OFR 151.pdf - CRC LEME

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Polypodiaceae, Palmae (Dicolpopollis), Casuarinaceae, Cupanieae, Ericales, Ilex, Loranthaceae, Myrtaceae (including Eucalyptus), Proteaceae (Banksia/Dryandra, Beauprea, Embothrium, Xylomelum occidentale-type), Quintinia, Trimeniaceae and Winteraceae. b. Late Early to early Late Miocene Canthiumidites bellus Zone Equivalent microfloras are more widespread on the Southeastern Highlands. Sites for which detailed microfloral information is available are Elands (M.K. Macphail unpubl. results), Kiandra at about 1400 m elevation (Owen 1988), and Palaeolake Bunyan, at about 780 m elevation near Cooma (Tulip et al. 1982). Dating of the last site is insecure due to lack of age-diagnostic taxa. The Elands microflora is dominated by Casuarinaceae (29%), Araucaria (14%), Dacrycarpus (13%), with lesser amounts of Nothofagus (Lophozonia) spp. (5%) spp., Podocarpus- Prumnopitys (4%), Blechnaceae (8%) and Cyathea (7%). Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. are uncommon (2%). The diversity is moderately high, with some 17 cryptogam, 6 gymnosperm and 40 angiosperm species being recorded. Modern affinities range from cool temperate, e.g. Dicksonia, Lophosoria and Winteraceae, to warm temperate-subtropical, e.g. Pteris, Palmae (Dicolpopollis), Caesalpinaceae, Cupanieae, Euphorbiaceae (Mallotus-type), Malpighiaceae, Mimosaceae (Acaciapollenites miocenicus) and Rubiaceae (Guettarda, Randia). Microfloras preserved some 4 degrees to the south, at Palaeolake Bunyan and Kiandra, are dominated by Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. (maximum values 65% and 80%, respectively). Sporadically common to abundant taxa are (maximum values in parentheses): Sparganiaceae (29%), Nothofagus (Fuscospora) spp. (17%), Nothofagus (Lophozonia) spp. (15%), Ericales (23%), Podocarpus-Prumnopitys (16%), an extinct form of Microcachrys (Podosporites microsaccatus) (55%), Blechnaceae (31%) and an unidentified inaperturate type (42%). Araucariaceae (Araucaria, Wollemi-type), Phyllocladus and Casuarinaceae are relatively uncommon (1-9%). Sporadically common taxa are Kiandra are Gleicheniaceae (47%), trilete types (16%), Dicksonia (7%) and non-eucalypt Myrtaceae (9%). Whilst the cryptogam and gymnosperm components are moderately diverse, ‘thermophilous’ taxa only occur in trace numbers and then only in one to few occasional sample, e.g. Ilex and (Kiandra) Cupanieae, Mallotus-type, Randia and Sapotaceae. The data imply rainforest communities at high elevations remained dominated by Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. throughout the Oligo-Miocene but it is uncertain whether these were forest or wet scrub. Inferred climate Climates at lower elevations in the north of the area (Elands) are likely to have been weakly seasonal whilst mean air temperatures were adequate (upper mesotherm range) to support a form of araucarian (dry) rainforest which included palms. Climates at higher elevations in the south of the area were relatively cool (lower mesotherm range) and uniformly wet to very wet (perhumid). Despite its lower elevation, the Palaeolake Bunyan microfloras are distinctly less temperate than those recovered at Kiandra. Possible reasons are that vegetation around the former (a very large deep lake) was shaped by cold air drainage or that the microfloras postdate the mid Miocene thermal maximum. 5. South-west slopes of New South Wales Microfossil evidence from the Southeastern Highlands is complemented by analyses of correlative sediments in broad river valleys draining the south-west slopes, e.g. the Lachlan Valley (Martin 1973, 1987, 1991b). Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp., which are abundant during P. tuberculatus Zone Equivalent time, are replaced by Myrtaceae as the dominant 257
pollen type during the Canthiumidites bellus Zone Equivalent. Rare taxa that are found only in the P. tuberculatus Zone Equivalent include: Cunoniaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Ericales, Euphorbiaceae (Mallotus-type), Ilex, Geraniaceae (Pelargonium-type), Loranthaceae, Malvaceae, Polygalaceae, Restionaceae (Milfordia homeopunctata) and Sapotaceae. Rare taxa, which first appear at the top of the P. tuberculatus or within the C. bellus Zone Equivalents are Asteraceae (Tubuliflorae), Goodeniaceae, Haloragaceae (Haloragodendrontype, Gonocarpus/Haloragis), Mimosaceae (Acacia), Sapindaceae (Dodonaea triquetra-type), Symplocos and Winteraceae. Cupanieae, Quintinia and Poaceae are present in both zones. Inferred climate The data point to wet to very wet (humid-perhumid) conditions up to Middle Miocene time, after which climates appear to have become seasonally too dry to support Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. Temperatures during the Middle Miocene remained within the (possibly lower) mesotherm range but appear to have been less equable than during the Late Oligocene- Early Miocene, resulting in effective ‘cooling’ during an interval marked by relatively warm temperatures elsewhere. 5. South Coast of New South Wales Nott et al. (1991) has reported possible Proteacidites tuberculatus Zone Equivalent microfloras in two samples from the Long Beach Formation on the far south coast of New South Wales. Revisions of the assemblages (Macphail et al. 1994) indicate these represent a wetland community dominated by Gleicheniaceae (42-48%). Frequent to commonly occurring types are, Dacrydium (5-7%), Dacrycarpus (up to 4%), Casuarinaceae (up to 18%), Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. (13-16%), N. (Lophozonia) spp. (3-5%), Rhoipites sp. cf. Rutaceae (up to 10%), Sparganiaceae/Typhaceae (up to 3%) and unidentified tricolpates (11%). Rare taxa include Araucariaceae (Araucaria), Podocarpaceae (Halocarpus, Lagarostrobos), Cupanieae, Myrtaceae (including Eucalyptus), Nothofagus (Fuscospora, Nothofagus) spp., Meliaceae, Menyanthaceae, Proteaceae (including Xylomelum occidentaletype) and Sparganiaceae (Sparganiaceaepollenites). The source vegetation appears to have been a mosaic of rainforest and sclerophyll scrub-heath and fern communities analogous to coastal vegetation growing in sand dune swales in northern New South Wales. Inferred climate Soil fertility, drainage and fire may have been as important as climate in directing community development on the South Coast. The presence of Dacrycarpus, Dacrydium and Nothofagus is evidence that rainfall was sufficiently high (humid-perhumid) and reliable during summer months to maintain high water table levels. Low values of Araucariaceae make it unlikely mean annual temperatures ranges as high as upper mesotherm. 6. Otway Basin Pollen dominance during Proteacidites tuberculatus Zone time in the Otway Basin and other areas in southwestern Victoria is similar to the Gippsland Basin (see below) although the diversity of rare taxa appears to be higher. For example, microfloras from ‘deep leads’ north of Stawell, are dominated by Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. (66-75%) associated with relatively low numbers of Cyathea (~2%), Dacrydium (2%), Lagarostrobos (1-2%), Podocarpus-Prumnopitys (3-4%), Casuarinaceae (4-5%), Myrtaceae (1-7%), Nothofagus (Fuscospora) spp. (1%), Proteaceae (~2%), Trimeniaceae (1-2%) and unidentified tricolporates (4-7%) (Partridge 1993, A.D. Partridge and M.K. Macphail unpubl. results). Rare types include Araucariaceae (Araucaria), Proteaceae (Dacrycarpus), Cunoniaceae (Gillbeea-type), Euphorbiaceae (Austrobuxus-type, Micrantheum), Ilex, Loranthaceae, Myrtaceae (Austromyrtus-type), Nothofagus (Lophozonia) spp., Polygalaceae, Quintinia and 258
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CRCLEME Cooperative Research Centre
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Electronic copies of the publicatio
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and, for Tertiary continental seque
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2. Analysis of a Plio-Pleistocene l
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Table A (cont.) Basin and related s
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Figure A: Generalised climatic curv
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Carpenter, R.J., Hill, R.S., Greenw
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Hill, S.M., Eggleton, R.A. and Tayl
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Macphail, M.K. and Stone, M.S., 200
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Swenson, U., Backlund, McLoughlin,
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This review prese
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Temperature Climates in palaeo-sout
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SUMMARY OF INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALA
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INTRODUCTION Mineral resources, whe
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Professor B. Balme (Geology Departm
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Section 7 (Tertiary climates) This
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vegetation. Moreover, individual ta
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1.3 Flora, vegetation and climate 1
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TABLE 2: Classification of vegetati
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Figure 2: Relationship of different
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Accordingly, only at sites with exc
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2.1.3 Palaeoecology Palaeoecology i
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wind-pollinated trees and shrubs bu
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1. The usual practice of equating t
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1. Palaeontological evidence Like p
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5. Facies architecture and lithostr
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Subsequent developments include mel
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SECTION 4 (GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES AN
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SECTION 5 (EARLY CRETACEOUS CLIMATE
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events on other continents and sugg
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If these considerations apply to th
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surrounding basins. Thick sands ero
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Haig and Lynch 1993, Erbacher et al
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SECTION 6 (LATE CRETACEOUS CLIMATES
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has highlighted the roles played by
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6.4.2 Palaeobotany Cenomanian flora
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Palaeo-southern Australia Dryland c
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6.7 Time Slice K-6. Late Campanian-
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7.1. Global backdrop SECTION 7 (TER
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Explanations for the PETM are centr
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East Antarctica and strengthening o
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amplifying, pacing and potentially
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southeastern Australia than elsewhe
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7.4 Time Slice T-1. Paleocene [65-5
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Palaeo-southern Australia Unlike no
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Palaeo-central Australia As for the
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7.6.2 Palaeobotany The palaeobotani
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Zone microfloras imply temporary wa
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in the Bass Basin, the basal Seaspr
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Similarly it is difficult to summar
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However, the data are emphatic that
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margin of plateau were cooler (~7 0
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fossil taxa that are morphologicall
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during Late Pleistocene glacial max
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SECTION 8 (CONCLUSIONS) Climatic in
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• On present indications, Early C
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TABLE 8a: INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALAE
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8.2 Results in prospect (recommenda
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The 10 μm sieved, oxidised extract
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phenology. The method also provides
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SECTION 9 (REFERENCES) Acton, G.D.
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Ashley, P.M., Duncan, R.A. and Feeb
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Birks, H.J.B. and Gordon, A.D., 198
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Burnham, R.J., 1989. Relationships
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Clarke, J.D.A., 1994. Evolution of
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Dettmann, M.E. and Playford, G., 19
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Evans, P.R., 1970b. Palynology of H
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Godthelp, H., Archer, M., Cifelli,
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Harris, W.K., 1974. Biostratigraphy
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Hill, R.S., 1994b. Nothofagus smith
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Holland, S.M. and Patzkowsky, M.E.,
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Australia: paleoceanographic implic
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Lindsay, J.M. and Harris, W.K., 196
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Macphail, M.K., Colhoun, E.A. and F
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McGowran, B. and Beecroft, A., 1985
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Morgan, R., 1977. Palynology of Ter
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Abstracts of the Annual General Mee
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Raymo, M.E., Grant, B., Horowitz, M
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Sereno, P.C., 1999. The evolution o
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Taylor, G., 1998. Prediction of mod
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Webb, L.G., 1968. Environmental rel
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Zachos, J.C., Stott, L.D. and Lohma
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APPENDIX 1 CRETACEOUS DATA 167
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1. TIME SLICE K-1 Age Range: Berria
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Australian assemblages, located on
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2. Officer Basin Dinoflagellates in
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2. TIME SLICE K-2 Age Range: Aptian
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Inferred climate The combined data
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Dettmann et al. (1992) have argued
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3. TIME SLICE K-3 Age Range: Cenoma
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3.2.2 North-East Australia 1. Carpe
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4. TIME SLICE K-4 Age Range: Turoni
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1. Otway Basin Limited data (Macpha
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5. TIME SLICE K-5 Age Range: Early
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Inferred climate The data indicate
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6. TIME SLICE K-6 Age Range: Late C
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Contrary to global cooling trends d
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Inferred climate The relatively goo
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Inferred climate As for regions to
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APPENDIX 2 TERTIARY DATA 201
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1. TIME SLICE T-1 Age Range: Paleoc
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also include relatively frequent No
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Page 214 and 215: 2. TIME SLICE T-2 Age Range: Early
Page 216 and 217: Inferred climate Climates appear to
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Page 224 and 225: Inferred climate The Regatta Point
Page 226 and 227: 3. TIME SLICE T-3 Age Range: Middle
Page 228 and 229: 2. Lake Torrens Basin Abundant leaf
Page 230 and 231: Dominance is highly variable. For e
Page 232 and 233: types (M.K. Macphail unpubl. data).
Page 234 and 235: Dacrycarpus), Euphorbiaceae (Austro
Page 236 and 237: (possibly upper mesotherm) and drie
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Page 240 and 241: explanation is that a warm water gy
Page 242 and 243: several taxa, which first appear in
Page 244 and 245: 4. TIME SLICE T-4 Age Range: Oligoc
Page 246 and 247: Inferred climate The southern limit
Page 248 and 249: The lowest and possibly the oldest
Page 250 and 251: Dominants include fresh to brackish
Page 252 and 253: Based on the relative abundance of
Page 254 and 255: (Morgan 1977, McMinn 1981a, Martin
Page 256 and 257: common (up to 5-6%) in the middle s
Page 260 and 261: Strasburgeriaceae. Proprietary info
Page 262 and 263: Rare taxa which first appear in the
Page 264 and 265: Correlative microfloras in the onsh
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Page 268 and 269: (Lophosoria) reached Tasmania befor
Page 270 and 271: 2. Otway Basin Oxygen isotope strat
Page 272 and 273: 5. TIME SLICE T-5 Age Range: Late M
Page 274 and 275: Casuarinaceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeoca
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Page 278 and 279: Nothofagus-gymnosperm temperate rai
Page 280: 5.2.7 Tasmania Late Neogene sedimen
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