OFR 151.pdf - CRC LEME

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Basin) on the Eyre Peninsula (Alley 1993, Rowett 1997b) and at Port Pirie near the head of Spencer Gulf (Harris 1971b). Data from the St. Vincent Basin comes from marine and nonmarine sediments at Maslin Bay (North Maslin Sands) and on the Adelaide Plains, Fleurieu Peninsula (Harris 1964a, 1965b, 1985, Alley and Broadbridge 1992). 1. Duntroon Basin Middle Eocene, Lower Nothofagidites asperus Zone Equivalent and Late Eocene, Middle N. asperus Zone Equivalent microfloras are recorded in Vivonne-1 and Greenly-1 wells (Morgan and Hooker 1993b, 1993d), and Troas-1 and Borda-1 wells (Morgan and Hooker 1993a, 1993c), respectively. The dominant taxon is Nothofagus (Brassospora). Other frequent to common types are ground ferns (Cyathidites, Gleicheniaceae), Araucariaceae (Agathis/Wollemia), Podocarpaceae (Dacrydium, Podosporites), Cupanieae, extinct Proteaceae (including Proteacidites pachypolus), Euphorbiaceae and Casuarinaceae. Rare taxa include Sphagnum, Podocarpaceae (Lagarostrobos, Microcachrys) Anacolosa (Anacolosidites acutullus) and some Proteaceae with close living relatives (Beauprea, Xylomelum occidentale-type. 2. Polda Trough and surrounds Triorites magnificus demonstrates that assemblages from Venus Bay in the Polda Trough are Late Eocene, Middle Nothofagidites asperus Zone Equivalent. Pollen dominance is variable, with the only common to abundant taxa being ferns (Cyathidites), Araucariaceae (Araucaria), Podocarpaceae (Lagarostrobos), Casuarinaceae, Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp., Proteaceae and Myrtaceae. Nypa is sporadically well represented. W. Harris (undated) reports abundant Nothofagus in marginal marine sediments from Streaky Bay between the Eucla and Polda Basin. A probable correlative microflora from Tarcoola ca. 200 km north of Streaky Bay is dominated by Nothofagus (Brassospora) with common Casuarinaceae and Myrtaceae (Alley 1983b). The latter include the putative eucalypt Myrtaceidites tenuis as well as Eucalyptus sensu stricto (M. eucalyptoides). Gymnosperms include Araucariaceae (Araucaria) and Podocarpaceae (Dacrydium, Lagarostrobos, Microcachrys, Phyllocladus) but none are listed as being frequent. Rare angiosperms include Cupanieae, Ericales, Santalum and (diverse) Proteaceae. Microfloras from 147.8-160 m in a bore at Port Pirie are no older than Middle Eocene, based on Nothofagidites falcatus and Proteacidites reticulatus, and may be Late Eocene based on the high relative abundance of Nothofagus. Estimates of relative abundance for other taxa are not provided but the species composition and high diversity of Nothofagus, Proteaceae and tricolporate types are comparable with Middle Nothofagidites asperus Zone Equivalent microfloras elsewhere in South Australia. 3. Tallaringa Trough Pitt et al. (1976) have recorded marine dinoflagellates (1-5%) and Triorites magnificus in Nothofagus (Brassospora)-dominated microfloras from the Tallaringa Trough – demonstrating that saltwater extended up to 200 km inland of the present-day coastline in the Bight during the Late Eocene. Harris and Foster (1972) report a Nothofagus (Brassospora)- Proteaceae microflora of possible Late Eocene age from the Mt. Wedge area on the northern Eyre Peninsula. 4. St. Vincent Basin Differentiating between Middle and Late Eocene microfloras preserved in the St. Vincent Basin, Fleurieu Peninsula, is complicated by presence of early Middle Eocene (Lower Nothofagidites asperus Zone Equivalent) foraminifera in some microfloras that include the 237
index species of the Middle N. asperus Zone, Triorites magnificus (cf. Lindsay and Harris 1964, McGowran et al. 1970, Alley and Broadbridge 1992). Examples occur in the North Maslin Sand, Maslin Beach, and outliers at Golden Grove (Alley 1987) and One Tree Hill (Alley and Broadbridge 1992) in the Willunga Embayment. Correlative formations are routinely intersected on the northern Adelaide Plain, e.g. Harris (1964a, 1965b). Microfloras recovered from the North Maslin Sand (Noarlunga sandpit) are dominated by Proteaceae (abundant, diverse), Casuarinaceae and Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. (common) and Cupanieae (frequent) (M.K. Macphail unpubl. data). Rare taxa include Podocarpaceae (Dacrycarpus, Dacrydium, Lagarostrobos, Podosporites sp. cf. Microstrobos), Anacolosa (Anacolosidites luteoides, A. sectus), Palmae (Arecipites), Caesalpinaceae, Didymelaceae, Euphorbiaceae (Austrobuxus-type, Micrantheum), Ilex, Loranthaceae, Nothofagus (Fuscospora, Lophozonia, Nothofagus), Pandanaceae (Freycinetia), Polygalaceae, Restionaceae (Milfordia homeopunctata), Santalum, Sapotaceae and Trimeniaceae. Cryptogams are uncommon. Conversely, cryptogams are common at Golden Grove and One Tree Hill where fern spores (Blechnaceae, Calochlaena/Culcita, Cyathidites, Gleicheniaceae, Osmundaceae, Polypodiaceae) comprise up to 52% of some assemblages. Podocarpus-Prumnopitys is frequent (up to 8%). Otherwise, pollen dominance and species composition is similar to the Noarlunga sandpit microfloras. Rare taxa not recorded at Noarlunga include Araucariaceae (Araucaria, Agathis/Wollemia), Podocarpaceae (Halocarpus), Ascarina, Triorites magnificus and a plethora of undescribed tricolporate types. Triorites magnificus is recorded at One Tree Hill and is present in other boreholes drilled ca. 3-4 km east of Maslin Bay (Harris 1964a, 1974) where it is associated with Dicksonia, Podocarpaceae (Dacrycarpus, Dacrydium, Lagarostrobos, Podocarpus-Prumnopitys) Anacolosa (Anacolosidites acutullus, A. luteoides), Ascarina, Cupanieae, Euphorbiaceae, Ilex, Loranthaceae, diverse Proteaceae, Santalum and Sapotaceae. Correlative microfloras (with Triorites magnificus) from the northern Adelaide Plains are dominated by Nothofagus (Brassospora) and Proteaceae. Rare taxa include Cyatheaceae, Anacolosa (Anacolosidites acutullus), Cupanieae, Loranthaceae, Myrtaceae (including Eucalyptus), Nothofagus (Fuscospora, Lophozonia), Proteaceae (including Banksia/Dryandra, Beauprea, Isopogon and extinct species such as Proteacidites reticulatus) and Santalum. Inferred Climate The presence of both Nypa and Nothofagus (Brassospora)-Lagarostrobos rainforest in the Polda Basin is difficult to reconcile given the former imply very warm-hot (upper mesothermmegatherm) conditions whilst the latter indicate mean annual temperatures were within the lower mesotherm range. Assuming that Nypa pollen are in situ, i.e. not reworked from Early Eocene deposits, the most likely explanation is that sea surface temperatures within sheltered embayments in the Bight were warm relative to air temperatures. The record is an important one as it supports other data for existence of a warm water gyre within the Bight during Late Eocene. Conversely, the high relative abundance of Nothofagus at Tarcoola implies relatively cool (lower mesotherm) and uniformly wet (perhumid) conditions on the margins of the Gawler Craton. The Maslin Bay Sand microfloras closely resemble those found in the Eucla and Gippsland Basins during the Late Eocene and almost certainly represent similar relatively warm (mesotherm range) and uniformly wet (perhumid) climates. This may reflect the local influence of, for example, warm SSTs within the St. Vincents Gulf. Support for this is provided by the possibly early, widespread presence of thermophilous taxa such as Anacolosidites sectus and Triorites magnificus. If correct, then again the most probable 238
Page 1 and 2:
CRCLEME Cooperative Research Centre
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Electronic copies of the publicatio
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and, for Tertiary continental seque
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2. Analysis of a Plio-Pleistocene l
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Table A (cont.) Basin and related s
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Figure A: Generalised climatic curv
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Carpenter, R.J., Hill, R.S., Greenw
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Hill, S.M., Eggleton, R.A. and Tayl
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Macphail, M.K. and Stone, M.S., 200
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Swenson, U., Backlund, McLoughlin,
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This review prese
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Temperature Climates in palaeo-sout
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SUMMARY OF INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALA
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INTRODUCTION Mineral resources, whe
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Professor B. Balme (Geology Departm
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Section 7 (Tertiary climates) This
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vegetation. Moreover, individual ta
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1.3 Flora, vegetation and climate 1
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TABLE 2: Classification of vegetati
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Figure 2: Relationship of different
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Accordingly, only at sites with exc
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2.1.3 Palaeoecology Palaeoecology i
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wind-pollinated trees and shrubs bu
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1. The usual practice of equating t
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1. Palaeontological evidence Like p
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5. Facies architecture and lithostr
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Subsequent developments include mel
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SECTION 4 (GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES AN
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SECTION 5 (EARLY CRETACEOUS CLIMATE
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events on other continents and sugg
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If these considerations apply to th
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surrounding basins. Thick sands ero
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Haig and Lynch 1993, Erbacher et al
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SECTION 6 (LATE CRETACEOUS CLIMATES
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has highlighted the roles played by
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6.4.2 Palaeobotany Cenomanian flora
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Palaeo-southern Australia Dryland c
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6.7 Time Slice K-6. Late Campanian-
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7.1. Global backdrop SECTION 7 (TER
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Explanations for the PETM are centr
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East Antarctica and strengthening o
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amplifying, pacing and potentially
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southeastern Australia than elsewhe
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7.4 Time Slice T-1. Paleocene [65-5
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Palaeo-southern Australia Unlike no
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Palaeo-central Australia As for the
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7.6.2 Palaeobotany The palaeobotani
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Zone microfloras imply temporary wa
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in the Bass Basin, the basal Seaspr
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Similarly it is difficult to summar
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However, the data are emphatic that
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margin of plateau were cooler (~7 0
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fossil taxa that are morphologicall
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during Late Pleistocene glacial max
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SECTION 8 (CONCLUSIONS) Climatic in
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• On present indications, Early C
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TABLE 8a: INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALAE
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8.2 Results in prospect (recommenda
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The 10 μm sieved, oxidised extract
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phenology. The method also provides
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SECTION 9 (REFERENCES) Acton, G.D.
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Ashley, P.M., Duncan, R.A. and Feeb
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Birks, H.J.B. and Gordon, A.D., 198
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Burnham, R.J., 1989. Relationships
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Clarke, J.D.A., 1994. Evolution of
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Dettmann, M.E. and Playford, G., 19
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Evans, P.R., 1970b. Palynology of H
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Godthelp, H., Archer, M., Cifelli,
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Harris, W.K., 1974. Biostratigraphy
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Hill, R.S., 1994b. Nothofagus smith
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Holland, S.M. and Patzkowsky, M.E.,
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Australia: paleoceanographic implic
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Lindsay, J.M. and Harris, W.K., 196
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Macphail, M.K., Colhoun, E.A. and F
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McGowran, B. and Beecroft, A., 1985
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Morgan, R., 1977. Palynology of Ter
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Abstracts of the Annual General Mee
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Raymo, M.E., Grant, B., Horowitz, M
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Sereno, P.C., 1999. The evolution o
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Taylor, G., 1998. Prediction of mod
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Webb, L.G., 1968. Environmental rel
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Zachos, J.C., Stott, L.D. and Lohma
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APPENDIX 1 CRETACEOUS DATA 167
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1. TIME SLICE K-1 Age Range: Berria
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Australian assemblages, located on
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2. Officer Basin Dinoflagellates in
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2. TIME SLICE K-2 Age Range: Aptian
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Inferred climate The combined data
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Dettmann et al. (1992) have argued
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3. TIME SLICE K-3 Age Range: Cenoma
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3.2.2 North-East Australia 1. Carpe
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4. TIME SLICE K-4 Age Range: Turoni
Page 188 and 189: 1. Otway Basin Limited data (Macpha
Page 190 and 191: 5. TIME SLICE K-5 Age Range: Early
Page 192 and 193: Inferred climate The data indicate
Page 194 and 195: 6. TIME SLICE K-6 Age Range: Late C
Page 196 and 197: Contrary to global cooling trends d
Page 198 and 199: Inferred climate The relatively goo
Page 200 and 201: Inferred climate As for regions to
Page 202 and 203: APPENDIX 2 TERTIARY DATA 201
Page 204 and 205: 1. TIME SLICE T-1 Age Range: Paleoc
Page 206 and 207: also include relatively frequent No
Page 208 and 209: Inferred climate Some differences b
Page 210 and 211: Microfloras preserved in the Lower
Page 212 and 213: subtropical affinities are rare, hi
Page 214 and 215: 2. TIME SLICE T-2 Age Range: Early
Page 216 and 217: Inferred climate Climates appear to
Page 218 and 219: northern New South Wales. The assem
Page 220 and 221: 2.2.5 Central southern Australia Ha
Page 222 and 223: a number of distinctive Proteaceae
Page 224 and 225: Inferred climate The Regatta Point
Page 226 and 227: 3. TIME SLICE T-3 Age Range: Middle
Page 228 and 229: 2. Lake Torrens Basin Abundant leaf
Page 230 and 231: Dominance is highly variable. For e
Page 232 and 233: types (M.K. Macphail unpubl. data).
Page 234 and 235: Dacrycarpus), Euphorbiaceae (Austro
Page 236 and 237: (possibly upper mesotherm) and drie
Page 240 and 241: explanation is that a warm water gy
Page 242 and 243: several taxa, which first appear in
Page 244 and 245: 4. TIME SLICE T-4 Age Range: Oligoc
Page 246 and 247: Inferred climate The southern limit
Page 248 and 249: The lowest and possibly the oldest
Page 250 and 251: Dominants include fresh to brackish
Page 252 and 253: Based on the relative abundance of
Page 254 and 255: (Morgan 1977, McMinn 1981a, Martin
Page 256 and 257: common (up to 5-6%) in the middle s
Page 258 and 259: Polypodiaceae, Palmae (Dicolpopolli
Page 260 and 261: Strasburgeriaceae. Proprietary info
Page 262 and 263: Rare taxa which first appear in the
Page 264 and 265: Correlative microfloras in the onsh
Page 266 and 267: impression of floristic impoverishm
Page 268 and 269: (Lophosoria) reached Tasmania befor
Page 270 and 271: 2. Otway Basin Oxygen isotope strat
Page 272 and 273: 5. TIME SLICE T-5 Age Range: Late M
Page 274 and 275: Casuarinaceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeoca
Page 276 and 277: maximum temperature of the hottest
Page 278 and 279: Nothofagus-gymnosperm temperate rai
Page 280: 5.2.7 Tasmania Late Neogene sedimen
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