OFR 151.pdf - CRC LEME

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types (M.K. Macphail unpubl. data). Rare taxa include Blechnaceae, Cyathea, Gleicheniaceae, Schizaeaceae (Lygodium), Araucariaceae (Araucaria), Podocarpaceae (Dacrydium, Dacrycarpus, Podocarpus-Prumnopitys), Palmae (Longapertites), Anacardiaceae (Simpsonipollis), Euphorbiaceae (Austrobuxus-type, Mallotus-type), Ascarina, Convolvulaceae (Merremia-type), Ilex, Myrtaceae (including Eucalyptus), Sapindaceae (Dodonaea), and a mangrove (Rhizophoraceae). A much more diverse Middle-Late Eocene microflora is preserved at 582 m depth in Jacaranda-1 (M.K. Macphail unpubl. results). These appear to represent coastal swamp communities dominated by Cyperaceae (Cyperaceaepollis neogenicus), Restionaceae (Milfordia homeopunctata), Casuarinaceae and/or Euphorbiaceae (Austrobuxus-type). Rare taxa include Isoetes, Blechnaceae, Cyathea, Gleicheniaceae, Schizaeaceae (Lygodium), Araucariaceae (Araucaria, Agathis/Wollemia), Palmae (Nupharipollis), Caesalpinaceae (Margocolporites vanwijhi), Cunoniaceae, Didymelaceae, Droseraceae, cf. Elaeocarpaceae, Euphorbiaceae (Micrantheum, Mallotus-type), Gunnera, Ilex, Myrtaceae (including Austromyrtus-type, Eugenia, Leptospermum), Nypa, Poaceae, Polygonaceae (Glencopollis), Proteaceae, Rubiaceae (Guettarda), Sparganiaceae (Aglaoreidia) and Ulmaceae (cf. Celtis). Inferred Climate The presence of the subtropical-tropical family Rhizophoraceae and at least three palms (Longapertites, Nypa, Nupharipollis) indicates climates the Bonaparte Basin were very warm to hot (megatherm) and seasonally wet (humid) during Middle and possible Late Eocene. 3.2.2 North-East Australia Microfloras with confirmed or probable Middle to Late Eocene ages are preserved in halfgraben basins on the central and north-east coast of Queensland., e.g. the Yaamba, Capricorn and Duaringa Basins (Hekel 1972, McMinn 1980, Foster 1982, Dudgeon 1983), and on the Northern Tablelands in New South Wales. 1. Duaringa Basin Microfloras preserved in oil shale deposits are dominated by Botryococcus but include low to trace numbers of ferns (cf. Blechnaceae, Cyatheaceae), Podocarpaceae (Microcachrys, Podocarpus-Prumnopitys), Cupanieae, Euphorbiaceae, Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp., Proteaceae and Santalum. 2. Yaamba Basin Middle-Late Eocene microfloras are dominated by Araucariaceae (Araucaria Agathis/Wollemia), Casuarinaceae, and, sporadically, by, Podocarpaceae (Dacrydium, Podocarpus-Prumnopitys), Palmae (Arecipites): Myrtaceae, Proteaceae and Nothofagus are infrequent (
3. Capricorn Basin Relative abundance data from the Aquarius-1 well imply Podocarpaceae-dominated forests were replaced by Casuarinaceae (Gymnostoma) dominated communities during the possible Late Eocene. Associated taxa include Araucariaceae, Nothofagus, Myrtaceae, Cupanieae and Poaceae (cf. Hekel 1972, Foster 1982). Rare taxa include Loranthaceae, Poaceae, Nypa and Rhizophoraceae. Correlative microfloras from the Capricorn-1A well include Podocarpaceae (Dacrydium), Anacolosa, Palmae (Arecipites), Cupanieae, Loranthaceae (Tricolpites thomasii), Malvaceae (Malvacearumpollis), Nothofagus (Brassospora, Fuscospora) spp., Nypa and the earliest record of Onagraceae (cf. Epilobium) in Australia. Except for Nothofagus, which is likely to represent temperate rainforest on the upper slopes and summit of the Eastern Highlands, the microfloras preferentially represent plants growing along the major coastal rivers. Inferred Climate The presence of extensive brackish water lakes and subtropical-tropical mangroves, including Nypa in the Capricorn Basin, implies conditions were very warm (upper mesothermmegatherm) and seasonally very wet (perhumid). Rainfall at higher elevations almost certainly was more uniform due to orographic effects and temperatures were cooler (lower mesotherm) for the same reason. 4. Northern Tablelands Organic deposits are preserved under basalt flows on Mt. Tamborine on the New South Wales/Queensland Border (Cookson and Pike 1954, Harris 1965d), and on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales (McMinn 1989b, 1989c, 1989e, Pickett et al. 1990). Pollen dominance is highly variable, consistent with the microfloras being sourced from plant communities growing close to the sites. For example, sporadically common taxa in Lower Nothofagidites asperus Zone Equivalent microfloras from Glen Innes (New England district) include ferns (Blechnaceae, Calochlaena/Culcita, Cyathea, Polypodiaceae), Podocarpaceae (Podocarpus-Prumnopitys), Nothofagus (Brassospora) spp., Casuarinaceae, Ericales, and unidentified tricolporate types. Other gymnosperms, including Araucariaceae, Dacrydium and Lagarostrobos, are relatively uncommon; rare angiosperms include Cupanieae, Euphorbiaceae (Austrobuxus-type), Ilex, Santalum and Tiliaceae. The regional vegetation is likely to have been temperate rainforest with fern communities occupying disturbed sites. Inferred Climate Mean annual temperatures are suggested to have been relatively cool (lower mesotherm). Effective precipitation appears to have high to very high (perhumid) due to orographic effects. 5. North-west plains of New South Wales Late Eocene microfloras are preserved at Tilpa (DWR Bore 30685) in a palaeovalley of the Darling River near Bourke (Martin 1997b), and other palaeodrainage systems e.g. Darling Bore DWR 36839 and BMR Wilcannia DDH 86839 (M.K. Macphail unpubl. results). Rare occurrences of Anacolosidites sectus, Cranwellia striata, Proteacidites reticulatus and Tricolpites thomasii indicate the age range of the deposits is Middle-Late Eocene. Pollen dominance is shared between Nothofagus (Brassospora) species (15-51%), Casuarinaceae (8-40%) and Trimeniaceae (3-13%). Frequent to common (1-10%) taxa include Podocarpaceae (Dacrydium, Podocarpus-Prumnopitys and occasionally 232
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CRCLEME Cooperative Research Centre
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Electronic copies of the publicatio
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and, for Tertiary continental seque
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2. Analysis of a Plio-Pleistocene l
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Table A (cont.) Basin and related s
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Figure A: Generalised climatic curv
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Carpenter, R.J., Hill, R.S., Greenw
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Hill, S.M., Eggleton, R.A. and Tayl
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Macphail, M.K. and Stone, M.S., 200
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Swenson, U., Backlund, McLoughlin,
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This review prese
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Temperature Climates in palaeo-sout
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SUMMARY OF INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALA
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INTRODUCTION Mineral resources, whe
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Professor B. Balme (Geology Departm
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Section 7 (Tertiary climates) This
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vegetation. Moreover, individual ta
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1.3 Flora, vegetation and climate 1
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TABLE 2: Classification of vegetati
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Figure 2: Relationship of different
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Accordingly, only at sites with exc
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2.1.3 Palaeoecology Palaeoecology i
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wind-pollinated trees and shrubs bu
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1. The usual practice of equating t
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1. Palaeontological evidence Like p
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5. Facies architecture and lithostr
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Subsequent developments include mel
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SECTION 4 (GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES AN
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SECTION 5 (EARLY CRETACEOUS CLIMATE
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events on other continents and sugg
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If these considerations apply to th
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surrounding basins. Thick sands ero
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Haig and Lynch 1993, Erbacher et al
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SECTION 6 (LATE CRETACEOUS CLIMATES
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has highlighted the roles played by
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6.4.2 Palaeobotany Cenomanian flora
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Palaeo-southern Australia Dryland c
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6.7 Time Slice K-6. Late Campanian-
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7.1. Global backdrop SECTION 7 (TER
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Explanations for the PETM are centr
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East Antarctica and strengthening o
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amplifying, pacing and potentially
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southeastern Australia than elsewhe
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7.4 Time Slice T-1. Paleocene [65-5
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Palaeo-southern Australia Unlike no
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Palaeo-central Australia As for the
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7.6.2 Palaeobotany The palaeobotani
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Zone microfloras imply temporary wa
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in the Bass Basin, the basal Seaspr
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Similarly it is difficult to summar
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However, the data are emphatic that
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margin of plateau were cooler (~7 0
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fossil taxa that are morphologicall
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during Late Pleistocene glacial max
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SECTION 8 (CONCLUSIONS) Climatic in
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• On present indications, Early C
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TABLE 8a: INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALAE
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8.2 Results in prospect (recommenda
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The 10 μm sieved, oxidised extract
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phenology. The method also provides
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SECTION 9 (REFERENCES) Acton, G.D.
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Ashley, P.M., Duncan, R.A. and Feeb
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Birks, H.J.B. and Gordon, A.D., 198
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Burnham, R.J., 1989. Relationships
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Clarke, J.D.A., 1994. Evolution of
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Dettmann, M.E. and Playford, G., 19
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Evans, P.R., 1970b. Palynology of H
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Godthelp, H., Archer, M., Cifelli,
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Harris, W.K., 1974. Biostratigraphy
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Hill, R.S., 1994b. Nothofagus smith
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Holland, S.M. and Patzkowsky, M.E.,
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Australia: paleoceanographic implic
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Lindsay, J.M. and Harris, W.K., 196
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Macphail, M.K., Colhoun, E.A. and F
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McGowran, B. and Beecroft, A., 1985
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Morgan, R., 1977. Palynology of Ter
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Abstracts of the Annual General Mee
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Raymo, M.E., Grant, B., Horowitz, M
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Sereno, P.C., 1999. The evolution o
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Taylor, G., 1998. Prediction of mod
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Webb, L.G., 1968. Environmental rel
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Zachos, J.C., Stott, L.D. and Lohma
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APPENDIX 1 CRETACEOUS DATA 167
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1. TIME SLICE K-1 Age Range: Berria
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Australian assemblages, located on
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2. Officer Basin Dinoflagellates in
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2. TIME SLICE K-2 Age Range: Aptian
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Inferred climate The combined data
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Dettmann et al. (1992) have argued
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Page 184 and 185: 3.2.2 North-East Australia 1. Carpe
Page 186 and 187: 4. TIME SLICE K-4 Age Range: Turoni
Page 188 and 189: 1. Otway Basin Limited data (Macpha
Page 190 and 191: 5. TIME SLICE K-5 Age Range: Early
Page 192 and 193: Inferred climate The data indicate
Page 194 and 195: 6. TIME SLICE K-6 Age Range: Late C
Page 196 and 197: Contrary to global cooling trends d
Page 198 and 199: Inferred climate The relatively goo
Page 200 and 201: Inferred climate As for regions to
Page 202 and 203: APPENDIX 2 TERTIARY DATA 201
Page 204 and 205: 1. TIME SLICE T-1 Age Range: Paleoc
Page 206 and 207: also include relatively frequent No
Page 208 and 209: Inferred climate Some differences b
Page 210 and 211: Microfloras preserved in the Lower
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Page 214 and 215: 2. TIME SLICE T-2 Age Range: Early
Page 216 and 217: Inferred climate Climates appear to
Page 218 and 219: northern New South Wales. The assem
Page 220 and 221: 2.2.5 Central southern Australia Ha
Page 222 and 223: a number of distinctive Proteaceae
Page 224 and 225: Inferred climate The Regatta Point
Page 226 and 227: 3. TIME SLICE T-3 Age Range: Middle
Page 228 and 229: 2. Lake Torrens Basin Abundant leaf
Page 230 and 231: Dominance is highly variable. For e
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Page 236 and 237: (possibly upper mesotherm) and drie
Page 238 and 239: Basin) on the Eyre Peninsula (Alley
Page 240 and 241: explanation is that a warm water gy
Page 242 and 243: several taxa, which first appear in
Page 244 and 245: 4. TIME SLICE T-4 Age Range: Oligoc
Page 246 and 247: Inferred climate The southern limit
Page 248 and 249: The lowest and possibly the oldest
Page 250 and 251: Dominants include fresh to brackish
Page 252 and 253: Based on the relative abundance of
Page 254 and 255: (Morgan 1977, McMinn 1981a, Martin
Page 256 and 257: common (up to 5-6%) in the middle s
Page 258 and 259: Polypodiaceae, Palmae (Dicolpopolli
Page 260 and 261: Strasburgeriaceae. Proprietary info
Page 262 and 263: Rare taxa which first appear in the
Page 264 and 265: Correlative microfloras in the onsh
Page 266 and 267: impression of floristic impoverishm
Page 268 and 269: (Lophosoria) reached Tasmania befor
Page 270 and 271: 2. Otway Basin Oxygen isotope strat
Page 272 and 273: 5. TIME SLICE T-5 Age Range: Late M
Page 274 and 275: Casuarinaceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeoca
Page 276 and 277: maximum temperature of the hottest
Page 278 and 279: Nothofagus-gymnosperm temperate rai
Page 280: 5.2.7 Tasmania Late Neogene sedimen
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