latest Eocene Lemonthyme Creek and Wilmot Dam sections (Macphail and Hill 1994) and are likely to be no older than Early Oligocene. Dominance is shared between Lagarostrobos (24%), Podosporites-Prumnopitys (21%) and Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. (15%), with lower relative abundances of Nothofagus (Nothofagus) sp. (9%), N. (Fuscospora) spp. (3%), Osmundaceae (2%), Araucaria (3%), Dacrycarpus (3%), Casuarinaceae (4%), Proteaceae (3%), Trimeniaceae (3%) and unidentified tricolporates (2%). Rare taxa include Sphagnum, Cyathea, Dicksonia, a possible pteridosperm (Alisporites simplis), Araucariaceae (Agathis/Wollemia), Podocarpaceae (Dacrydium, Microstrobos, Phyllocladus), Cyperaceae, Droseraceae, Ericales, Euphorbiaceae (Austrobuxus-type, Croton-type), Loranthaceae, Menyanthaceae, Myrtaceae and Sapotaceae. Foraminiferal evidence indicates that the Proteacidites tuberculatus Zone microflora from Fossil Bluff was deposited during the earliest Miocene Foram Zone N5. Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. are abundant (34%). Frequent to common taxa are Cyathea (10%), Dicksoniaceae (10%), Osmundaceae (2%), Araucaria (9%), Dacrydium (5%), Lagarostrobos (3%), Podocarpus-Prumnopitys (7%), Nothofagus (Lophozonia) spp. (4%) and N. (Fuscospora) spp. (2%). Rare taxa include Lophosoria, Cupressaceae-Taxodiaceae, Podocarpaceae (Dacrycarpus, Halocarpus, Microcachrys, Microstrobos, Phyllocladus, Podosporites), Apocynaceae (Alyxia), Chenopodiaceae-Amarathaceae, Ascarina, Ericales, Euphorbiaceae (Amperea), Ilex, Myrtaceae (Austromyrtus-type, Eucalyptus), Proteaceae (Agastachys-type, Beauprea, Embothrium, Xylomelum occidentale-type), Quintinia, Sapindaceae (Dodonaea ericifolia-type, D. triquetra-type) and Winteraceae. The microfloras represent floristically complex evergreen rainforest lining coastal rivers and possible strandline communities (Fossil Bluff). Although the cryptogam and gymnosperm components are relatively diverse, the number of angiosperms is lower than in co-eval rainforest stands in mainland south-east Australia. Inferred climate Conditions are likely to have been cool (microtherm range) and uniformly wet to very wet (perhumid). 3. North-east Proteacidites tuberculatus Zone lignites at Pioneer preserve rich microfossil assemblages as well as macrofossils including tree trunks (Harris 1964b, 1965c, Hill and Macphail 1983). Dominant taxa are Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. (49-64%) associated with lower numbers of Blechnaceae (2-3%), trilete types (1-3%), Dacrydium (2-4%), Nothofagus (Lophozonia) spp. (up to 5%), Nothofagus (Fuscospora) spp. (up to 4%), Proteaceae (1-3%) and unidentified tricolporate types (2-3%). Cyathea (6%), Quintinia (2%) and Trimeniaceae (5%) are occasionally frequent. Osmundaceae, Casuarinaceae, Cunoniaceae, Myrtaceae and Restionaceae are present in low but significant numbers (~1%). Rare taxa include: 265
Lophosoria, Dicksonia, Araucariaceae (Araucaria, Agathis/Wollemia), Podocarpaceae (Dacrycarpus, Halocarpus, Microstrobos, Phyllocladus), Anacardiaceae, Cupanieae, Elaeocarpaceae, Euphorbiaceae (Austrobuxus-type), Ilex, Loranthaceae, Myrtaceae (including Austromyrtus-type, Eucalyptus), Proteaceae (including Agastachys-type, Beauprea, Xylomelum occidentale-type), Sapotaceae and Winteraceae. The assemblages represent Nothofagus-gymnosperm temperate rainforest. A comparison of the macrofossil and microfossil data shows that the canopy dominants were species within the Nothofagus subgenus Lophozonia, not the subgenus Brassospora, as indicated by relative pollen abundance. The corollary is that Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. are over-represented by pollen. Inferred climate Climates were upper microtherm and uniformly very wet (perhumid). 4. West Coast Lignites preserved in Tertiary palaeochannels near Zeehan and Balfour provide ‘snap shots’ of the Proteacidites tuberculatus Zone vegetation on the west coast (M.K. Macphail unpubl. results). Both microfloras represent floristically simple Nothofagus-gymnosperm evergreen rainforest. The possibly older Zeehan microflora is dominated by Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp., Proteaceae (especially Agastachys-type) and Casuarinaceae. Lagarostrobos, Quintinia, Trimeniaceae and a small Ilex grain are frequent. Rare taxa include Microstrobos, Gunnera, Lactoridaceae (now endemic to the Juan Fernandez Islands off Chile), Myrtaceae, Nothofagus (Lophozonia) and Strasburgeriaceae. Pollen dominance at the possibly younger Balfour site is shared between Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. (30%), Dacrydium (10%), Lagarostrobos (15%), Podocarpus-Prumnopitys (11%), Casuarinaceae (6%) and Nothofagus (Fuscospora, Nothofagus) spp. (5%). Frequent types include Araucaria (2%), Podosporites (2%), Strasburgeriaceae (1%), Trimeniaceae (3%) and Ericales (2%). Rare taxa include Lophosoria, Cupressaceae, Gunnera, Polygalaceae, Quintinia and Winteraceae. Cupanieae are absent. Inferred climate Climates were cool (microtherm range) and uniformly wet (perhumid). Conditions do not appear to have been significantly cooler at Zeehan than at Balfour despite differences in elevation. 5. Central Plateau Sites preserving diverse Oligo-Miocene microfloras occur at Cethana, Lemonthyme Creek, Lea River, Link Road, Little Rapid River and Wilmot Dam in northwestern Tasmania (Macphail et al. 1993, Macphail and Hill 1994, M.K. Macphail unpubl. results) and at Monpeelyata, near Great Lake on the eastern margin of the Central Plateau (Macphail et al. 1991). In all cases the assemblages accumulated in palaeochannels incised into Jurassic or older rocks. The microfloras represent Nothofagus-gymnosperm rainforests, which were structurally less complex and floristically simpler than comparable rainforests growing in the south-east of the mainland. The earliest microfloras (Lemonthyme Creek and Wilmot Dam) are associated with probable earliest Oligocene glacial deposits (Lemonthyme Glaciation). K/Ar dates of overlying basalts confirm the sections are older than 26.7 Ma. Although assigned to the Proteacidites tuberculatus Zone, based on Cyatheacidites annulatus, it is probable that this fern 266
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CRCLEME Cooperative Research Centre
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Electronic copies of the publicatio
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and, for Tertiary continental seque
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2. Analysis of a Plio-Pleistocene l
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Table A (cont.) Basin and related s
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Figure A: Generalised climatic curv
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Carpenter, R.J., Hill, R.S., Greenw
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Hill, S.M., Eggleton, R.A. and Tayl
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Macphail, M.K. and Stone, M.S., 200
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Swenson, U., Backlund, McLoughlin,
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This review prese
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Temperature Climates in palaeo-sout
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SUMMARY OF INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALA
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INTRODUCTION Mineral resources, whe
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Professor B. Balme (Geology Departm
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Section 7 (Tertiary climates) This
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vegetation. Moreover, individual ta
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1.3 Flora, vegetation and climate 1
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TABLE 2: Classification of vegetati
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Figure 2: Relationship of different
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Accordingly, only at sites with exc
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2.1.3 Palaeoecology Palaeoecology i
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wind-pollinated trees and shrubs bu
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1. The usual practice of equating t
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1. Palaeontological evidence Like p
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5. Facies architecture and lithostr
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Subsequent developments include mel
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SECTION 4 (GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES AN
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SECTION 5 (EARLY CRETACEOUS CLIMATE
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events on other continents and sugg
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If these considerations apply to th
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surrounding basins. Thick sands ero
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Haig and Lynch 1993, Erbacher et al
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SECTION 6 (LATE CRETACEOUS CLIMATES
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has highlighted the roles played by
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6.4.2 Palaeobotany Cenomanian flora
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Palaeo-southern Australia Dryland c
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6.7 Time Slice K-6. Late Campanian-
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7.1. Global backdrop SECTION 7 (TER
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Explanations for the PETM are centr
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East Antarctica and strengthening o
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amplifying, pacing and potentially
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southeastern Australia than elsewhe
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7.4 Time Slice T-1. Paleocene [65-5
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Palaeo-southern Australia Unlike no
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Palaeo-central Australia As for the
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7.6.2 Palaeobotany The palaeobotani
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Zone microfloras imply temporary wa
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in the Bass Basin, the basal Seaspr
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Similarly it is difficult to summar
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However, the data are emphatic that
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margin of plateau were cooler (~7 0
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fossil taxa that are morphologicall
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during Late Pleistocene glacial max
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SECTION 8 (CONCLUSIONS) Climatic in
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• On present indications, Early C
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TABLE 8a: INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALAE
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8.2 Results in prospect (recommenda
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The 10 μm sieved, oxidised extract
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phenology. The method also provides
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SECTION 9 (REFERENCES) Acton, G.D.
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Ashley, P.M., Duncan, R.A. and Feeb
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Birks, H.J.B. and Gordon, A.D., 198
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Burnham, R.J., 1989. Relationships
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Clarke, J.D.A., 1994. Evolution of
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Dettmann, M.E. and Playford, G., 19
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Evans, P.R., 1970b. Palynology of H
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Godthelp, H., Archer, M., Cifelli,
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Harris, W.K., 1974. Biostratigraphy
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Hill, R.S., 1994b. Nothofagus smith
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Holland, S.M. and Patzkowsky, M.E.,
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Australia: paleoceanographic implic
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Lindsay, J.M. and Harris, W.K., 196
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Macphail, M.K., Colhoun, E.A. and F
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McGowran, B. and Beecroft, A., 1985
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Morgan, R., 1977. Palynology of Ter
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Abstracts of the Annual General Mee
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Raymo, M.E., Grant, B., Horowitz, M
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Sereno, P.C., 1999. The evolution o
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Taylor, G., 1998. Prediction of mod
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Webb, L.G., 1968. Environmental rel
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Zachos, J.C., Stott, L.D. and Lohma
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APPENDIX 1 CRETACEOUS DATA 167
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1. TIME SLICE K-1 Age Range: Berria
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Australian assemblages, located on
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2. Officer Basin Dinoflagellates in
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2. TIME SLICE K-2 Age Range: Aptian
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Inferred climate The combined data
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Dettmann et al. (1992) have argued
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3. TIME SLICE K-3 Age Range: Cenoma
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3.2.2 North-East Australia 1. Carpe
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4. TIME SLICE K-4 Age Range: Turoni
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1. Otway Basin Limited data (Macpha
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5. TIME SLICE K-5 Age Range: Early
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Inferred climate The data indicate
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6. TIME SLICE K-6 Age Range: Late C
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Contrary to global cooling trends d
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Inferred climate The relatively goo
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Inferred climate As for regions to
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APPENDIX 2 TERTIARY DATA 201
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1. TIME SLICE T-1 Age Range: Paleoc
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also include relatively frequent No
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Inferred climate Some differences b
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Microfloras preserved in the Lower
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subtropical affinities are rare, hi
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2. TIME SLICE T-2 Age Range: Early
Page 216 and 217: Inferred climate Climates appear to
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Page 224 and 225: Inferred climate The Regatta Point
Page 226 and 227: 3. TIME SLICE T-3 Age Range: Middle
Page 228 and 229: 2. Lake Torrens Basin Abundant leaf
Page 230 and 231: Dominance is highly variable. For e
Page 232 and 233: types (M.K. Macphail unpubl. data).
Page 234 and 235: Dacrycarpus), Euphorbiaceae (Austro
Page 236 and 237: (possibly upper mesotherm) and drie
Page 238 and 239: Basin) on the Eyre Peninsula (Alley
Page 240 and 241: explanation is that a warm water gy
Page 242 and 243: several taxa, which first appear in
Page 244 and 245: 4. TIME SLICE T-4 Age Range: Oligoc
Page 246 and 247: Inferred climate The southern limit
Page 248 and 249: The lowest and possibly the oldest
Page 250 and 251: Dominants include fresh to brackish
Page 252 and 253: Based on the relative abundance of
Page 254 and 255: (Morgan 1977, McMinn 1981a, Martin
Page 256 and 257: common (up to 5-6%) in the middle s
Page 258 and 259: Polypodiaceae, Palmae (Dicolpopolli
Page 260 and 261: Strasburgeriaceae. Proprietary info
Page 262 and 263: Rare taxa which first appear in the
Page 264 and 265: Correlative microfloras in the onsh
Page 268 and 269: (Lophosoria) reached Tasmania befor
Page 270 and 271: 2. Otway Basin Oxygen isotope strat
Page 272 and 273: 5. TIME SLICE T-5 Age Range: Late M
Page 274 and 275: Casuarinaceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeoca
Page 276 and 277: maximum temperature of the hottest
Page 278 and 279: Nothofagus-gymnosperm temperate rai
Page 280: 5.2.7 Tasmania Late Neogene sedimen
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