OFR 151.pdf - CRC LEME

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2.2.5 Central southern Australia Harris and Foster (1972) report a Proteaceae-dominated palynoflora of possible late Early Eocene age from the Polda Basin, western Eyre Peninsula. Few other details are provided beyond the comment that Nothofagus is uncommon in this non-marine assemblage. Inferred climate Mean temperatures are likely to have been within the mesotherm range. 2.2.6 South-East Australia 1. Gambier Basin Lower to possible Upper Malvacipollis diversus Zone microfloras are preserved in nonmarine and marginal marine facies intersected in the Douglas Point-1 and McNichol-1 wells, Gambier Basin in South Australia (Harris 1973, Rowett 1997a). From the limited information provided, vegetation at Douglas Point-1 was dominated by diverse Proteaceae with minor (
pollen dominance almost certainly was influenced by marine flooding. For example, high values of Callitrichaceae in Apectodinium hyperacanthum Zone assemblages may reflect coastal freshwater swamps that were periodically inundated by saltwater. Inferred climate SSTs within the Otway Basin and Torquay Embayment appear to have been below the (upper mesotherm) threshold required to support Nypa despite the presence of this mangrove palm in the Gambier Basin, Gippsland Basin and on the West Coast of Tasmania (see below). Nevertheless the data are consistent with the expansion of evergreen rainforest communities whose closest modern equivalent is Araucariaceae (dry) rainforest. If this conclusion is applicable to the region as a whole, then it is difficult to avoid concluding that mean temperatures were within the upper mesotherm range as well as being overall wet to very wet (humid-perhumid) during the Early Eocene, and that summer rainfall remained adequate to support Nothofagus on, for example, the Otway Ranges. 3. Gippsland Basin Early Eocene sediments have been recorded from 120 wells in the offshore Gippsland Basin and reach a maximum thickness of ~350 m (A.D. Partridge, pers. comm.). Much thinner correlative sections occur at depth onshore but are sampled only by cuttings. A number of taxa which had been present in the Bass Strait region since Late Cretaceous times became extinct at or shortly after the Paleocene/Eocene boundary, e.g. Lygistepollenites balmei, Phyllocladidites reticulosaccatus, Gambierina spp. and Australopollis obscurus. The base of Malvacipollis diversus Zone is defined by the first appearance of three typically megatherm taxa – Lygodium (Crassiretitriletes vanraadshoovenii), Nypa and Tiliaceae. Microfloras are usually dominated (>50%) by angiosperms, chiefly Euphorbiaceae (Malvacipollis spp.) with variable amounts of Casuarinaceae, Proteaceae and undescribed tricolpate and tricolporate types. The highest values of the Malvacipollis spp. (>40%) occur in coals, indicating the Euphorbiaceae (Austrobuxus), like Casuarinaceae (Gymnostoma), were prominent in coastal swamp or riparian communities. Gleicheniaceae and Acrostichumtype (Cyathidites splendens) may dominate other swamp assemblages. Agathis/Wollemia is the most abundant gymnosperm, and Cyatheaceae, Gleicheniaceae and indeterminate trilete (Cyathidites) and monolete (Laevigatosporites) ferns are the most abundant cryptogams. Rare to uncommon taxa include a possibly extinct species of the now wholly tropical genus Bombax (Bombacaceae) and Intratriporopollenites notabilis (Tiliaceae), which in a marginal marine context may represent the mangrove Brownlowia. Nypa and a possible extinct species of Freycinetia (Pandanaceae) are most prominent during the early Early Eocene M. diversus Zone but become rare during Middle and Upper Malvacipollis diversus Zone time: Proteaceae and Euphorbiaceae increase in diversity and relative abundance at the same time. Over the same interval, the now extinct Proteacidites species complex (P. grandis-leightonii) was replaced by another extinct complex (P. pachypolus-nasus-asperopolus). Since Proteacidites pachypolus first appears in marginal marine facies, it is reasonable to assume that the succession reflects eustatic forcing (cf. Macphail et al. 1994). Subsequently Proteacidites pachypolus expanded into a very wide range of dryland habitats and elevations, including around peat swamps on the Atherton Tableland in northeastern Queensland during the Pliocene. Notable first appearances in the Gippsland Basin during the late Early Eocene (Upper Malvacipollis diversus-Proteacidites asperopolus Zones) are Santalum (Santalumidites cainozoicus), Sapotaceae (Sapotaceoidaepollenites spp.), the putative early eucalypt Myrtaceidites tenuis and mistletoes (Gothanipollis). Podocarpaceae (Lagarostrobos) and Nothofagus (Brassospora) increase in relative abundance (~5-7%) whilst Nypa, Tiliaceae and 220
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CRCLEME Cooperative Research Centre
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Electronic copies of the publicatio
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and, for Tertiary continental seque
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2. Analysis of a Plio-Pleistocene l
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Table A (cont.) Basin and related s
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Figure A: Generalised climatic curv
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Carpenter, R.J., Hill, R.S., Greenw
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Hill, S.M., Eggleton, R.A. and Tayl
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Macphail, M.K. and Stone, M.S., 200
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Swenson, U., Backlund, McLoughlin,
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This review prese
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Temperature Climates in palaeo-sout
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SUMMARY OF INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALA
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INTRODUCTION Mineral resources, whe
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Professor B. Balme (Geology Departm
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Section 7 (Tertiary climates) This
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vegetation. Moreover, individual ta
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1.3 Flora, vegetation and climate 1
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TABLE 2: Classification of vegetati
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Figure 2: Relationship of different
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Accordingly, only at sites with exc
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2.1.3 Palaeoecology Palaeoecology i
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wind-pollinated trees and shrubs bu
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1. The usual practice of equating t
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1. Palaeontological evidence Like p
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5. Facies architecture and lithostr
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Subsequent developments include mel
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SECTION 4 (GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES AN
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SECTION 5 (EARLY CRETACEOUS CLIMATE
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events on other continents and sugg
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If these considerations apply to th
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surrounding basins. Thick sands ero
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Haig and Lynch 1993, Erbacher et al
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SECTION 6 (LATE CRETACEOUS CLIMATES
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has highlighted the roles played by
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6.4.2 Palaeobotany Cenomanian flora
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Palaeo-southern Australia Dryland c
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6.7 Time Slice K-6. Late Campanian-
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7.1. Global backdrop SECTION 7 (TER
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Explanations for the PETM are centr
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East Antarctica and strengthening o
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amplifying, pacing and potentially
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southeastern Australia than elsewhe
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7.4 Time Slice T-1. Paleocene [65-5
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Palaeo-southern Australia Unlike no
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Palaeo-central Australia As for the
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7.6.2 Palaeobotany The palaeobotani
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Zone microfloras imply temporary wa
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in the Bass Basin, the basal Seaspr
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Similarly it is difficult to summar
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However, the data are emphatic that
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margin of plateau were cooler (~7 0
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fossil taxa that are morphologicall
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during Late Pleistocene glacial max
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SECTION 8 (CONCLUSIONS) Climatic in
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• On present indications, Early C
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TABLE 8a: INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALAE
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8.2 Results in prospect (recommenda
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The 10 μm sieved, oxidised extract
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phenology. The method also provides
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SECTION 9 (REFERENCES) Acton, G.D.
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Ashley, P.M., Duncan, R.A. and Feeb
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Birks, H.J.B. and Gordon, A.D., 198
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Burnham, R.J., 1989. Relationships
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Clarke, J.D.A., 1994. Evolution of
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Dettmann, M.E. and Playford, G., 19
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Evans, P.R., 1970b. Palynology of H
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Godthelp, H., Archer, M., Cifelli,
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Harris, W.K., 1974. Biostratigraphy
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Hill, R.S., 1994b. Nothofagus smith
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Holland, S.M. and Patzkowsky, M.E.,
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Australia: paleoceanographic implic
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Lindsay, J.M. and Harris, W.K., 196
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Macphail, M.K., Colhoun, E.A. and F
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McGowran, B. and Beecroft, A., 1985
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Morgan, R., 1977. Palynology of Ter
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Abstracts of the Annual General Mee
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Raymo, M.E., Grant, B., Horowitz, M
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Sereno, P.C., 1999. The evolution o
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Taylor, G., 1998. Prediction of mod
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Webb, L.G., 1968. Environmental rel
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Zachos, J.C., Stott, L.D. and Lohma
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APPENDIX 1 CRETACEOUS DATA 167
Page 170 and 171: 1. TIME SLICE K-1 Age Range: Berria
Page 172 and 173: Australian assemblages, located on
Page 174 and 175: 2. Officer Basin Dinoflagellates in
Page 176 and 177: 2. TIME SLICE K-2 Age Range: Aptian
Page 178 and 179: Inferred climate The combined data
Page 180 and 181: Dettmann et al. (1992) have argued
Page 182 and 183: 3. TIME SLICE K-3 Age Range: Cenoma
Page 184 and 185: 3.2.2 North-East Australia 1. Carpe
Page 186 and 187: 4. TIME SLICE K-4 Age Range: Turoni
Page 188 and 189: 1. Otway Basin Limited data (Macpha
Page 190 and 191: 5. TIME SLICE K-5 Age Range: Early
Page 192 and 193: Inferred climate The data indicate
Page 194 and 195: 6. TIME SLICE K-6 Age Range: Late C
Page 196 and 197: Contrary to global cooling trends d
Page 198 and 199: Inferred climate The relatively goo
Page 200 and 201: Inferred climate As for regions to
Page 202 and 203: APPENDIX 2 TERTIARY DATA 201
Page 204 and 205: 1. TIME SLICE T-1 Age Range: Paleoc
Page 206 and 207: also include relatively frequent No
Page 208 and 209: Inferred climate Some differences b
Page 210 and 211: Microfloras preserved in the Lower
Page 212 and 213: subtropical affinities are rare, hi
Page 214 and 215: 2. TIME SLICE T-2 Age Range: Early
Page 216 and 217: Inferred climate Climates appear to
Page 218 and 219: northern New South Wales. The assem
Page 222 and 223: a number of distinctive Proteaceae
Page 224 and 225: Inferred climate The Regatta Point
Page 226 and 227: 3. TIME SLICE T-3 Age Range: Middle
Page 228 and 229: 2. Lake Torrens Basin Abundant leaf
Page 230 and 231: Dominance is highly variable. For e
Page 232 and 233: types (M.K. Macphail unpubl. data).
Page 234 and 235: Dacrycarpus), Euphorbiaceae (Austro
Page 236 and 237: (possibly upper mesotherm) and drie
Page 238 and 239: Basin) on the Eyre Peninsula (Alley
Page 240 and 241: explanation is that a warm water gy
Page 242 and 243: several taxa, which first appear in
Page 244 and 245: 4. TIME SLICE T-4 Age Range: Oligoc
Page 246 and 247: Inferred climate The southern limit
Page 248 and 249: The lowest and possibly the oldest
Page 250 and 251: Dominants include fresh to brackish
Page 252 and 253: Based on the relative abundance of
Page 254 and 255: (Morgan 1977, McMinn 1981a, Martin
Page 256 and 257: common (up to 5-6%) in the middle s
Page 258 and 259: Polypodiaceae, Palmae (Dicolpopolli
Page 260 and 261: Strasburgeriaceae. Proprietary info
Page 262 and 263: Rare taxa which first appear in the
Page 264 and 265: Correlative microfloras in the onsh
Page 266 and 267: impression of floristic impoverishm
Page 268 and 269: (Lophosoria) reached Tasmania befor
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2. Otway Basin Oxygen isotope strat
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5. TIME SLICE T-5 Age Range: Late M
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Casuarinaceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeoca
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maximum temperature of the hottest
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Nothofagus-gymnosperm temperate rai
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5.2.7 Tasmania Late Neogene sedimen
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