OFR 151.pdf - CRC LEME

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explanation is that a warm water gyre had developed in the shallow waters of the Great Australian Bight during the late Middle Eocene (cf. James and Bone 2000). 3.2.6 South-East Australia 1. Southeastern Highlands of New South Wales Araucariaceae (chiefly Agathis/Wollemia) dominate a probable earliest possible Middle Eocene (Lower Nothofagidites asperus Zone Equivalent) microflora from Bungonia on the Southern Tablelands south of Sydney (Truswell and Owen 1998). Otherwise gymnosperms are uncommon, with the most frequently recorded genera being Microcachrys (2%) and Podocarpus-Prumnopitys (3%). The Podocarpaceae include Dacrydium, Halocarpus, Phyllocladus and two extinct genera: Dacrycarpus and Lagarostrobos are absent. Cryptogams are uncommon, with the only frequent taxa being Blechnaceae and Cyatheaceae. The angiosperm component, which comprises >70% of the count, is much more diverse with the dominance shared between unidentified tricolporates (11%), Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. (11%) and Casuarinaceae (5%). Frequent (1-5%) types include Palmae (Arecipites), Ascarina, Cupanieae, Ilex, non-eucalypt Myrtaceae, Nothofagus (Lophozonia), Proteaceae (diverse), Santalum and Trimeniaceae. Rare taxa include Sphagnum, Cyathea, Calochlaena/Culcita, Dicksonia, Hemitelia, Osmundaceae, Polypodiaceae, Ephedra, Anacolosa (Anacolosidites acutullus, A. luteoides), Palmae (Arecipites, Dicolpopollis), Ericales, Euphorbiaceae (Austrobuxus-type), Eucalyptus? (Myrtaceidites tenuis), Loranthaceae, Nothofagus (Fuscospora, Nothofagus), Onagraceae, Pandanaceae (Freycinetia), Proteaceae (Banksia/Dryandra, Beauprea, Musgraveinae, Telopea, Xylomelum occidentale-type), Restionaceae and Tiliaceae. Interpreting the parent vegetation in modern terms is difficult because of (1) the wide ecological tolerances of presumed dominants and (2) the presence of taxa that have not been recorded elsewhere. Some taxa that would be expected to occur, e.g. Sapotaceae, are absent. Others taxa have now mutually exclusive ecological distributions, e.g. Palmae and Nothofagus (Lophozonia), or have time distributions that do not overlap in the Gippsland Basin, e.g. Myrtaceidites tenuis, Onagraceae and Tiliaceae. On present indications the most likely interpretation is that palaeovegetation was a form of warm temperate rainforest that included now-extinct ecotypes of plants found in modern cool temperate and subtropical rainforests. Inferred Climate Climates are interpreted to have been seasonally wet to very wet (perhumid) with mean annual temperatures in the mesotherm range. 2. Otway Basin Sediments deposited in the eastern Otway basin include the upper Wangerrip and lower Nirrandra Groups. However, little information is available regarding Lower or Middle Nothofagidites asperus Zone Equivalent microfloras that may be preserved in these formations. Low diversity possible Middle-Late Eocene microfloras have been recovered from the Anglesea-1 and Nerita-1 wells drilled in the Torquay Sub-basin (M.K. Macphail unpubl. results). The dominant taxon usually is Nothofagus (Brassospora) although one or more of Araucariaceae (Araucaria), Podocarpaceae (including Lagarostrobos, Podocarpus- Prumnopitys), Casuarinaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Nothofagus (Fuscospora), Proteaceae and unidentified tricolporate types and fern spores (Cyatheaceae) may also be frequent to common. Rare taxa include Sphagnum, Araucariaceae (Agathis/Wollemia), Podocarpaceae 239
(Dacrycarpus, Dacrydium), Cupanieae, Droseraceae, Ericales, Ilex, Loranthaceae (Tricolpites thomasii), Meliaceae (Dysoxylum), Nothofagus (Lophozonia, Nothofagus), Proteaceae (including Triorites magnificus), Restionaceae (Milfordia homeopunctata), Santalum and Sapotaceae. Much more diverse microfloras are preserved in precisely dated marine clays, greensands and marls at Browns Creek (Shafik and Idnurm 1997) but again few data are available. Inferred Climate The data confirm that climates were relatively cool (lower mesotherm range) and wet to very wet (perhumid), but rainfall may have been weakly seasonal given the frequent occurrence of Nothofagus (Fuscospora) and Araucariaceae. 3. Murray Basin Microfloras of possible Middle Eocene and confirmed Late Eocene (Middle Nothofagidites asperus Zone Equivalent) age are widely preserved at depth (Buccleugh and basal Olney Formations) throughout the basin and adjacent areas in inland New South Wales. Detailed reports or reviews of microfloras and pollen sequences, which illustrate changes in the relative abundance of commonly occurring taxa during the Late Eocene, have been published for the western (Truswell et al. 1985, McMinn 1986b), central (Macphail and Truswell 1989, 1993, Macphail 1999) and eastern (Harris and Morgan 1976, Martin 1987, 1993) sectors of the basin. With few exceptions the Late Eocene assemblages are very diverse and usually dominated by Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp., with lesser amounts of Podocarpaceae (chiefly Lagarostrobos and Podocarpus-Prumnopitys), Casuarinaceae and other (unspecified) angiosperms (see Fig. 8 in Martin 1993). Araucariaceae, Myrtaceae, Proteaceae and cryptogams are relatively rare. Lagarostrobos and very diverse Proteaceae are more common in the south-east, Myrtaceae in the north-east, and Araucariaceae in the west of the basin. Cyperaceae and Sparganiaceae are consistently less frequent than in the Oligo-Miocene, including in the strongly marineinfluenced south-west of the basin. Rare types include extinct taxa that appear to have required warm conditions (Triorites magnificus) as well as taxa with mesotherm NLRs, e.g. Anacolosa (Anacolosidites acutullus, A. luteoides, A. sectus), Apocynaceae (Alyxia), Palmae, (Arecipites, Dicolpopollis), Caesalpinaceae, Malpighiaceae, Rubiaceae (Canthium), Santalum and Sapotaceae. Inferred Climate Martin (1993) has proposed that systematic variation in the these groups of ecologically related taxa reflect both climatic gradients and edaphic effects related to topography, with Nothofagus occupying the drier sites and gymnosperms such as Lagarostrobos occupying areas that were periodically inundated by freshwater. More generally, the data point to a heterogeneous mosaic of floristically complex evergreen rainforest types growing under year round high (perhumid) rainfall and cool to warm (mesotherm range) temperatures. 4. Gippsland Basin Lower-Middle Nothofagidites asperus Zone sediments are routinely intersected in exploration wells drilled in the offshore Gippsland (upper Latrobe Group) Basin. These range from marginal marine facies to thick coal measures. Correlatives of the latter include the Traralgon-2 Seam, Yallourn, in the onshore Gippsland Basin. In excess of 100 taxa have been identified in the Gippsland Basin and many species have been described using specimens from this basin (Cookson and Pike 1954, Stover and Partridge 1973). However, 240
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CRCLEME Cooperative Research Centre
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Electronic copies of the publicatio
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and, for Tertiary continental seque
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2. Analysis of a Plio-Pleistocene l
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Table A (cont.) Basin and related s
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Figure A: Generalised climatic curv
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Carpenter, R.J., Hill, R.S., Greenw
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Hill, S.M., Eggleton, R.A. and Tayl
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Macphail, M.K. and Stone, M.S., 200
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Swenson, U., Backlund, McLoughlin,
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This review prese
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Temperature Climates in palaeo-sout
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SUMMARY OF INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALA
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INTRODUCTION Mineral resources, whe
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Professor B. Balme (Geology Departm
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Section 7 (Tertiary climates) This
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vegetation. Moreover, individual ta
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1.3 Flora, vegetation and climate 1
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TABLE 2: Classification of vegetati
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Figure 2: Relationship of different
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Accordingly, only at sites with exc
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2.1.3 Palaeoecology Palaeoecology i
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wind-pollinated trees and shrubs bu
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1. The usual practice of equating t
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1. Palaeontological evidence Like p
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5. Facies architecture and lithostr
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Subsequent developments include mel
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SECTION 4 (GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES AN
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SECTION 5 (EARLY CRETACEOUS CLIMATE
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events on other continents and sugg
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If these considerations apply to th
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surrounding basins. Thick sands ero
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Haig and Lynch 1993, Erbacher et al
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SECTION 6 (LATE CRETACEOUS CLIMATES
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has highlighted the roles played by
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6.4.2 Palaeobotany Cenomanian flora
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Palaeo-southern Australia Dryland c
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6.7 Time Slice K-6. Late Campanian-
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7.1. Global backdrop SECTION 7 (TER
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Explanations for the PETM are centr
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East Antarctica and strengthening o
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amplifying, pacing and potentially
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southeastern Australia than elsewhe
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7.4 Time Slice T-1. Paleocene [65-5
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Palaeo-southern Australia Unlike no
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Palaeo-central Australia As for the
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7.6.2 Palaeobotany The palaeobotani
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Zone microfloras imply temporary wa
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in the Bass Basin, the basal Seaspr
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Similarly it is difficult to summar
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However, the data are emphatic that
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margin of plateau were cooler (~7 0
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fossil taxa that are morphologicall
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during Late Pleistocene glacial max
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SECTION 8 (CONCLUSIONS) Climatic in
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• On present indications, Early C
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TABLE 8a: INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALAE
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8.2 Results in prospect (recommenda
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The 10 μm sieved, oxidised extract
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phenology. The method also provides
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SECTION 9 (REFERENCES) Acton, G.D.
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Ashley, P.M., Duncan, R.A. and Feeb
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Birks, H.J.B. and Gordon, A.D., 198
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Burnham, R.J., 1989. Relationships
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Clarke, J.D.A., 1994. Evolution of
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Dettmann, M.E. and Playford, G., 19
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Evans, P.R., 1970b. Palynology of H
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Godthelp, H., Archer, M., Cifelli,
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Harris, W.K., 1974. Biostratigraphy
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Hill, R.S., 1994b. Nothofagus smith
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Holland, S.M. and Patzkowsky, M.E.,
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Australia: paleoceanographic implic
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Lindsay, J.M. and Harris, W.K., 196
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Macphail, M.K., Colhoun, E.A. and F
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McGowran, B. and Beecroft, A., 1985
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Morgan, R., 1977. Palynology of Ter
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Abstracts of the Annual General Mee
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Raymo, M.E., Grant, B., Horowitz, M
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Sereno, P.C., 1999. The evolution o
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Taylor, G., 1998. Prediction of mod
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Webb, L.G., 1968. Environmental rel
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Zachos, J.C., Stott, L.D. and Lohma
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APPENDIX 1 CRETACEOUS DATA 167
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1. TIME SLICE K-1 Age Range: Berria
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Australian assemblages, located on
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2. Officer Basin Dinoflagellates in
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2. TIME SLICE K-2 Age Range: Aptian
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Inferred climate The combined data
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Dettmann et al. (1992) have argued
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3. TIME SLICE K-3 Age Range: Cenoma
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3.2.2 North-East Australia 1. Carpe
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4. TIME SLICE K-4 Age Range: Turoni
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1. Otway Basin Limited data (Macpha
Page 190 and 191: 5. TIME SLICE K-5 Age Range: Early
Page 192 and 193: Inferred climate The data indicate
Page 194 and 195: 6. TIME SLICE K-6 Age Range: Late C
Page 196 and 197: Contrary to global cooling trends d
Page 198 and 199: Inferred climate The relatively goo
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Page 202 and 203: APPENDIX 2 TERTIARY DATA 201
Page 204 and 205: 1. TIME SLICE T-1 Age Range: Paleoc
Page 206 and 207: also include relatively frequent No
Page 208 and 209: Inferred climate Some differences b
Page 210 and 211: Microfloras preserved in the Lower
Page 212 and 213: subtropical affinities are rare, hi
Page 214 and 215: 2. TIME SLICE T-2 Age Range: Early
Page 216 and 217: Inferred climate Climates appear to
Page 218 and 219: northern New South Wales. The assem
Page 220 and 221: 2.2.5 Central southern Australia Ha
Page 222 and 223: a number of distinctive Proteaceae
Page 224 and 225: Inferred climate The Regatta Point
Page 226 and 227: 3. TIME SLICE T-3 Age Range: Middle
Page 228 and 229: 2. Lake Torrens Basin Abundant leaf
Page 230 and 231: Dominance is highly variable. For e
Page 232 and 233: types (M.K. Macphail unpubl. data).
Page 234 and 235: Dacrycarpus), Euphorbiaceae (Austro
Page 236 and 237: (possibly upper mesotherm) and drie
Page 238 and 239: Basin) on the Eyre Peninsula (Alley
Page 242 and 243: several taxa, which first appear in
Page 244 and 245: 4. TIME SLICE T-4 Age Range: Oligoc
Page 246 and 247: Inferred climate The southern limit
Page 248 and 249: The lowest and possibly the oldest
Page 250 and 251: Dominants include fresh to brackish
Page 252 and 253: Based on the relative abundance of
Page 254 and 255: (Morgan 1977, McMinn 1981a, Martin
Page 256 and 257: common (up to 5-6%) in the middle s
Page 258 and 259: Polypodiaceae, Palmae (Dicolpopolli
Page 260 and 261: Strasburgeriaceae. Proprietary info
Page 262 and 263: Rare taxa which first appear in the
Page 264 and 265: Correlative microfloras in the onsh
Page 266 and 267: impression of floristic impoverishm
Page 268 and 269: (Lophosoria) reached Tasmania befor
Page 270 and 271: 2. Otway Basin Oxygen isotope strat
Page 272 and 273: 5. TIME SLICE T-5 Age Range: Late M
Page 274 and 275: Casuarinaceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeoca
Page 276 and 277: maximum temperature of the hottest
Page 278 and 279: Nothofagus-gymnosperm temperate rai
Page 280: 5.2.7 Tasmania Late Neogene sedimen
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