OFR 151.pdf - CRC LEME

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Dacrycarpus), Euphorbiaceae (Austrobuxus-type), Ericales, non-eucalypt Myrtaceae and Nothofagus (Fuscospora). Taxa occurring in low to trace numbers in most samples are Proteaceae, Sapotaceae, Santalum, Sapotaceae, unidentified tricolporates and two extinct morphotypes (Dicotetradites meridianus, Polyorificites oblatus). Less frequent taxa are: Araucariaceae (Araucaria), Podocarpaceae (Lagarostrobos), Anacolosa (chiefly Anacolosidites sectus), Cupanieae, Euphorbiaceae (Micrantheum), Ilex, Loranthaceae (Gothanipollis, Tricolpites thomasii), Meliaceae (cf. Dysoxylum) Proteaceae (Beauprea, Musgraveinae, Xylomelum occidentale-type) and Sapindaceae (Dodonaea). Rare records include Halocarpus (Parvisaccites catastus), Phyllocladus, Alangiaceae, Palmae (Dicolpopollis), Eucalyptus, Nothofagus (Lophozonia, Nothofagus), Menyanthaceae (Striacolpites laxus), Polygalaceae, Sterculiaceae (Cissus) and Strasburgeriaceae. Occurrences of cryptogam spores are equally variable, with Cyathea (Cyathidites paleospora, C. splendens) being present in many samples and Sphagnum, lycopods, Dicksonia, Gleicheniaceae Histiopteris and Pteris being present only in a few samples. Unlike the highlands to the east, trends in relative abundance appear to be somewhat systematic. For example, between 127 to 116 m depth in Darling Bore DWR Casuarinaceae decrease from 30% to 8%, Dacrydium decreases from 9% to trace values and Lagarostrobos disappears from the pollen record. Taxa showing consistent increases over the same interval are Araucaria (trace to 4%), Nothofagus (Fuscospora) spp. (2% to 7%), Myrtaceae (2% to 5%), Sapotaceae (trace to 2%) and Trimeniaceae (3% to 13%). Whether climatic change is responsible or whether the succession is due to a switch from one sediment source to another source in unknown. Inferred Climate Conditions within the pollen source area (palaeovalley) were relatively cool (lower mesotherm) with year-round high humidity probably maintained by river water. The Darling Bore data hint that climates became warmer (mesotherm range) and seasonally drier during the period represented by the interval 116-127 m. 3.2.3 Central Australia Thin carbonaceous units are preserved below the weathering front (>30 m) in many of the small Cenozoic Basins in the Alice Springs district (Kemp 1976b, Truswell and Marchant 1986, Macphail 1996c, 1997a) and in the much larger Lake Eyre and Torrens Basins to the south (Harris 1971b, Sluiter 1991, Alley et al. 1996, Martin 1998b). In a number of instances, reworking of plant microfossils may have resulted in mixed-age assemblages, e.g. in the Santa Teresa and Ti-tree Basins. An exception occurs in the Hale Basin where carbonaceous clays and lignites of the Ulgnamba Lignite Member of the Hale Formation are impervious to water due to hydrocarbons derived from Botryococcus and other algae. The result is excellent preservation of plant microfossils at depths as shallow as 15 m. All assemblages are dominated by Casuarinaceae and/or Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. Species whose first occurrence is used to distinguish between the Lower and Middle Nothofagidites asperus Zone in the Gippsland Basin, e.g. Anacolosidites sectus, Proteacidites reticulatus, and Tricolpites thomasii, may have extended ranges in central Australia,. For this reason Middle Nothofagidites asperus Zone Equivalent microfloras are assigned a broader (Middle-Late Eocene) age range. 1. Alice Springs district Middle Nothofagidites asperus Zone Equivalent microfloras in the Hale and other basins near Alice Springs are dominated by Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. but include variable relative 233
abundances (1-30%) of Podocarpaceae (Dacrydium) and Nothofagus (Fuscospora). Frequent to common taxa include Gleicheniaceae, Araucariaceae (chiefly Araucaria), Podocarpaceae (Podocarpus-Prumnopitys), Cupanieae, Cyperaceae and Sparganiaceae (Aglaoreidia). The majority of rare taxa have NLRs that are confined to warm temperate to subtropical rainforest but also present are a significant number of taxa with temperate, sclerophyll and wetland NLRs. Examples are: Lycopodiaceae, Selaginellaceae, Calochlaena/Culcita, Cyatheaceae, Dicksoniaceae, Lygodium, Polypodiaceae (Belvisia-type), Pteris, Cupressaceae, Podocarpaceae (Dacrycarpus, Halocarpus, Lagarostrobos, Microcachrys, Phyllocladus, Podosporites, Trisaccites), Agathis/Wollemia, Anacolosa (Anacolosidites sectus), Aquifoliaceae (Ilex), Palmae (Arecipites), Bombacaceae (Camptostemon), Caesalpinaceae, Convolvulaceae (Wilsonia), Cunoniaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Droseraceae, Ericales, Euphorbiaceae (Austrobuxus-type, Croton, Mallotus-type, Micrantheum), Gyrostemonaceae, Haloragaceae (Haloragodendron-type), Gunnera, Liliaceae, Loranthaceae, Meliaceae (Dysoxylum), cf. Menispermaceae?, Menyanthaceae (cf. Villarsia), Myrtaceae (including Austromyrtus- and Eugenia types), Pandanaceae (Freycinetia), Proteaceae (Banksia/Dryandra, Isopogon, Musgraveinae, Persoonia, Telopea-type and numerous now extinct or locally extinct taxa such as Proteacidites pachypolus, Polygonaceae, Quintinia, Santalum, Restionaceae (Milfordia homeopunctata), Rubiaceae (Guettarda), Sapindaceae (Dodonaea), Sapotaceae, Sparganiaceae, Strasburgeriaceae, Sterculiaceae (Ungeria), Trimeniaceae and Vitaceae (Cissus). 2. Lake Eyre Basin Correlative microfloras from the Eyre Formation in the northern Lake Eyre Basin (Sluiter 1991, Martin 1998b) and at Nelly Creek in the south of the Lake Eyre Basin (Alley et al. 1996) are virtually identical in composition but include greater relative abundances of gymnosperms such as Agathis/Wollemia (23%), Cunoniaceae and Myrtaceae (chiefly noneucalypt types). Nothofagus is relatively rare (5-10%) in the south, but occasionally reaches up to 30% in the north of the basin. Rare taxa that are present in this basin but apparently absent in the Alice Springs basins include Aquifoliaceae (Sphenostemon), Ascarina, Callitrichaceae, Didymelaceae, a possible Eucalyptus (Myrtaceidites tenuis) and Winteraceae. 3. Torrens Basin Harris (1971b) has recorded a marked increase in the relative abundance of Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. between 270.1 to 184.4 m in the Lake Torrens-3A Bore. Occurrences of Aglaoreidia qualumis, Cranwellia striata, Myrtaceidites tenuis, Nothofagidites falcatus, Proteacidites reticulatus, Tricolpites thomasii and Triorites magnificus indicate the section is Late Eocene. Inferred Climate The high degree of geographic variation in relative pollen dominance within central Australia may reflect climatic gradients across central Australia, differences in geological age, or merely be due to site-specific factors such as area of the pollen source area and sedimentary basin. For example, Martin (1998b) has proposed that the high diversity of microthermmesotherm taxa are likely to represent gallery rainforest growing along the river systems and therefore may not reflect regional climates. Sluiter (1991) has proposed that the high relative abundance of Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp. implies mean annual temperature were in the mesotherm range (17-18 0 C) and very wet (1500-2800 mm pa). Kemp and Marchant (1986) and Macphail (1997a) suggest low energy, brackish water conditions and noted that minor taxa are more consistent with seasonally warm-hot, dry conditions. A consensus position is that climates were sufficiently cool (lower mesotherm) and wet (humid) during summer to support temperate rainforest in uplands such as the MacDonnell Ranges but were warmer 234
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CRCLEME Cooperative Research Centre
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Electronic copies of the publicatio
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and, for Tertiary continental seque
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2. Analysis of a Plio-Pleistocene l
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Table A (cont.) Basin and related s
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Figure A: Generalised climatic curv
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Carpenter, R.J., Hill, R.S., Greenw
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Hill, S.M., Eggleton, R.A. and Tayl
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Macphail, M.K. and Stone, M.S., 200
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Swenson, U., Backlund, McLoughlin,
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This review prese
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Temperature Climates in palaeo-sout
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SUMMARY OF INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALA
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INTRODUCTION Mineral resources, whe
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Professor B. Balme (Geology Departm
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Section 7 (Tertiary climates) This
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vegetation. Moreover, individual ta
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1.3 Flora, vegetation and climate 1
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TABLE 2: Classification of vegetati
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Figure 2: Relationship of different
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Accordingly, only at sites with exc
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2.1.3 Palaeoecology Palaeoecology i
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wind-pollinated trees and shrubs bu
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1. The usual practice of equating t
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1. Palaeontological evidence Like p
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5. Facies architecture and lithostr
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Subsequent developments include mel
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SECTION 4 (GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES AN
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SECTION 5 (EARLY CRETACEOUS CLIMATE
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events on other continents and sugg
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If these considerations apply to th
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surrounding basins. Thick sands ero
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Haig and Lynch 1993, Erbacher et al
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SECTION 6 (LATE CRETACEOUS CLIMATES
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has highlighted the roles played by
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6.4.2 Palaeobotany Cenomanian flora
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Palaeo-southern Australia Dryland c
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6.7 Time Slice K-6. Late Campanian-
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7.1. Global backdrop SECTION 7 (TER
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Explanations for the PETM are centr
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East Antarctica and strengthening o
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amplifying, pacing and potentially
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southeastern Australia than elsewhe
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7.4 Time Slice T-1. Paleocene [65-5
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Palaeo-southern Australia Unlike no
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Palaeo-central Australia As for the
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7.6.2 Palaeobotany The palaeobotani
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Zone microfloras imply temporary wa
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in the Bass Basin, the basal Seaspr
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Similarly it is difficult to summar
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However, the data are emphatic that
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margin of plateau were cooler (~7 0
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fossil taxa that are morphologicall
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during Late Pleistocene glacial max
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SECTION 8 (CONCLUSIONS) Climatic in
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• On present indications, Early C
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TABLE 8a: INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALAE
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8.2 Results in prospect (recommenda
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The 10 μm sieved, oxidised extract
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phenology. The method also provides
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SECTION 9 (REFERENCES) Acton, G.D.
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Ashley, P.M., Duncan, R.A. and Feeb
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Birks, H.J.B. and Gordon, A.D., 198
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Burnham, R.J., 1989. Relationships
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Clarke, J.D.A., 1994. Evolution of
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Dettmann, M.E. and Playford, G., 19
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Evans, P.R., 1970b. Palynology of H
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Godthelp, H., Archer, M., Cifelli,
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Harris, W.K., 1974. Biostratigraphy
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Hill, R.S., 1994b. Nothofagus smith
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Holland, S.M. and Patzkowsky, M.E.,
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Australia: paleoceanographic implic
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Lindsay, J.M. and Harris, W.K., 196
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Macphail, M.K., Colhoun, E.A. and F
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McGowran, B. and Beecroft, A., 1985
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Morgan, R., 1977. Palynology of Ter
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Abstracts of the Annual General Mee
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Raymo, M.E., Grant, B., Horowitz, M
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Sereno, P.C., 1999. The evolution o
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Taylor, G., 1998. Prediction of mod
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Webb, L.G., 1968. Environmental rel
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Zachos, J.C., Stott, L.D. and Lohma
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APPENDIX 1 CRETACEOUS DATA 167
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1. TIME SLICE K-1 Age Range: Berria
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Australian assemblages, located on
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2. Officer Basin Dinoflagellates in
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2. TIME SLICE K-2 Age Range: Aptian
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Inferred climate The combined data
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Dettmann et al. (1992) have argued
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3. TIME SLICE K-3 Age Range: Cenoma
Page 184 and 185: 3.2.2 North-East Australia 1. Carpe
Page 186 and 187: 4. TIME SLICE K-4 Age Range: Turoni
Page 188 and 189: 1. Otway Basin Limited data (Macpha
Page 190 and 191: 5. TIME SLICE K-5 Age Range: Early
Page 192 and 193: Inferred climate The data indicate
Page 194 and 195: 6. TIME SLICE K-6 Age Range: Late C
Page 196 and 197: Contrary to global cooling trends d
Page 198 and 199: Inferred climate The relatively goo
Page 200 and 201: Inferred climate As for regions to
Page 202 and 203: APPENDIX 2 TERTIARY DATA 201
Page 204 and 205: 1. TIME SLICE T-1 Age Range: Paleoc
Page 206 and 207: also include relatively frequent No
Page 208 and 209: Inferred climate Some differences b
Page 210 and 211: Microfloras preserved in the Lower
Page 212 and 213: subtropical affinities are rare, hi
Page 214 and 215: 2. TIME SLICE T-2 Age Range: Early
Page 216 and 217: Inferred climate Climates appear to
Page 218 and 219: northern New South Wales. The assem
Page 220 and 221: 2.2.5 Central southern Australia Ha
Page 222 and 223: a number of distinctive Proteaceae
Page 224 and 225: Inferred climate The Regatta Point
Page 226 and 227: 3. TIME SLICE T-3 Age Range: Middle
Page 228 and 229: 2. Lake Torrens Basin Abundant leaf
Page 230 and 231: Dominance is highly variable. For e
Page 232 and 233: types (M.K. Macphail unpubl. data).
Page 236 and 237: (possibly upper mesotherm) and drie
Page 238 and 239: Basin) on the Eyre Peninsula (Alley
Page 240 and 241: explanation is that a warm water gy
Page 242 and 243: several taxa, which first appear in
Page 244 and 245: 4. TIME SLICE T-4 Age Range: Oligoc
Page 246 and 247: Inferred climate The southern limit
Page 248 and 249: The lowest and possibly the oldest
Page 250 and 251: Dominants include fresh to brackish
Page 252 and 253: Based on the relative abundance of
Page 254 and 255: (Morgan 1977, McMinn 1981a, Martin
Page 256 and 257: common (up to 5-6%) in the middle s
Page 258 and 259: Polypodiaceae, Palmae (Dicolpopolli
Page 260 and 261: Strasburgeriaceae. Proprietary info
Page 262 and 263: Rare taxa which first appear in the
Page 264 and 265: Correlative microfloras in the onsh
Page 266 and 267: impression of floristic impoverishm
Page 268 and 269: (Lophosoria) reached Tasmania befor
Page 270 and 271: 2. Otway Basin Oxygen isotope strat
Page 272 and 273: 5. TIME SLICE T-5 Age Range: Late M
Page 274 and 275: Casuarinaceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeoca
Page 276 and 277: maximum temperature of the hottest
Page 278 and 279: Nothofagus-gymnosperm temperate rai
Page 280: 5.2.7 Tasmania Late Neogene sedimen
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