OFR 151.pdf - CRC LEME

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Based on the relative abundance of Euphorbiaceae (Malvacipollis spp.) mean annual temperatures appear to have peaked in the late Early to Middle Miocene (Zone N8-N9) although by this time sea surface temperatures were inadequate to support Nypa. 3. North-west slopes and plains of New South Wales Probable Oligocene-Middle Miocene microfloras are preserved in palaeochannels of the Castlereagh, Macquarie and Darling River systems on the north-west slopes and plains (Morgan 1977, Martin 1980, 1981, 1988, 1999a, 1999b, McMinn 1981b, Macphail 1999, unpubl. results). The record is blurred by reworked (Late Eocene) and probable down-hole caved (Plio-Pleistocene) specimens in the (mostly) cuttings samples. The microfloras mostly represent cool to warm temperate rainforest communities growing on riverbanks near to or upstream of the site. a. North-west plains Moderately diverse Oligo-Miocene (Proteacidites tuberculatus Zone Equivalent) microfloras from the ‘Glen Villa’ Bore (DWR 36937) near Bourke in western New South Wales, are dominated by Casuarinaceae (38%) and unidentified tricolpate/tricolporate types (20%), with lesser amounts of Myrtaceae (14%, including 4% Eucalyptus), Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. (10%) and Onagraceae (3%). Cryptogams are uncommon (4%) and the most frequently recorded gymnosperms (~1%) are Araucaria, Dacrycarpus and Podocarpus-Prumnopitys. Rare taxa include Cyathea, Lophosoria, Cupressaceae, Phyllocladus, Chenopodiaceae, Convolvulaceae (Merremia-type) and Cyperaceae. A possibly contaminated Oligocene-Early Miocene (Proteacidites tuberculatus Zone Equivalent) microflora from Darling River Bore DWR 36839 is dominated by a previously unrecorded Euphorbiaceae type resembling Austrobuxus (31%), Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. (23%) and Casuarinaceae (11%) with common Nothofagus (Fuscospora) spp. (6%), Myrtaceae (6%) and Nothofagus (Lophozonia) spp. (2%). Araucariaceae (Araucaria) and Podocarpaceae (Dacrydium, Lagarostrobos, Podocarpus-Prumnopitys) are present but rare. In contrast, probable early Late to late Miocene (Canthiumidites bellus Zone Equivalent) microfloras from the same region (Jandra Bore DWR 36853) are dominated by Casuarinaceae (20-24%), Podocarpus-Prumnopitys (11-14%), Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. (10-18%) and unidentified tricolpate/tricolporate types (11-15%). Less common taxa are Cyathea (4-6%), Araucaria (6-7%), Eucalyptus (up to 4%) and Cupanieae, Liliaceae, Nothofagus (Lophozonia) spp. and Sparganiaceae. Rare taxa include several species that are not found in the P. tuberculatus Zone Equivalent section, e.g. Podocarpaceae (Halocarpus), Euphorbiaceae (Amperea, Mallotus-type), Proteaceae (Banksia/Dryandra), Rubiaceae (Canthium) and Sapindaceae (Dodonaea triquetra-type). Similarly, a sparse possible Miocene microflora from Darling River Bore DWR 36839 is dominated by Nothofagus, (including 7% Lophozonia and 4% Fuscospora spp.), Araucaria (9%) and trace numbers of Podocarpaceae (Dacrycarpus, Dacrydium, Phyllocladus). Correlative (Canthiumidites bellus Zone Equivalent) microfloras in the Glenmore-1 drillhole near Broken Hill (McMinn 1981a) are dominated by Myrtaceae (45-60%) with lesser amounts of Casuarinaceae (7-19%) and Nothofagus (Brassospora) (5-8%). Sporadically frequent taxa include cryptogams (3%), Araucaria (5%), Podocarpus-Prumnopitys (2%) and Dacrydium (1%). Rare taxa include Dacrycarpus, Dacrydium, Asteraceae (Tubuliflorae), Cupanieae, Cyperaceae, Euphorbiaceae (Austrobuxus-type), Mimosaceae (Acacia), non-graminoid Restionaceae, Sapotaceae and Sparganiaceae (Aglaoreidia qualumis). The flora appears to represent a gallery sclerophyll forest with a minor but persistent rainforest component. 251
Inferred climate Assuming the microfloras in the Broken Hill district are correctly dated, the pollen data indicate climates along the upper reaches of the Darling River and tributaries became temporarily cooler and wetter and/or less seasonal (humid) during the Oligocene to Early Miocene, allowing temperate rainforest species to survive along rivers as far west as Broken Hill. Since the gallery flora also included warm temperate-subtropical species, e.g. Araucariaceae, Austrobuxus-type, Cupanieae and Mallotus-type, as well as cool temperate rainforest taxa such as Lophosoria and Nothofagus (Lophozonia) spp., a reasonable estimate is that mean annual temperatures remained within the mesotherm range. Subsequent climates became either warmer or seasonally drier in the late Early to Late Miocene, resulting in the expansion of sclerophyll taxa such as Casuarinaceae and Myrtaceae (including Eucalyptus) in drier sites. The same trend seems to have allowed Asteraceae to migrate into western New South Wales. b. North-west slopes Martin (1999b) has identified Proteacidites tuberculatus and Canthiumidites bellus Zone Equivalent microfloras in Boreholes GW 096000, and GS-A and GW 069003, respectively, in the Macquarie River Valley near Narromine. Few details are provided beyond noting the younger (possible mid-Late Miocene) assemblages include Calochlaena/Culcita, Haloragaceae (Gonocarpus/Haloragis), Mimosaceae (Acacia) and occasionally significant amounts of Nothofagus (subgenus not specified). Canthiumidites bellus Zone Equivalent microfloras from the Namoi, Gwydir and Castlereagh Valley in far northeastern New South Wales (Martin, 1980, 1981) are dominated by Blechnaceae (2-6%), Cyathea (5-20%), Dicksonia (1-8%), Dacrydium (up to 4%), Podocarpus-Prumnopitys (1-7%), Casuarinaceae (2-10%), non-eucalypt Myrtaceae (2-36%), Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. (7-19%) Nothofagus (Lophozonia) spp. (4-12%), Proteaceae (up to 6%) and unidentified tricolpate/tricolporate types (7-38%). Less common (1-5%) taxa in the Castlereagh microfloras are Araucariaceae (Araucaria), Podocarpaceae (Dacrycarpus), Cupanieae, Euphorbiaceae (Mallotus-type, Micrantheum), Escalloniaceae (Quintinia), Mimosaceae (Acacia), Proteaceae, Rubiaceae (Randia), Symplocos and Winteraceae. Maximum relative abundance values of Dacrydium (4%), Phyllocladus (2%), Mallotus-type (11%), Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. (19%) and N. (Lophozonia) spp. (8%) are significantly higher in the Namoi-Gwydir Valleys than in the Castlereagh Valley to the south-west. Rare taxa (both areas) include Sphagnum, Pteris, Calochlaena/Culcita, Ericales, Loranthaceae, non-eucalypt Myrtaceae, Poaceae, Proteaceae, Restionaceae, Rubiaceae (Randia) and Winteraceae. Inferred climate Mean annual rainfall appears to have been sub-optimal (seasonally humid) for Nothofagus except near the ranges (perhumid). Geographic gradients in the relative abundance of Nothofagus (Lophozonia) and other cool temperate rainforest taxa imply mean annual temperatures were within the lower mesotherm range on the lower slopes, decreasing to upper microtherm values within deeper valley and on the ranges. 4.2.3 Central Australia Probable Oligocene-Middle Miocene microfloras are preserved in the Namba Formation in the Callabonna Sub-basin (Martin 1990), the Burt Plain, Santa Teresa, Tempe Downs and Titree Basins in the Alice Springs District, DH Glenmore-1 drilled 160 km north of Broken Hill and an unnamed borehole (RN 16861) drilled near Mt. Wedge in western New South Wales 252
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CRCLEME Cooperative Research Centre
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Electronic copies of the publicatio
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and, for Tertiary continental seque
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2. Analysis of a Plio-Pleistocene l
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Table A (cont.) Basin and related s
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Figure A: Generalised climatic curv
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Carpenter, R.J., Hill, R.S., Greenw
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Hill, S.M., Eggleton, R.A. and Tayl
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Macphail, M.K. and Stone, M.S., 200
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Swenson, U., Backlund, McLoughlin,
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This review prese
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Temperature Climates in palaeo-sout
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SUMMARY OF INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALA
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INTRODUCTION Mineral resources, whe
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Professor B. Balme (Geology Departm
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Section 7 (Tertiary climates) This
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vegetation. Moreover, individual ta
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1.3 Flora, vegetation and climate 1
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TABLE 2: Classification of vegetati
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Figure 2: Relationship of different
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Accordingly, only at sites with exc
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2.1.3 Palaeoecology Palaeoecology i
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wind-pollinated trees and shrubs bu
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1. The usual practice of equating t
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1. Palaeontological evidence Like p
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5. Facies architecture and lithostr
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Subsequent developments include mel
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SECTION 4 (GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES AN
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SECTION 5 (EARLY CRETACEOUS CLIMATE
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events on other continents and sugg
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If these considerations apply to th
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surrounding basins. Thick sands ero
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Haig and Lynch 1993, Erbacher et al
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SECTION 6 (LATE CRETACEOUS CLIMATES
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has highlighted the roles played by
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6.4.2 Palaeobotany Cenomanian flora
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Palaeo-southern Australia Dryland c
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6.7 Time Slice K-6. Late Campanian-
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7.1. Global backdrop SECTION 7 (TER
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Explanations for the PETM are centr
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East Antarctica and strengthening o
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amplifying, pacing and potentially
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southeastern Australia than elsewhe
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7.4 Time Slice T-1. Paleocene [65-5
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Palaeo-southern Australia Unlike no
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Palaeo-central Australia As for the
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7.6.2 Palaeobotany The palaeobotani
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Zone microfloras imply temporary wa
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in the Bass Basin, the basal Seaspr
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Similarly it is difficult to summar
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However, the data are emphatic that
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margin of plateau were cooler (~7 0
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fossil taxa that are morphologicall
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during Late Pleistocene glacial max
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SECTION 8 (CONCLUSIONS) Climatic in
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• On present indications, Early C
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TABLE 8a: INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALAE
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8.2 Results in prospect (recommenda
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The 10 μm sieved, oxidised extract
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phenology. The method also provides
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SECTION 9 (REFERENCES) Acton, G.D.
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Ashley, P.M., Duncan, R.A. and Feeb
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Birks, H.J.B. and Gordon, A.D., 198
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Burnham, R.J., 1989. Relationships
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Clarke, J.D.A., 1994. Evolution of
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Dettmann, M.E. and Playford, G., 19
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Evans, P.R., 1970b. Palynology of H
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Godthelp, H., Archer, M., Cifelli,
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Harris, W.K., 1974. Biostratigraphy
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Hill, R.S., 1994b. Nothofagus smith
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Holland, S.M. and Patzkowsky, M.E.,
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Australia: paleoceanographic implic
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Lindsay, J.M. and Harris, W.K., 196
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Macphail, M.K., Colhoun, E.A. and F
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McGowran, B. and Beecroft, A., 1985
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Morgan, R., 1977. Palynology of Ter
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Abstracts of the Annual General Mee
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Raymo, M.E., Grant, B., Horowitz, M
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Sereno, P.C., 1999. The evolution o
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Taylor, G., 1998. Prediction of mod
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Webb, L.G., 1968. Environmental rel
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Zachos, J.C., Stott, L.D. and Lohma
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APPENDIX 1 CRETACEOUS DATA 167
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1. TIME SLICE K-1 Age Range: Berria
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Australian assemblages, located on
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2. Officer Basin Dinoflagellates in
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2. TIME SLICE K-2 Age Range: Aptian
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Inferred climate The combined data
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Dettmann et al. (1992) have argued
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3. TIME SLICE K-3 Age Range: Cenoma
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3.2.2 North-East Australia 1. Carpe
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4. TIME SLICE K-4 Age Range: Turoni
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1. Otway Basin Limited data (Macpha
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5. TIME SLICE K-5 Age Range: Early
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Inferred climate The data indicate
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6. TIME SLICE K-6 Age Range: Late C
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Contrary to global cooling trends d
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Inferred climate The relatively goo
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Inferred climate As for regions to
Page 202 and 203: APPENDIX 2 TERTIARY DATA 201
Page 204 and 205: 1. TIME SLICE T-1 Age Range: Paleoc
Page 206 and 207: also include relatively frequent No
Page 208 and 209: Inferred climate Some differences b
Page 210 and 211: Microfloras preserved in the Lower
Page 212 and 213: subtropical affinities are rare, hi
Page 214 and 215: 2. TIME SLICE T-2 Age Range: Early
Page 216 and 217: Inferred climate Climates appear to
Page 218 and 219: northern New South Wales. The assem
Page 220 and 221: 2.2.5 Central southern Australia Ha
Page 222 and 223: a number of distinctive Proteaceae
Page 224 and 225: Inferred climate The Regatta Point
Page 226 and 227: 3. TIME SLICE T-3 Age Range: Middle
Page 228 and 229: 2. Lake Torrens Basin Abundant leaf
Page 230 and 231: Dominance is highly variable. For e
Page 232 and 233: types (M.K. Macphail unpubl. data).
Page 234 and 235: Dacrycarpus), Euphorbiaceae (Austro
Page 236 and 237: (possibly upper mesotherm) and drie
Page 238 and 239: Basin) on the Eyre Peninsula (Alley
Page 240 and 241: explanation is that a warm water gy
Page 242 and 243: several taxa, which first appear in
Page 244 and 245: 4. TIME SLICE T-4 Age Range: Oligoc
Page 246 and 247: Inferred climate The southern limit
Page 248 and 249: The lowest and possibly the oldest
Page 250 and 251: Dominants include fresh to brackish
Page 254 and 255: (Morgan 1977, McMinn 1981a, Martin
Page 256 and 257: common (up to 5-6%) in the middle s
Page 258 and 259: Polypodiaceae, Palmae (Dicolpopolli
Page 260 and 261: Strasburgeriaceae. Proprietary info
Page 262 and 263: Rare taxa which first appear in the
Page 264 and 265: Correlative microfloras in the onsh
Page 266 and 267: impression of floristic impoverishm
Page 268 and 269: (Lophosoria) reached Tasmania befor
Page 270 and 271: 2. Otway Basin Oxygen isotope strat
Page 272 and 273: 5. TIME SLICE T-5 Age Range: Late M
Page 274 and 275: Casuarinaceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeoca
Page 276 and 277: maximum temperature of the hottest
Page 278 and 279: Nothofagus-gymnosperm temperate rai
Page 280: 5.2.7 Tasmania Late Neogene sedimen
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