OFR 151.pdf - CRC LEME

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Rare taxa which first appear in the Late Oligocene-Early Miocene in the central Murray Basin are Chenopodiaceae-Amarathaceae, Mimosaceae (Acacia) and Rubiaceae (Randia) and a plethora of taxa that have not been recorded, or are extremely rare in, correlative microfloras in the Gippsland Basin. Examples are: Pteris (Asseretospora), Podocarpaceae (Microstrobos), Alangiaceae (Alangium), Palmae (Dicolpopollis), Callitriche (Retistephanocolpites sp.), Convolvulaceae, Fuchsia (Diporites aspis), Malpighiaceae, Malvaceae, Mimosaceae (Acacia, Archidendron-type), Onagraceae (cf. Epilobium), Polygonaceae (Glencopolis ornatus), Portulacaceae, Sapindaceae (Dodonaea triquetra-type) and numerous Proteaceae including Banksia serrata-type and Isopogon (Proteacidites isopogiformis). Rhizophoraceae (Zonocostites) pollen are present in very low numbers, but otherwise it is not clear which plants occupied the salt-marsh or mangrove niche within the basin, or if tidal regimes within the basin allowed extensive halophytic vegetation types to develop. Inferred climate The high diversities almost certainly reflect the very large area and diversity of plant communities from which the fossil pollen and spore were sourced. Many of the taxa found in the Murray Basin, but not in the Gippsland Basin, have modern pan-tropical distributions, implying mean annual temperatures within the Murray Basin were relatively warm (possible upper mesotherm range). Rainfall was high to very high (perhumid) but the change from Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp.-dominated to Casuarinaceae/Myrtaceae-dominated microfloras via a transitional phase in which Araucariaceae were prominent is reliable evidence that precipitation became increasingly seasonal during the Oligo-Miocene. c. Eastern Murray Basin Harris and Morgan (1976) have described a possible Early Oligocene Upper Nothofagidites asperus-Proteacidites tuberculatus Zone Equivalent microflora from the Jerilderie district on the southeastern margin of the Murray Basin. This includes a number of taxa with warm temperate to tropical NLRs, e.g. Cupanieae, Ilex, Proteaceae (including Embothrium), Santalum and Sapotaceae but lacks Lophosoria. Otherwise the bulk of the palynostratigraphic data from boreholes in the eastern Murray Basin is centred on changes in the relative abundance of five commonly occurring taxa (expressed in ratio form) viz. Nothofagidites flemingii/total Nothofagidites, total Myrtaceae/total Nothofagidites and, Araucariacites/total gymnosperms (Martin 1986). Martin (ibid) suggests that the individual taxa form an ecological continuum, with Nothofagus occupying the driest and Lagarostrobos the wettest sites. These results are difficult to compare with other regions. Presentation of the same data in alternative formats (Martin 1993) indicates that the microfloras are dominated by either Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. or Myrtaceae, with the latter becoming relatively more abundant during C. bellus Zone Equivalent time. Lagarostrobos and Phyllocladus were more common and persisted longer in the eastern Murray Basin than elsewhere, and this also appears to have been the case with Lophosoria (M.K. Macphail unpubl. results). Lophozonia spp. increases in abundance relative to other Nothofagus subgenera, especially in sites located close to the Southeastern Highlands of New South Wales. Inferred climate The data confirm that conditions were wet (perhumid) relative to the western Murray Basin and probably cooler (lower mesotherm range) than the central Murray Basin. Martin (1993) argues expansion of Myrtaceae and Nothofagus (Lophozonia) spp. indicates that climates became effectively drier (possibly more seasonal) during the mid Miocene. Whilst drier/more seasonal climates are supported by the diminishing relative abundance of riparian swamp taxa 261
such as Lagarostrobos, increases in the relative abundance of Lophozonia spp. are more likely to reflect increasing cool and cloudy conditions on the slopes and summit plateaux of the Southeastern Highlands. 8. Gippsland Basin a. Earliest Oligocene Earliest Oligocene, Upper Nothofagidites asperus Zone microfloras are transitional in that they are dominated by Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. (>50%) and lack the index species of the Late Eocene Middle N. asperus Zone and Early Oligocene Proteacidites tuberculatus Zone (Stover and Partridge 1973). Gymnosperms are more common during the Early Oligocene than in the late Eocene (~ 30%) and some coal microfloras are wholly dominated by Lagarostrobos (>80%). Sparganiaceae (Aglaoreidia qualumis) and Proteaceae are present although relative abundance is low (
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CRCLEME Cooperative Research Centre
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Electronic copies of the publicatio
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and, for Tertiary continental seque
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2. Analysis of a Plio-Pleistocene l
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Table A (cont.) Basin and related s
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Figure A: Generalised climatic curv
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Carpenter, R.J., Hill, R.S., Greenw
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Hill, S.M., Eggleton, R.A. and Tayl
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Macphail, M.K. and Stone, M.S., 200
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Swenson, U., Backlund, McLoughlin,
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This review prese
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Temperature Climates in palaeo-sout
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SUMMARY OF INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALA
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INTRODUCTION Mineral resources, whe
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Professor B. Balme (Geology Departm
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Section 7 (Tertiary climates) This
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vegetation. Moreover, individual ta
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1.3 Flora, vegetation and climate 1
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TABLE 2: Classification of vegetati
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Figure 2: Relationship of different
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Accordingly, only at sites with exc
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2.1.3 Palaeoecology Palaeoecology i
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wind-pollinated trees and shrubs bu
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1. The usual practice of equating t
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1. Palaeontological evidence Like p
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5. Facies architecture and lithostr
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Subsequent developments include mel
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SECTION 4 (GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES AN
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SECTION 5 (EARLY CRETACEOUS CLIMATE
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events on other continents and sugg
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If these considerations apply to th
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surrounding basins. Thick sands ero
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Haig and Lynch 1993, Erbacher et al
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SECTION 6 (LATE CRETACEOUS CLIMATES
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has highlighted the roles played by
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6.4.2 Palaeobotany Cenomanian flora
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Palaeo-southern Australia Dryland c
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6.7 Time Slice K-6. Late Campanian-
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7.1. Global backdrop SECTION 7 (TER
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Explanations for the PETM are centr
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East Antarctica and strengthening o
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amplifying, pacing and potentially
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southeastern Australia than elsewhe
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7.4 Time Slice T-1. Paleocene [65-5
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Palaeo-southern Australia Unlike no
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Palaeo-central Australia As for the
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7.6.2 Palaeobotany The palaeobotani
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Zone microfloras imply temporary wa
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in the Bass Basin, the basal Seaspr
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Similarly it is difficult to summar
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However, the data are emphatic that
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margin of plateau were cooler (~7 0
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fossil taxa that are morphologicall
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during Late Pleistocene glacial max
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SECTION 8 (CONCLUSIONS) Climatic in
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• On present indications, Early C
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TABLE 8a: INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALAE
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8.2 Results in prospect (recommenda
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The 10 μm sieved, oxidised extract
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phenology. The method also provides
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SECTION 9 (REFERENCES) Acton, G.D.
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Ashley, P.M., Duncan, R.A. and Feeb
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Birks, H.J.B. and Gordon, A.D., 198
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Burnham, R.J., 1989. Relationships
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Clarke, J.D.A., 1994. Evolution of
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Dettmann, M.E. and Playford, G., 19
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Evans, P.R., 1970b. Palynology of H
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Godthelp, H., Archer, M., Cifelli,
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Harris, W.K., 1974. Biostratigraphy
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Hill, R.S., 1994b. Nothofagus smith
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Holland, S.M. and Patzkowsky, M.E.,
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Australia: paleoceanographic implic
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Lindsay, J.M. and Harris, W.K., 196
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Macphail, M.K., Colhoun, E.A. and F
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McGowran, B. and Beecroft, A., 1985
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Morgan, R., 1977. Palynology of Ter
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Abstracts of the Annual General Mee
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Raymo, M.E., Grant, B., Horowitz, M
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Sereno, P.C., 1999. The evolution o
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Taylor, G., 1998. Prediction of mod
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Webb, L.G., 1968. Environmental rel
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Zachos, J.C., Stott, L.D. and Lohma
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APPENDIX 1 CRETACEOUS DATA 167
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1. TIME SLICE K-1 Age Range: Berria
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Australian assemblages, located on
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2. Officer Basin Dinoflagellates in
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2. TIME SLICE K-2 Age Range: Aptian
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Inferred climate The combined data
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Dettmann et al. (1992) have argued
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3. TIME SLICE K-3 Age Range: Cenoma
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3.2.2 North-East Australia 1. Carpe
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4. TIME SLICE K-4 Age Range: Turoni
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1. Otway Basin Limited data (Macpha
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5. TIME SLICE K-5 Age Range: Early
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Inferred climate The data indicate
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6. TIME SLICE K-6 Age Range: Late C
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Contrary to global cooling trends d
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Inferred climate The relatively goo
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Inferred climate As for regions to
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APPENDIX 2 TERTIARY DATA 201
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1. TIME SLICE T-1 Age Range: Paleoc
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also include relatively frequent No
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Inferred climate Some differences b
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Microfloras preserved in the Lower
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Page 216 and 217: Inferred climate Climates appear to
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Page 226 and 227: 3. TIME SLICE T-3 Age Range: Middle
Page 228 and 229: 2. Lake Torrens Basin Abundant leaf
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Page 232 and 233: types (M.K. Macphail unpubl. data).
Page 234 and 235: Dacrycarpus), Euphorbiaceae (Austro
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Page 238 and 239: Basin) on the Eyre Peninsula (Alley
Page 240 and 241: explanation is that a warm water gy
Page 242 and 243: several taxa, which first appear in
Page 244 and 245: 4. TIME SLICE T-4 Age Range: Oligoc
Page 246 and 247: Inferred climate The southern limit
Page 248 and 249: The lowest and possibly the oldest
Page 250 and 251: Dominants include fresh to brackish
Page 252 and 253: Based on the relative abundance of
Page 254 and 255: (Morgan 1977, McMinn 1981a, Martin
Page 256 and 257: common (up to 5-6%) in the middle s
Page 258 and 259: Polypodiaceae, Palmae (Dicolpopolli
Page 260 and 261: Strasburgeriaceae. Proprietary info
Page 264 and 265: Correlative microfloras in the onsh
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Page 270 and 271: 2. Otway Basin Oxygen isotope strat
Page 272 and 273: 5. TIME SLICE T-5 Age Range: Late M
Page 274 and 275: Casuarinaceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeoca
Page 276 and 277: maximum temperature of the hottest
Page 278 and 279: Nothofagus-gymnosperm temperate rai
Page 280: 5.2.7 Tasmania Late Neogene sedimen
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