OFR 151.pdf - CRC LEME

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(possibly upper mesotherm) and drier (humid) to the south where meandering river systems were bordered by sedge and burr-reed swamps and brackish to freshwater lakes. 3.3.4 South-West Australia Except for three samples from the offshore Carnarvon Basin and adjacent Pilbara region, the microfossil data come from coastal and palaeochannel deposits in southern south-west Australia, e.g. the Officer and Eucla Basins and southern margin of the Yilgarn Craton. The majority of described and undescribed species are found in Late Eocene microfloras in southeastern Australia (cf. Stover and Partridge 1982). 1. Carnarvon Basin Basal to early Middle Eocene microfloras recovered from Alpha North-1 in the Carnarvon Basin are dominated by dinoflagellates but two cuttings samples (1060-1105 m) yielded statistically significant numbers of spores and pollen (M.K. Macphail unpubl. data). These imply the coastal plain vegetation was dominated by Casuarinaceae, Proteaceae (diverse, including Proteacidites pachypolus) and unidentified tricolporate types, with a variable presence of ferns (Cyathidites), gymnosperms (Araucaria, Agathis/Wollemia, Dacrydium, Podocarpus-Prumnopitys) and sclerophyll angiosperms such as Euphorbiaceae (Austrobuxus) and Myrtaceae (Myrtaceidites parvus-mesonesus but also including a possible Eucalyptus). Rare taxa include Cyathea, Gleicheniaceae, Pteris, Ephedra, Dicksoniaceae, Anacolosa (Anacolosidites acutullus), Palmae (Arecipites), Banksia/Dryandra, Cupanieae, Liliaceae (Liliacidites bainii), Nothofagus (Brassospora), N. (Fuscospora), Restionaceae (Milfordia homeopunctata), Sapindaceae (Dodonaea), and Stylidiaceae (Tricolpites stylidioides). 2. Pilbara region A possible Late Eocene palynoflora is preserved at Glenflorrie on the lowland plain between the Hamersley Ranges and the Exmouth Gulf in the Pilbara region (Truswell 1987b). The microflora is dominated by Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. (47%), Casuarinaceae (25%), Proteaceae (~7%) and a periporate type that may represent Trimeniaceae (3%). Rare taxa include Gleicheniaceae, Podocarpaceae (Dacrydium, Lagarostrobos, Microcachrys), Agavaceae (Phormium), Palmae (Arecipites), Cupanieae, Ericales, Escalloniaceae (Quintinia), Euphorbiaceae, Gyrostemonaceae (Gyropollis psilatus), Restionaceae (Milfordia spp.), and Santalaceae (Santalumidites cainozoicus). The association of Santalumidites cainozoicus (Santalaceae) and Proteacidites reticulatus (Ungeria) makes it improbable that the flora is older than Middle Eocene although it could be as young as Oligo-Miocene if these taxa survived into Neogene time in northwestern Australia. For example, Santalum spp. are widespread in the present-day floras of Western and South Australia and the Northern Territory. The Glenflorrie assemblage appears to mark the northwestern limit reached by Nothofagus during the Tertiary in Australia. Inferred Climate Rainfall was adequate (humid) to support wetland communities but the mixture of sclerophyll and rainforest trees suggests precipitation in the northern Carnarvon Basin was high (perhumid) but strongly seasonal. Since palms such as Nypa are no longer recorded, mean temperatures were cooler (lower mesotherm) than in northwestern Australia. Microflora from the adjacent Pilbara region is likely to represent at least two geographically distinct vegetation types: Nothofagus temperate rainforest communities growing at higher elevations on the Hamersley Ranges (max. elevation 700-950 m) and warm temperatesubtropical rainforest communities lining rivers on the coastal plain. If correct, conditions in the uplands were relatively cool (lower mesotherm) and uniformly wet (perhumid) possibly 235
due to orographic uplift of moist air masses whilst conditions in the lowlands were relatively warm (possibly upper mesotherm) and with a stronger seasonal bias. 3. Officer Basin Probable Middle-Late Eocene microfloras from Poynton Creek-2 borehole (Officer Basin), include Proteacidites pachypolus (Backhouse 1986). 4. Norseman District Diverse Nothofagus (Brassospora)-Casuarinaceae dominated microfloras preserved in fluvial sediments at the base of palaeochannels in the Norseman area, are similar to those found in the Bremer and Eucla Basins (Backhouse 1978, 1989, M.K. Macphail unpubl. results). Intact anther sacs (from intact flowers) confirm the local presence of Nothofagus and other taxa such as Anacardiaceae and Proteaceae (Proteacidites pachypolus) in the riparian flora. 5. Eucla Basin Exceptionally diverse (up to 200 identifiable taxa) microfloras of Middle Nothofagidites asperus Zone Equivalent age are preserved in marginal marine facies in the Werrillup Formation in south-west Western Australia and on the eastern margin of the basin (Crae-2, Ooldea Range-6) in south-west South Australia (Stover and Partridge 1982, Milne 1988, Alley and Benbow 1989, Alley and Beecroft 1993). Cookson (1954) and Balme and Churchill (1959) have recorded probable Late Eocene Nothofagus (Brassospora)- Casuarinaceae dominated microfloras in marine-influenced facies in the Nornalup-Denmark and Coolgardie districts, respectively. Palynological dominance is shared between Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. (up to 60%) and Casuarinaceae (up to 35%), associated with significant relative abundances of Dacrydium (up to 16%), Lagarostrobos (up to 8%), Podocarpus-Prumnopitys (up to 10%), Euphorbiaceae (up to 8%), Myrtaceae (up to 12%), Proteaceae (up to 10%), Restionaceae (up to 12%), Trimeniaceae (up to 6%) and Xylomelum occidentale-type (up to 8%). Rare to sporadically frequent taxa include: Sphagnum, Lycopodiaceae, Cyathea, Dicksonia, Pteris, Araucariaceae (Araucaria, Agathis), Ephedra, Podocarpaceae (Dacrycarpus, Halocarpus, Microcachrys, Phyllocladus, Podosporites), Anacardiaceae, Anacolosa (Anacolosidites sectus), Ascarina, Caesalpinaceae, Cunoniaceae (including Gillbeea), Cupanieae, Cyperaceae, Didymelaceae, Ericales, Ilex, Liliaceae, Loranthaceae (Gothanipollis, Tricolpites thomasii), Meliaceae (Dysoxylum), Mimosaceae (Archidendron-type), Myrtaceae (including Eucalyptus and ?Eugenia), Nothofagus (Fuscospora), N. (Lophozonia) spp., Onagraceae, Pandanaceae (Freycinetia), Poaceae, Phormium, Polygalaceae, Rubiaceae (Canthium, Coprosma), Santalum, Sapotaceae, Sparganiaceae (Aglaoreidia), Strasburgeriaceae, and very diverse Proteaceae (including Banksia/Dryandra, Beauprea, Musgraveinae, Telopea). A number of these do not appear in southeastern Australia until Early Oligocene time, e.g. Archidendrontype and Onagraceae. Most have NLRs in warm temperate rainforest to tropical montane (mesotherm) vegetation types. Inferred Climate The combined evidence indicates relatively cool (lower mesotherm) climates with probable high year round high humidity. 3.2.5 Central southern Australia Sparse Middle to Late Eocene microfloras are preserved in offshore wells in the Duntroon Basin. More diverse microfloras are preserved in marginal marine facies at Venus Bay (Polda 236
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CRCLEME Cooperative Research Centre
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Electronic copies of the publicatio
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and, for Tertiary continental seque
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2. Analysis of a Plio-Pleistocene l
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Table A (cont.) Basin and related s
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Figure A: Generalised climatic curv
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Carpenter, R.J., Hill, R.S., Greenw
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Hill, S.M., Eggleton, R.A. and Tayl
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Macphail, M.K. and Stone, M.S., 200
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Swenson, U., Backlund, McLoughlin,
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This review prese
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Temperature Climates in palaeo-sout
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SUMMARY OF INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALA
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INTRODUCTION Mineral resources, whe
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Professor B. Balme (Geology Departm
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Section 7 (Tertiary climates) This
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vegetation. Moreover, individual ta
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1.3 Flora, vegetation and climate 1
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TABLE 2: Classification of vegetati
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Figure 2: Relationship of different
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Accordingly, only at sites with exc
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2.1.3 Palaeoecology Palaeoecology i
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wind-pollinated trees and shrubs bu
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1. The usual practice of equating t
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1. Palaeontological evidence Like p
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5. Facies architecture and lithostr
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Subsequent developments include mel
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SECTION 4 (GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES AN
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SECTION 5 (EARLY CRETACEOUS CLIMATE
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events on other continents and sugg
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If these considerations apply to th
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surrounding basins. Thick sands ero
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Haig and Lynch 1993, Erbacher et al
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SECTION 6 (LATE CRETACEOUS CLIMATES
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has highlighted the roles played by
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6.4.2 Palaeobotany Cenomanian flora
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Palaeo-southern Australia Dryland c
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6.7 Time Slice K-6. Late Campanian-
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7.1. Global backdrop SECTION 7 (TER
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Explanations for the PETM are centr
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East Antarctica and strengthening o
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amplifying, pacing and potentially
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southeastern Australia than elsewhe
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7.4 Time Slice T-1. Paleocene [65-5
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Palaeo-southern Australia Unlike no
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Palaeo-central Australia As for the
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7.6.2 Palaeobotany The palaeobotani
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Zone microfloras imply temporary wa
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in the Bass Basin, the basal Seaspr
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Similarly it is difficult to summar
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However, the data are emphatic that
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margin of plateau were cooler (~7 0
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fossil taxa that are morphologicall
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during Late Pleistocene glacial max
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SECTION 8 (CONCLUSIONS) Climatic in
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• On present indications, Early C
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TABLE 8a: INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALAE
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8.2 Results in prospect (recommenda
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The 10 μm sieved, oxidised extract
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phenology. The method also provides
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SECTION 9 (REFERENCES) Acton, G.D.
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Ashley, P.M., Duncan, R.A. and Feeb
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Birks, H.J.B. and Gordon, A.D., 198
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Burnham, R.J., 1989. Relationships
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Clarke, J.D.A., 1994. Evolution of
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Dettmann, M.E. and Playford, G., 19
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Evans, P.R., 1970b. Palynology of H
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Godthelp, H., Archer, M., Cifelli,
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Harris, W.K., 1974. Biostratigraphy
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Hill, R.S., 1994b. Nothofagus smith
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Holland, S.M. and Patzkowsky, M.E.,
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Australia: paleoceanographic implic
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Lindsay, J.M. and Harris, W.K., 196
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Macphail, M.K., Colhoun, E.A. and F
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McGowran, B. and Beecroft, A., 1985
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Morgan, R., 1977. Palynology of Ter
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Abstracts of the Annual General Mee
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Raymo, M.E., Grant, B., Horowitz, M
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Sereno, P.C., 1999. The evolution o
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Taylor, G., 1998. Prediction of mod
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Webb, L.G., 1968. Environmental rel
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Zachos, J.C., Stott, L.D. and Lohma
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APPENDIX 1 CRETACEOUS DATA 167
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1. TIME SLICE K-1 Age Range: Berria
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Australian assemblages, located on
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2. Officer Basin Dinoflagellates in
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2. TIME SLICE K-2 Age Range: Aptian
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Inferred climate The combined data
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Dettmann et al. (1992) have argued
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3. TIME SLICE K-3 Age Range: Cenoma
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3.2.2 North-East Australia 1. Carpe
Page 186 and 187: 4. TIME SLICE K-4 Age Range: Turoni
Page 188 and 189: 1. Otway Basin Limited data (Macpha
Page 190 and 191: 5. TIME SLICE K-5 Age Range: Early
Page 192 and 193: Inferred climate The data indicate
Page 194 and 195: 6. TIME SLICE K-6 Age Range: Late C
Page 196 and 197: Contrary to global cooling trends d
Page 198 and 199: Inferred climate The relatively goo
Page 200 and 201: Inferred climate As for regions to
Page 202 and 203: APPENDIX 2 TERTIARY DATA 201
Page 204 and 205: 1. TIME SLICE T-1 Age Range: Paleoc
Page 206 and 207: also include relatively frequent No
Page 208 and 209: Inferred climate Some differences b
Page 210 and 211: Microfloras preserved in the Lower
Page 212 and 213: subtropical affinities are rare, hi
Page 214 and 215: 2. TIME SLICE T-2 Age Range: Early
Page 216 and 217: Inferred climate Climates appear to
Page 218 and 219: northern New South Wales. The assem
Page 220 and 221: 2.2.5 Central southern Australia Ha
Page 222 and 223: a number of distinctive Proteaceae
Page 224 and 225: Inferred climate The Regatta Point
Page 226 and 227: 3. TIME SLICE T-3 Age Range: Middle
Page 228 and 229: 2. Lake Torrens Basin Abundant leaf
Page 230 and 231: Dominance is highly variable. For e
Page 232 and 233: types (M.K. Macphail unpubl. data).
Page 234 and 235: Dacrycarpus), Euphorbiaceae (Austro
Page 238 and 239: Basin) on the Eyre Peninsula (Alley
Page 240 and 241: explanation is that a warm water gy
Page 242 and 243: several taxa, which first appear in
Page 244 and 245: 4. TIME SLICE T-4 Age Range: Oligoc
Page 246 and 247: Inferred climate The southern limit
Page 248 and 249: The lowest and possibly the oldest
Page 250 and 251: Dominants include fresh to brackish
Page 252 and 253: Based on the relative abundance of
Page 254 and 255: (Morgan 1977, McMinn 1981a, Martin
Page 256 and 257: common (up to 5-6%) in the middle s
Page 258 and 259: Polypodiaceae, Palmae (Dicolpopolli
Page 260 and 261: Strasburgeriaceae. Proprietary info
Page 262 and 263: Rare taxa which first appear in the
Page 264 and 265: Correlative microfloras in the onsh
Page 266 and 267: impression of floristic impoverishm
Page 268 and 269: (Lophosoria) reached Tasmania befor
Page 270 and 271: 2. Otway Basin Oxygen isotope strat
Page 272 and 273: 5. TIME SLICE T-5 Age Range: Late M
Page 274 and 275: Casuarinaceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeoca
Page 276 and 277: maximum temperature of the hottest
Page 278 and 279: Nothofagus-gymnosperm temperate rai
Page 280: 5.2.7 Tasmania Late Neogene sedimen
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