OFR 151.pdf - CRC LEME

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2. TIME SLICE T-2 Age Range: Early Eocene [54.8-49 Ma] Zones: Malvacipollis diversus to Proteacidites asperopolus Zones Upper Apectodinium hyperacanthum to Homotryblium tasmaniense Zones 2.1 Macrofloras Preservation of diverse macrofossil assemblages was probably better and more widespread during the Eocene than for any other epoch in the Tertiary. To date, studies have tended to focus on Tasmania, the onshore Gippsland Basin (Yallourn and Morwell Open Cuts), the Dilwyn Formation (Wangerrip Group) and Anglesea deposits in Victoria, and Maslin Bay, South Australia. The majority of these sites accumulated during the Middle-Late Eocene. Others cannot be securely dated to a particular epoch within the Eocene. An important exception is the late Early Eocene Regatta Point site, west coast of Tasmania. Much emphasis has been placed on the description and evolutionary significance of the macrofossils, in particular gymnosperms, where evolutionary trends in stomatal distributions appear to reflect long-term palaeoclimatic trends (Hill and Carpenter 1991, Carpenter et al. 1994, Hill and Brodribb 1999). With the possible exception of cycads, the NLRs are rainforest trees and shrubs. Most of these are extinct within the region, e.g. Araucaria in Tasmania, or Australia as a whole, e.g. Acmopyle and Dacrycarpus (Podocarpaceae). 2.1.1 North-West Australia Christophel (1994) cites Banksia (Proteaceae) as one of the taxa present in an Early Eocene macroflora preserved at Merlinleigh in the Kennedy Ranges. Inferred climate Sclerophyll taxa such as Banksia may reflect strongly leached soils as much as seasonally dry climates (Beard 1990, Hill 1998a, 1998b). 2.1.2 North-East Australia A probable Early Eocene macroflora from Moranbah, Queensland, includes Araucariaceae (Agathis), Casuarinaceae (Gymnostoma), Lauraceae and Proteaceae. Inferred climate Conditions appear to have been warm (mesotherm range) and seasonally wet (humidperhumid). 2.1.3 Central Australia No known record. 213
2.1.4 South-West Australia Inferred climate Epiphyllous fungal germlings (Lange 1978a) indicate warm (mesotherm) and wet (humidperhumid) climates. 2.1.5 Central southern Australia No known record. 2.1.6 South-East Australia 1. Otway Basin An Early Eocene macroflora from Deanes Marsh, Victoria (Demon’s Bluff Formation) includes probable Lauraceae and Proteaceae leaves (Christophel 1994). Inferred climate Mean leaf sizes are smaller than leaf sizes preserved in the Middle Eocene Anglesea Flora and may reflect relatively cool (possibly lower mesotherm) conditions. 2.1.7 Tasmania 1. West Coast Carbonaceous mudstones outcropping at Regatta Point, Macquarie Harbour, preserve a diverse late Early Eocene (Upper Malvacipollis diversus-Proteacidites asperopolus Zone) macroflora associated with equally diverse pollen, spores and dinoflagellates. In spite of the high (~66 0 S) palaeolatitude, taxa identified so far include cycads (Bowenia, Pterostoma), which may have adapted to low photoperiods or other stresses associated with high latitudes (Hill 1990a, Hill and Pole 1994), Araucaria and a genus intermediate between Araucaria and Agathis (Bigwood and Hill 1985, Hill and Bigwood 1987, Hill 1990b), Dacrycarpus (Hill and Carpenter 1991) and Nypa (Pole and Macphail 1996). Inferred climate Nypa populations confirm that air and sea surface temperatures within Macquarie Harbour were in the upper mesotherm or megatherm range (~20-24 0 C). A slightly lower mean temperature is possible is climates were highly equable (see Table 2). Associated taxa have subtropical-tropical NLRs and indicate that mean rainfall values were high to very high (perhumid). Pole (in Pole and Macphail 1996) suggests that rainfall was seasonal or possibly monsoonal. 2. East and North Coasts Early possible Eocene mudstones from Buckland on the east coast preserve macrofossils of Acmopyle, a podocarp now confined to rainforest occupying mild (13-17 0 C) but very wet (>5000 mm pa) montane habitats in New Caledonia and Fiji (Townrow 1965a, Hill and Carpenter 1991). A leaf of a deciduous species of Nothofagus is preserved in probable Proteacidites asperopolus Zone sediments at Deloraine on the central north coast (R.S. Hill pers. comm.). 214
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CRCLEME Cooperative Research Centre
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Electronic copies of the publicatio
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and, for Tertiary continental seque
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2. Analysis of a Plio-Pleistocene l
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Table A (cont.) Basin and related s
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Figure A: Generalised climatic curv
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Carpenter, R.J., Hill, R.S., Greenw
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Hill, S.M., Eggleton, R.A. and Tayl
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Macphail, M.K. and Stone, M.S., 200
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Swenson, U., Backlund, McLoughlin,
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This review prese
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Temperature Climates in palaeo-sout
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SUMMARY OF INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALA
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INTRODUCTION Mineral resources, whe
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Professor B. Balme (Geology Departm
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Section 7 (Tertiary climates) This
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vegetation. Moreover, individual ta
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1.3 Flora, vegetation and climate 1
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TABLE 2: Classification of vegetati
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Figure 2: Relationship of different
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Accordingly, only at sites with exc
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2.1.3 Palaeoecology Palaeoecology i
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wind-pollinated trees and shrubs bu
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1. The usual practice of equating t
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1. Palaeontological evidence Like p
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5. Facies architecture and lithostr
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Subsequent developments include mel
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SECTION 4 (GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES AN
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SECTION 5 (EARLY CRETACEOUS CLIMATE
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events on other continents and sugg
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If these considerations apply to th
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surrounding basins. Thick sands ero
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Haig and Lynch 1993, Erbacher et al
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SECTION 6 (LATE CRETACEOUS CLIMATES
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has highlighted the roles played by
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6.4.2 Palaeobotany Cenomanian flora
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Palaeo-southern Australia Dryland c
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6.7 Time Slice K-6. Late Campanian-
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7.1. Global backdrop SECTION 7 (TER
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Explanations for the PETM are centr
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East Antarctica and strengthening o
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amplifying, pacing and potentially
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southeastern Australia than elsewhe
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7.4 Time Slice T-1. Paleocene [65-5
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Palaeo-southern Australia Unlike no
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Palaeo-central Australia As for the
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7.6.2 Palaeobotany The palaeobotani
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Zone microfloras imply temporary wa
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in the Bass Basin, the basal Seaspr
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Similarly it is difficult to summar
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However, the data are emphatic that
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margin of plateau were cooler (~7 0
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fossil taxa that are morphologicall
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during Late Pleistocene glacial max
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SECTION 8 (CONCLUSIONS) Climatic in
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• On present indications, Early C
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TABLE 8a: INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALAE
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8.2 Results in prospect (recommenda
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The 10 μm sieved, oxidised extract
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phenology. The method also provides
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SECTION 9 (REFERENCES) Acton, G.D.
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Ashley, P.M., Duncan, R.A. and Feeb
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Birks, H.J.B. and Gordon, A.D., 198
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Burnham, R.J., 1989. Relationships
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Clarke, J.D.A., 1994. Evolution of
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Dettmann, M.E. and Playford, G., 19
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Evans, P.R., 1970b. Palynology of H
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Godthelp, H., Archer, M., Cifelli,
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Harris, W.K., 1974. Biostratigraphy
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Hill, R.S., 1994b. Nothofagus smith
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Holland, S.M. and Patzkowsky, M.E.,
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Australia: paleoceanographic implic
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Lindsay, J.M. and Harris, W.K., 196
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Macphail, M.K., Colhoun, E.A. and F
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McGowran, B. and Beecroft, A., 1985
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Morgan, R., 1977. Palynology of Ter
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Abstracts of the Annual General Mee
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Raymo, M.E., Grant, B., Horowitz, M
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Sereno, P.C., 1999. The evolution o
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Taylor, G., 1998. Prediction of mod
Page 164 and 165: Webb, L.G., 1968. Environmental rel
Page 166 and 167: Zachos, J.C., Stott, L.D. and Lohma
Page 168 and 169: APPENDIX 1 CRETACEOUS DATA 167
Page 170 and 171: 1. TIME SLICE K-1 Age Range: Berria
Page 172 and 173: Australian assemblages, located on
Page 174 and 175: 2. Officer Basin Dinoflagellates in
Page 176 and 177: 2. TIME SLICE K-2 Age Range: Aptian
Page 178 and 179: Inferred climate The combined data
Page 180 and 181: Dettmann et al. (1992) have argued
Page 182 and 183: 3. TIME SLICE K-3 Age Range: Cenoma
Page 184 and 185: 3.2.2 North-East Australia 1. Carpe
Page 186 and 187: 4. TIME SLICE K-4 Age Range: Turoni
Page 188 and 189: 1. Otway Basin Limited data (Macpha
Page 190 and 191: 5. TIME SLICE K-5 Age Range: Early
Page 192 and 193: Inferred climate The data indicate
Page 194 and 195: 6. TIME SLICE K-6 Age Range: Late C
Page 196 and 197: Contrary to global cooling trends d
Page 198 and 199: Inferred climate The relatively goo
Page 200 and 201: Inferred climate As for regions to
Page 202 and 203: APPENDIX 2 TERTIARY DATA 201
Page 204 and 205: 1. TIME SLICE T-1 Age Range: Paleoc
Page 206 and 207: also include relatively frequent No
Page 208 and 209: Inferred climate Some differences b
Page 210 and 211: Microfloras preserved in the Lower
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Page 216 and 217: Inferred climate Climates appear to
Page 218 and 219: northern New South Wales. The assem
Page 220 and 221: 2.2.5 Central southern Australia Ha
Page 222 and 223: a number of distinctive Proteaceae
Page 224 and 225: Inferred climate The Regatta Point
Page 226 and 227: 3. TIME SLICE T-3 Age Range: Middle
Page 228 and 229: 2. Lake Torrens Basin Abundant leaf
Page 230 and 231: Dominance is highly variable. For e
Page 232 and 233: types (M.K. Macphail unpubl. data).
Page 234 and 235: Dacrycarpus), Euphorbiaceae (Austro
Page 236 and 237: (possibly upper mesotherm) and drie
Page 238 and 239: Basin) on the Eyre Peninsula (Alley
Page 240 and 241: explanation is that a warm water gy
Page 242 and 243: several taxa, which first appear in
Page 244 and 245: 4. TIME SLICE T-4 Age Range: Oligoc
Page 246 and 247: Inferred climate The southern limit
Page 248 and 249: The lowest and possibly the oldest
Page 250 and 251: Dominants include fresh to brackish
Page 252 and 253: Based on the relative abundance of
Page 254 and 255: (Morgan 1977, McMinn 1981a, Martin
Page 256 and 257: common (up to 5-6%) in the middle s
Page 258 and 259: Polypodiaceae, Palmae (Dicolpopolli
Page 260 and 261: Strasburgeriaceae. Proprietary info
Page 262 and 263: Rare taxa which first appear in the
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Correlative microfloras in the onsh
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impression of floristic impoverishm
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(Lophosoria) reached Tasmania befor
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2. Otway Basin Oxygen isotope strat
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5. TIME SLICE T-5 Age Range: Late M
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Casuarinaceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeoca
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maximum temperature of the hottest
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Nothofagus-gymnosperm temperate rai
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5.2.7 Tasmania Late Neogene sedimen
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