OFR 151.pdf - CRC LEME

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Strasburgeriaceae. Proprietary information on Canthiumidites bellus Zone assemblages from the offshore Otway Basin was not available when this review was prepared. Inferred climate The limited data are consistent with relatively cool (lower mesotherm) and uniformly wet (perhumid) conditions. 7. Murray Basin Reliably dated Proteacidites tuberculatus and Canthiumidites bellus Zone Equivalent microfloras are preserved in over 175 boreholes. Because of the size of the basin, regional palaeobotanical trends during the Oligo-Miocene are often obscured by edaphic phenomena. Other complications are episodic marine transgression-regression sequences of the south-west and central west, and extension of saltwater ‘wedges’ along rivers into the north and east, of the basin. Reviews of the palynostratigraphic database (Macphail and Truswell 1989, Martin 1986, 1993, 1994, 1998a, Macphail 1999) indicate that taxa such as Araucariaceae, Lagarostrobos that now are confined to mesotherm and microtherm rainforest types, respectively, provide a reliable guide to the complex and evolving climatic gradients across the basin during the Oligo-Miocene. The relative abundance of Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. varies in time and proximity of the site to the Southeastern Highlands of New South Wales. a. Western Murray Basin Proteacidites tuberculatus Zone Equivalent microfloras are preserved in the fluvio-lacustrine Renmark Group and marginal marine ‘lower’ Geera Clay in the Oakvale-1 core hole, northwestern margin (Truswell et al. 1985) and in marginal to restricted marine correlatives (Ettrick Formation, Mannum-Morgan Limestone) in SADME MC63 bore in the central west of the region (Martin 1991a). Pollen dominance in Oakvale-1 is shared between cryptogams, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Commonly occurring taxa are trilete ferns (2-7%), Gleicheniaceae (1-14%), Araucaria (1-35%; av. 7%), Dacrycarpus (1-5%), Dacrydium (1-7%), Podocarpus- Prumnopitys (2-14%), Casuarinaceae (5-21%), Cunoniaceae (up to 5%), Cyperaceae (up to 4%), Elaeocarpaceae (up to 4%), Eucalyptus (up to 13%), non-eucalypt Myrtaceae (up to 36%), Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. (5-50%: av. 20%) and unidentified tricolporate types (4-12%). Nothofagus (Brassospora) values decrease from ~ 25% 5 to ~7% up section whilst Casuarinaceae and Araucariaceae show the reverse trend, decreasing to ~21% and 17%, respectively. Rare to uncommon (maximum values in parentheses) taxa include: Sphagnum (1%), Dicksonia, Lophosoria, Lagarostrobos (1%), Microcachrys (1%), Agathis/Wollemi, Palmae (Arecipites), Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthaceae, Cupanieae, Euphorbiaceae (1%), Gyrostemonaceae, Ilex, Loranthaceae, Malvaceae, Mimosaceae (Acacia), Myrtaceae (Austromyrtus-type), Nothofagus (Fuscospora) spp. (2%), Nothofagus (Lophozonia) spp., Poaceae (2%), Quintinia, Restionaceae, Sapindaceae (Dodonaea triquetra-type), Sapotaceae and Trimeniaceae. Microfloras from SADME MC63 are similar except that maximum values of gymnosperms and Casuarinaceae are lower, e.g. Araucaria (
Araucaria (4-13%; av. 8%) and Nothofagus (Lophozonia) spp. (1-3%) are slightly higher. However the interval can be distinguished by consistent occurrences of mostly thermophilous taxa that were rare or absent in the P. tuberculatus Zone Equivalent, e.g. Cyathea, Pteris, Acacia, Aquifoliaceae (Ilex, Sphenostemon), Palmae (Dicolpopollis), Caesalpinaceae, Convolvulaceae (Merremia-type), Ericales, Haloragaceae (Gonocarpus/Haloragis), Quintinia, Rubiaceae (Gardenia, Randia) and Winteraceae. Nothofagus (Lophozonia) spp. and Phyllocladus become rare, and Trimeniaceae and Lagarostrobos are absent during the zone. Inferred climate The pollen data confirm that climates in western Murray Basin were sub-optimal (possibly seasonally too dry) for the extensive development of either Nothofagus or Araucariaceaedominated rainforest although conditions were markedly wetter (humid) and overall warmer (mesotherm range) than at present. Trends in rare taxa suggest mean temperatures reached a maximum during the late Early to Middle Miocene. Araucaria and Lagarostrobos values imply climates became effectively drier/more strongly seasonal at about the same time. The prominence of Poaceae suggests marine flooding favoured the expansion of grasslands around the shoreline at a time when grasses were relatively rare in the interfluve vegetation. b. Central Murray Basin Much of the detailed information comes from four fully cored drill holes, Hatfield-1, Manilla- 1, Piangil West-2 and Woodlands-1 (Macphail and Truswell 1989), augmented by a much larger number of boreholes, which have been sampled by cuttings only (Macphail 1999). Unlike the western sector, the central (depocentre) region appears to preserve correlatives of the earliest Oligocene Upper Nothofagidites asperus Zone deposits of the Gippsland Basin, e.g. Hatfield-1, located near the present confluence of the Lachlan and Murrumbidgee Rivers. These are defined by the first appearance of cf. Epilobium (Onagraceae) and Archidendrontype (Mimosaceae) in Nothofagus (Brassospora) dominated microfloras, which lack Lophosoria. Relative pollen abundance in these earliest Oligocene (Upper Nothofagidites asperus Zone Equivalent) microfloras show little change. Araucariaceae values are intermediate between values recorded in the Late Eocene and Middle N. asperus Zone Equivalent (see Figure 8 in Macphail and Truswell 1989). Nothofagus (Brassospora) values tend to be lower/more irregular than during the Late Eocene and commonly occurring types include Casuarinaceae and non-eucalypt Myrtaceae. Pollen dominance in Early Oligocene-early Late Miocene (Proteacidites tuberculatus Zone Equivalent) microfloras is similar but Nothofagus (Brassospora) values are even more variable whilst those of Araucariaceae, Casuarinaceae and Myrtaceae increase towards the top of the zone. These trends are variably maintained during the Canthiumidites bellus Zone Equivalent, leading to Casuarinaceae and/or Araucariaceae being as common as or more abundant than Nothofagus (Brassospora) at the top of the Canthiumidites bellus Zone Equivalent in the Manilla-1, Piangil West-2 and Woodlands-1 boreholes. Araucariaceae reaches maximum values within this zone. Cyperaceae, Restionaceae and Sparganiaceae are more abundant in microfloras recovered from the marginal marine Geera Clay than in the underlying (fluvio-lacustrine) Renmark Formation. This implies these wetland taxa formed specialised shoreline and strand communities. Probable Early Miocene microfloras from marine sediments in the Balranald area (Pickett and McMinn 1983) are dominated by Nothofagus (Brassospora), Casuarinaceae and Myrtaceae (total ~90-95%). Rare taxa include Araucaria, Dacrydium, Cupanieae, and Quintinia. 260
Page 1 and 2:
CRCLEME Cooperative Research Centre
Page 3 and 4:
Electronic copies of the publicatio
Page 5 and 6:
and, for Tertiary continental seque
Page 7 and 8:
2. Analysis of a Plio-Pleistocene l
Page 9 and 10:
Table A (cont.) Basin and related s
Page 11 and 12:
Figure A: Generalised climatic curv
Page 13 and 14:
Carpenter, R.J., Hill, R.S., Greenw
Page 15 and 16:
Hill, S.M., Eggleton, R.A. and Tayl
Page 17 and 18:
Macphail, M.K. and Stone, M.S., 200
Page 19 and 20:
Swenson, U., Backlund, McLoughlin,
Page 22 and 23:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This review prese
Page 24 and 25:
Temperature Climates in palaeo-sout
Page 26 and 27:
SUMMARY OF INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALA
Page 28 and 29:
INTRODUCTION Mineral resources, whe
Page 30 and 31:
Professor B. Balme (Geology Departm
Page 32:
Section 7 (Tertiary climates) This
Page 35 and 36:
vegetation. Moreover, individual ta
Page 37 and 38:
1.3 Flora, vegetation and climate 1
Page 39 and 40:
TABLE 2: Classification of vegetati
Page 41 and 42:
Figure 2: Relationship of different
Page 43 and 44:
Accordingly, only at sites with exc
Page 45 and 46:
2.1.3 Palaeoecology Palaeoecology i
Page 47 and 48:
wind-pollinated trees and shrubs bu
Page 49 and 50:
1. The usual practice of equating t
Page 51 and 52:
1. Palaeontological evidence Like p
Page 53 and 54:
5. Facies architecture and lithostr
Page 55 and 56:
Subsequent developments include mel
Page 58 and 59:
SECTION 4 (GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES AN
Page 60 and 61:
SECTION 5 (EARLY CRETACEOUS CLIMATE
Page 62 and 63:
events on other continents and sugg
Page 64 and 65:
If these considerations apply to th
Page 66 and 67:
surrounding basins. Thick sands ero
Page 68 and 69:
Haig and Lynch 1993, Erbacher et al
Page 70 and 71:
SECTION 6 (LATE CRETACEOUS CLIMATES
Page 72 and 73:
has highlighted the roles played by
Page 74 and 75:
6.4.2 Palaeobotany Cenomanian flora
Page 76 and 77:
Palaeo-southern Australia Dryland c
Page 78 and 79:
6.7 Time Slice K-6. Late Campanian-
Page 80 and 81:
7.1. Global backdrop SECTION 7 (TER
Page 82 and 83:
Explanations for the PETM are centr
Page 84 and 85:
East Antarctica and strengthening o
Page 86 and 87:
amplifying, pacing and potentially
Page 88 and 89:
southeastern Australia than elsewhe
Page 90 and 91:
7.4 Time Slice T-1. Paleocene [65-5
Page 92 and 93:
Palaeo-southern Australia Unlike no
Page 94 and 95:
Palaeo-central Australia As for the
Page 96 and 97:
7.6.2 Palaeobotany The palaeobotani
Page 98 and 99:
Zone microfloras imply temporary wa
Page 100 and 101:
in the Bass Basin, the basal Seaspr
Page 102 and 103:
Similarly it is difficult to summar
Page 104 and 105:
However, the data are emphatic that
Page 106 and 107:
margin of plateau were cooler (~7 0
Page 108 and 109:
fossil taxa that are morphologicall
Page 110 and 111:
during Late Pleistocene glacial max
Page 112 and 113:
SECTION 8 (CONCLUSIONS) Climatic in
Page 114 and 115:
• On present indications, Early C
Page 116 and 117:
TABLE 8a: INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALAE
Page 118 and 119:
8.2 Results in prospect (recommenda
Page 120 and 121:
The 10 μm sieved, oxidised extract
Page 122 and 123:
phenology. The method also provides
Page 124 and 125:
SECTION 9 (REFERENCES) Acton, G.D.
Page 126 and 127:
Ashley, P.M., Duncan, R.A. and Feeb
Page 128 and 129:
Birks, H.J.B. and Gordon, A.D., 198
Page 130 and 131:
Burnham, R.J., 1989. Relationships
Page 132 and 133:
Clarke, J.D.A., 1994. Evolution of
Page 134 and 135:
Dettmann, M.E. and Playford, G., 19
Page 136 and 137:
Evans, P.R., 1970b. Palynology of H
Page 138 and 139:
Godthelp, H., Archer, M., Cifelli,
Page 140 and 141:
Harris, W.K., 1974. Biostratigraphy
Page 142 and 143:
Hill, R.S., 1994b. Nothofagus smith
Page 144 and 145:
Holland, S.M. and Patzkowsky, M.E.,
Page 146 and 147:
Australia: paleoceanographic implic
Page 148 and 149:
Lindsay, J.M. and Harris, W.K., 196
Page 150 and 151:
Macphail, M.K., Colhoun, E.A. and F
Page 152 and 153:
McGowran, B. and Beecroft, A., 1985
Page 154 and 155:
Morgan, R., 1977. Palynology of Ter
Page 156 and 157:
Abstracts of the Annual General Mee
Page 158 and 159:
Raymo, M.E., Grant, B., Horowitz, M
Page 160 and 161:
Sereno, P.C., 1999. The evolution o
Page 162 and 163:
Taylor, G., 1998. Prediction of mod
Page 164 and 165:
Webb, L.G., 1968. Environmental rel
Page 166 and 167:
Zachos, J.C., Stott, L.D. and Lohma
Page 168 and 169:
APPENDIX 1 CRETACEOUS DATA 167
Page 170 and 171:
1. TIME SLICE K-1 Age Range: Berria
Page 172 and 173:
Australian assemblages, located on
Page 174 and 175:
2. Officer Basin Dinoflagellates in
Page 176 and 177:
2. TIME SLICE K-2 Age Range: Aptian
Page 178 and 179:
Inferred climate The combined data
Page 180 and 181:
Dettmann et al. (1992) have argued
Page 182 and 183:
3. TIME SLICE K-3 Age Range: Cenoma
Page 184 and 185:
3.2.2 North-East Australia 1. Carpe
Page 186 and 187:
4. TIME SLICE K-4 Age Range: Turoni
Page 188 and 189:
1. Otway Basin Limited data (Macpha
Page 190 and 191:
5. TIME SLICE K-5 Age Range: Early
Page 192 and 193:
Inferred climate The data indicate
Page 194 and 195:
6. TIME SLICE K-6 Age Range: Late C
Page 196 and 197:
Contrary to global cooling trends d
Page 198 and 199:
Inferred climate The relatively goo
Page 200 and 201:
Inferred climate As for regions to
Page 202 and 203:
APPENDIX 2 TERTIARY DATA 201
Page 204 and 205:
1. TIME SLICE T-1 Age Range: Paleoc
Page 206 and 207:
also include relatively frequent No
Page 208 and 209:
Inferred climate Some differences b
Page 210 and 211: Microfloras preserved in the Lower
Page 212 and 213: subtropical affinities are rare, hi
Page 214 and 215: 2. TIME SLICE T-2 Age Range: Early
Page 216 and 217: Inferred climate Climates appear to
Page 218 and 219: northern New South Wales. The assem
Page 220 and 221: 2.2.5 Central southern Australia Ha
Page 222 and 223: a number of distinctive Proteaceae
Page 224 and 225: Inferred climate The Regatta Point
Page 226 and 227: 3. TIME SLICE T-3 Age Range: Middle
Page 228 and 229: 2. Lake Torrens Basin Abundant leaf
Page 230 and 231: Dominance is highly variable. For e
Page 232 and 233: types (M.K. Macphail unpubl. data).
Page 234 and 235: Dacrycarpus), Euphorbiaceae (Austro
Page 236 and 237: (possibly upper mesotherm) and drie
Page 238 and 239: Basin) on the Eyre Peninsula (Alley
Page 240 and 241: explanation is that a warm water gy
Page 242 and 243: several taxa, which first appear in
Page 244 and 245: 4. TIME SLICE T-4 Age Range: Oligoc
Page 246 and 247: Inferred climate The southern limit
Page 248 and 249: The lowest and possibly the oldest
Page 250 and 251: Dominants include fresh to brackish
Page 252 and 253: Based on the relative abundance of
Page 254 and 255: (Morgan 1977, McMinn 1981a, Martin
Page 256 and 257: common (up to 5-6%) in the middle s
Page 258 and 259: Polypodiaceae, Palmae (Dicolpopolli
Page 262 and 263: Rare taxa which first appear in the
Page 264 and 265: Correlative microfloras in the onsh
Page 266 and 267: impression of floristic impoverishm
Page 268 and 269: (Lophosoria) reached Tasmania befor
Page 270 and 271: 2. Otway Basin Oxygen isotope strat
Page 272 and 273: 5. TIME SLICE T-5 Age Range: Late M
Page 274 and 275: Casuarinaceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeoca
Page 276 and 277: maximum temperature of the hottest
Page 278 and 279: Nothofagus-gymnosperm temperate rai
Page 280: 5.2.7 Tasmania Late Neogene sedimen
show all

OFR 151.pdf - CRC LEME

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?