OFR 151.pdf - CRC LEME

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Inferred climate Climates appear to have been very wet (perhumid) but cool (lower mesotherm) relative to western Tasmania and probably with a stronger seasonal bias. 2.2 Microfloras Sites preserving Early Eocene microfloras are widely distributed along the southern margin and extend northwards into central Australia although only rudimentary data were available for some important sections, e.g. for the Kings Park Shale, Perth. Carbonate facies accumulating off the northwestern coast rarely preserve plant microfossils other than dinoflagellates and information for this region is due to fortuitous preservation of miospores in two offshore exploration wells (M.K. Macphail unpubl. data). Early Eocene sediments are either absent due to erosion and/or non-deposition, or have not been sampled in wells drilled in the offshore Bight basins. Whether or not the Upper Lygistepollenites balmei/Lower Malvacipollis diversus Zone boundary coincides with the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum is unproven but the microfloral data provide reliable evidence that maximum Tertiary warmth occurred during the Early Eocene in southern Australia. 2.2.1 North-West Australia 1. Bonaparte Basin Probable late Early Eocene sediments at 582-690 m in Jacaranda-1 preserve diverse microfloras dominated by Casuarinaceae (Haloragacidites harrisii), Euphorbiaceae (Malvacipollis diversus) and Restionaceae (Milfordia homeopunctata). These are associated with frequent Cyperaceae (Cyperaceaepollis neogenicus) and sporadically frequent to common Myrtaceae (Myrtaceidites parvus-mesonesus), Proteaceae, and unidentified tricolpate and triporate types (one resembling the warm temperate rainforest tree Celtis). Gymnosperms are uncommon, with the only genus recorded being Araucaria. Other rare taxa include aquatic and semi-aquatic freshwater ferns and fern allies (Azolla, Selaginella, Isoetes, Stenochlaena), Sparganiaceae (Aglaoreidia qualumis), Palmae (Arecipites, Dicolpopollis, Longapertites, Nypa), Anacolosa (Anacolosidites acutullus), Cunoniaceae, Droseraceae, Guettarda, Gunnera, Ilex Liliaceae, Poaceae, Polygonum (Glencopollis) and Xylomelum occidentale-type. Some of these taxa do not appear in the southeastern basins until the Late Eocene or Early Oligocene and the herbaceous component is unusually prominent relative to southern Australia as a whole. 2. Browse Basin Abundant spores of Azolla in possible Early Eocene assemblages in Prudhoe-1 (1010-1274 m) suggest freshwater swamps fringed the coastline. The only gymnosperm recorded is Araucaria. Inferred climate The combined microfloral data primarily represent freshwater coastal swamp communities fringed by angiosperm-dominated rainforest. Climates appear to have been hot (megatherm) and seasonally very wet (perhumid). 215
2.2.2 North-East Australia 1. Southern Queensland Revised dating (this study) indicate that microfloras recovered from 270 ft. in Borehole NS 5 near Brisbane (Harris 1965d) and 6380-7334 ft. in the AGO Aquarius-1 well in the Capricorn Basin (Hekel 1972) are Early Eocene. If correct, then the Early Eocene vegetation bordering the Capricorn Basin comprised floristically impoverished possibly temperate forests dominated by podocarps, and riparian communities dominated by Casuarinaceae Euphorbiaceae and tree-ferns (Cyatheaceae). The only evidence for a warmer (subtropical-tropical) element is a spinose diporate pollen grain, which might represent Nypa. Microfloras preserved near Brisbane appear to be more diverse and include taxa whose NLRs range from cool temperate (gymnosperms) to subtropical-tropical (angiosperms) rainforest. Examples are Araucariaceae (Agathis/Wollemia), Dacrycarpus, Dacrydium, Lagarostrobos (Phyllocladidites mawsonii), Microcachrys, and Anacolosa (Anacolosidites acutullus) and Tiliaceae, respectively. Inferred climate The data point to relatively warm (mesotherm range) and seasonally very wet (perhumid) conditions in southern Queensland although mean temperatures were cooler than in southeastern Australia. One possible explanation is that cool-cold currents flowing up the eastern margin extended as far north as the Capricorn Basin. 2. Northern New South Wales Sediments of latest Early or basal Middle Eocene (Proteacidites asperopolus Zone Equivalent) age have been dredged from the continental shelf off Coffs Harbour (Ocean Science Institute C14/84 7DB6) on the central north of New South Wales (M.K. Macphail unpubl. results). Although dominated by dinoflagellates, in particular Homotryblium tasmaniense, sufficient pollen and spores were recovered to indicate that the coastal vegetation was dominated by angiosperms and cryptogams, not gymnosperms. Frequent to common taxa are Lygodium (Crassiretitriletes vanraadshoovenii), Pteris (Polypodiaceoisporites spp.), Casuarinaceae, diverse Proteaceae and Euphorbiaceae (Austrobuxus-type). Rare taxa include Blechnaceae (including the now tropical endemic Stenochlaena), Gleicheniaceae, Dennstaedtiaceae (Histiopteris), Araucariaceae (Araucaria, Agathis/Wollemia), Cupanieae, Ilex, Myrtaceae, Nothofagus (Brassospora, Nothofagus), Tiliaceae and Trimeniaceae. Nypa is absent. Inferred climate The relatively high values of fern spores reflect water transport. Nevertheless the results point to a complex, angiosperm-dominated rainforests occupying the coast at about palaeolatitude 53 0 S. Climates appear to have been relatively warm (mesotherm range) and uniformly very wet (perhumid). 3. Northern Tablelands McMinn (1989c) has recorded a possible late Early Eocene, Proteacidites asperopolus Zone equivalent, palynoflora from below tuffs and basalt in Glen Innes DDH-105, near Inverell, in 216
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CRCLEME Cooperative Research Centre
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Electronic copies of the publicatio
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and, for Tertiary continental seque
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2. Analysis of a Plio-Pleistocene l
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Table A (cont.) Basin and related s
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Figure A: Generalised climatic curv
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Carpenter, R.J., Hill, R.S., Greenw
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Hill, S.M., Eggleton, R.A. and Tayl
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Macphail, M.K. and Stone, M.S., 200
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Swenson, U., Backlund, McLoughlin,
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This review prese
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Temperature Climates in palaeo-sout
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SUMMARY OF INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALA
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INTRODUCTION Mineral resources, whe
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Professor B. Balme (Geology Departm
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Section 7 (Tertiary climates) This
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vegetation. Moreover, individual ta
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1.3 Flora, vegetation and climate 1
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TABLE 2: Classification of vegetati
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Figure 2: Relationship of different
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Accordingly, only at sites with exc
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2.1.3 Palaeoecology Palaeoecology i
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wind-pollinated trees and shrubs bu
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1. The usual practice of equating t
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1. Palaeontological evidence Like p
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5. Facies architecture and lithostr
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Subsequent developments include mel
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SECTION 4 (GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES AN
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SECTION 5 (EARLY CRETACEOUS CLIMATE
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events on other continents and sugg
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If these considerations apply to th
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surrounding basins. Thick sands ero
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Haig and Lynch 1993, Erbacher et al
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SECTION 6 (LATE CRETACEOUS CLIMATES
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has highlighted the roles played by
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6.4.2 Palaeobotany Cenomanian flora
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Palaeo-southern Australia Dryland c
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6.7 Time Slice K-6. Late Campanian-
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7.1. Global backdrop SECTION 7 (TER
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Explanations for the PETM are centr
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East Antarctica and strengthening o
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amplifying, pacing and potentially
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southeastern Australia than elsewhe
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7.4 Time Slice T-1. Paleocene [65-5
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Palaeo-southern Australia Unlike no
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Palaeo-central Australia As for the
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7.6.2 Palaeobotany The palaeobotani
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Zone microfloras imply temporary wa
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in the Bass Basin, the basal Seaspr
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Similarly it is difficult to summar
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However, the data are emphatic that
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margin of plateau were cooler (~7 0
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fossil taxa that are morphologicall
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during Late Pleistocene glacial max
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SECTION 8 (CONCLUSIONS) Climatic in
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• On present indications, Early C
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TABLE 8a: INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALAE
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8.2 Results in prospect (recommenda
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The 10 μm sieved, oxidised extract
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phenology. The method also provides
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SECTION 9 (REFERENCES) Acton, G.D.
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Ashley, P.M., Duncan, R.A. and Feeb
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Birks, H.J.B. and Gordon, A.D., 198
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Burnham, R.J., 1989. Relationships
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Clarke, J.D.A., 1994. Evolution of
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Dettmann, M.E. and Playford, G., 19
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Evans, P.R., 1970b. Palynology of H
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Godthelp, H., Archer, M., Cifelli,
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Harris, W.K., 1974. Biostratigraphy
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Hill, R.S., 1994b. Nothofagus smith
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Holland, S.M. and Patzkowsky, M.E.,
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Australia: paleoceanographic implic
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Lindsay, J.M. and Harris, W.K., 196
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Macphail, M.K., Colhoun, E.A. and F
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McGowran, B. and Beecroft, A., 1985
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Morgan, R., 1977. Palynology of Ter
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Abstracts of the Annual General Mee
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Raymo, M.E., Grant, B., Horowitz, M
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Sereno, P.C., 1999. The evolution o
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Taylor, G., 1998. Prediction of mod
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Webb, L.G., 1968. Environmental rel
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Page 168 and 169: APPENDIX 1 CRETACEOUS DATA 167
Page 170 and 171: 1. TIME SLICE K-1 Age Range: Berria
Page 172 and 173: Australian assemblages, located on
Page 174 and 175: 2. Officer Basin Dinoflagellates in
Page 176 and 177: 2. TIME SLICE K-2 Age Range: Aptian
Page 178 and 179: Inferred climate The combined data
Page 180 and 181: Dettmann et al. (1992) have argued
Page 182 and 183: 3. TIME SLICE K-3 Age Range: Cenoma
Page 184 and 185: 3.2.2 North-East Australia 1. Carpe
Page 186 and 187: 4. TIME SLICE K-4 Age Range: Turoni
Page 188 and 189: 1. Otway Basin Limited data (Macpha
Page 190 and 191: 5. TIME SLICE K-5 Age Range: Early
Page 192 and 193: Inferred climate The data indicate
Page 194 and 195: 6. TIME SLICE K-6 Age Range: Late C
Page 196 and 197: Contrary to global cooling trends d
Page 198 and 199: Inferred climate The relatively goo
Page 200 and 201: Inferred climate As for regions to
Page 202 and 203: APPENDIX 2 TERTIARY DATA 201
Page 204 and 205: 1. TIME SLICE T-1 Age Range: Paleoc
Page 206 and 207: also include relatively frequent No
Page 208 and 209: Inferred climate Some differences b
Page 210 and 211: Microfloras preserved in the Lower
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Page 214 and 215: 2. TIME SLICE T-2 Age Range: Early
Page 218 and 219: northern New South Wales. The assem
Page 220 and 221: 2.2.5 Central southern Australia Ha
Page 222 and 223: a number of distinctive Proteaceae
Page 224 and 225: Inferred climate The Regatta Point
Page 226 and 227: 3. TIME SLICE T-3 Age Range: Middle
Page 228 and 229: 2. Lake Torrens Basin Abundant leaf
Page 230 and 231: Dominance is highly variable. For e
Page 232 and 233: types (M.K. Macphail unpubl. data).
Page 234 and 235: Dacrycarpus), Euphorbiaceae (Austro
Page 236 and 237: (possibly upper mesotherm) and drie
Page 238 and 239: Basin) on the Eyre Peninsula (Alley
Page 240 and 241: explanation is that a warm water gy
Page 242 and 243: several taxa, which first appear in
Page 244 and 245: 4. TIME SLICE T-4 Age Range: Oligoc
Page 246 and 247: Inferred climate The southern limit
Page 248 and 249: The lowest and possibly the oldest
Page 250 and 251: Dominants include fresh to brackish
Page 252 and 253: Based on the relative abundance of
Page 254 and 255: (Morgan 1977, McMinn 1981a, Martin
Page 256 and 257: common (up to 5-6%) in the middle s
Page 258 and 259: Polypodiaceae, Palmae (Dicolpopolli
Page 260 and 261: Strasburgeriaceae. Proprietary info
Page 262 and 263: Rare taxa which first appear in the
Page 264 and 265: Correlative microfloras in the onsh
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impression of floristic impoverishm
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(Lophosoria) reached Tasmania befor
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2. Otway Basin Oxygen isotope strat
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5. TIME SLICE T-5 Age Range: Late M
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Casuarinaceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeoca
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maximum temperature of the hottest
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Nothofagus-gymnosperm temperate rai
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5.2.7 Tasmania Late Neogene sedimen
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