OFR 151.pdf - CRC LEME

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Microfloras preserved in the Lower Lygistepollenites balmei Zone interval (Pebble Point Fm.) are dominated by Podocarpaceae (Podocarpus-Prumnopitys, Lagarostrobos) with lesser amounts (3-8%) of Araucariaceae (Agathis/Wollemia), Dacrydium, Microcachrys, Phyllocladus, Blechnaceae-type, Gleicheniaceae and Sphagnum. Nothofagus (Brassospora, Fuscospora) increases from ~1% to 4% up-section. Other angiosperms are uncommon except for Proteaceae (up to 8%) and Callitrichaceae (3-4%) but rare types include Casuarinaceae, Austrobuxus-type, Gambierina, and Xylomelum occidentale-type. Microfloras from the overlying Upper L. balmei Zone (Dilwyn Clay) are dominated by gymnosperms and cryptogams but are more diverse due to the increasing angiosperm component. Species first appearing in this interval include Anacolosa (Anacolosidites acutullus) and Tiliaceae (Intratriporopollenites notabilis). Nothofagus and Callitrichaceae become rare whilst Myrtaceae (M. eugeniioides) comprises up to 17% of the total pollen count. Nothofagus is uncommon in a similar Proteaceae and Myrtaceae-dominated Late Paleocene microflora in the Latrobe-1 well in the Port Campbell Embayment. Microfloras from the onshore Torquay Sub-basin to the east of Princetown include correlatives of the Lower and Upper Lygistepollenites balmei Zones (M.K. Macphail unpubl. data). The earlier zone is dominated by ancestral Nothofagus and Proteaceae spp., with frequent Araucariaceae (Araucaria, Agathis/Wollemia) but Casuarinaceae and Gambierina are rare. The younger zone is dominated by Araucariaceae (Araucaria, Agathis/Wollemia), Podocarpaceae (Podocarpus-Prumnopitys) and Gleicheniaceae, associated with Cyatheaceae, Matoniaceae, Dicksoniaceae, Dacrycarpus, Dacrydium, Halocarpus, Lagarostrobos, Anacolosa (Anacolosidites acutullus, A. sp. nov.) and an undescribed member of the Northern Hemisphere Triprojectites group (Integricorpus). Inferred climate The Lower Lygistepollenites balmei Zone assemblages represent a form of Austral Conifer Forest growing under relatively cool (lower mesotherm) and uniform to weakly seasonal and wet (humid) conditions. The expansion of angiosperms during Upper L. balmei Zone time is consistent with warming temperatures although the absence of palms indicates mean values remained within the mesotherm range. 5. Gippsland Basin Paleocene sediments reach thicknesses of up to 950 m in the offshore Gippsland Basin and have been intersected in some 650 wells. A review of the well data (Macphail et al. 1994, A.D. Partridge pers. comm.) indicates that Lygistepollenites balmei Zone microfloras primarily are dominated by podocarps (Podocarpus-Prumnopitys, Lagarostrobos) and Proteaceae, with lower, but still high, relative abundances of Dacrydium (including L. balmei), ancestral Nothofagus (Nothofagidites endurus) and Callitrichaceae. Araucariaceae (predominantly Dilwynites) are most abundant in distal marine facies, due to the Neves Effect. Comparisons of Lower and Upper L. balmei Zone sequences, for example in the Tuna Field wells (I.R. Sluiter and M.K. Macphail unpubl. data), indicate that angiosperms such as Gambierina, Peninsulapollis gillii and Tetracolporites verrucosus are more common in the Early Danian than in younger (Late Danian-Early Thanetian) assemblages. The reverse is true of ancestral Nothofagus, Callitrichaceae and several extinct Proteaceae. By Late Thanetian, Gleicheniaceae, Cyatheaceae, Proteaceae and ancestral Nothofagus had replaced Lagarostrobos, Dacrydium and Callitrichaceae as the most common taxa. 209
Inferred climate The sequence records the progressive replacement of Austral Conifer Forest by floristically complex angiosperm-dominated rainforest. The succession is ecologically consistent with warming followed by transient cooling although mean temperatures appear to have remained within the lower mesotherm range. Rainfall was high (perhumid) throughout the year. To what extent plant community evolution was shaped by low light intensities or possible microtherm temperatures during winter months is unclear. 1.2.7 Tasmania Paleocene sediments occur in subcrop in the Bass Basin (lower Eastern View Coal Measures) and along the western margin of Tasmania but few reliable quantitative data are available in open-file reports. 1. Bass Basin Non-marine correlatives of the Lower and Upper Lygistepollenites balmei Zone in Yolla-1 well, Bass Basin, are dominated by Araucariaceae (Agathis/Wollemia) with trace amounts of Lagarostrobos, Dacrydium (Lygistepollenites balmei) and Gambierina (Morgan 1986b). Nothofagus (Brassospora) pollen in the same microfloras are suggested to be Eocene contaminants introduced during processing. Evans and Mulholland (1969) have recorded Podocarpaceae-dominated possibly Upper L. balmei Zone Equivalent microfloras in the Clam-1 well, drilled in the King Island Sub-basin near King Island, and also in northwestern Tasmania. Rare taxa include Casuarinaceae, Callitrichaceae, Ericales, Gambierina, ancestral Nothofagus, nondescript Proteaceae and a much more diverse group of ferns and gymnosperms. Correlative assemblages occur in the Longford and Port Sorell Sub-basins in northern Tasmania, and in an onshore extension of the Sorell Basin south of Macquarie Harbour (S. Forsyth pers. comm.). Microfloras from Rose Rivulet near Launceston and other unspecified localities in the same (Launceston) sub-basin, dated as Paleocene by Harris (1967), include Tiliaceae (Intratriporopollenites notabilis) and are either contaminated with Eocene taxa or are Early Eocene (Lower Malvacipollis diversus Zone Equivalent). 2. West Coast Macphail (unpubl. results) has recorded an apparently uncontaminated Upper L. balmei Zone Equivalent microflora in cuttings in the Cape Sorell-1 well, offshore Sorell Basin. Pollen dominance is shared between Araucariaceae (Agathis/Wollemia), Podocarpaceae (Lagarostrobos, Podocarpus-Prumnopitys), ancestral Nothofagus and Cyatheaceae (Cyathidites), with lesser amounts of Gleicheniaceae, Proteaceae and undescribed tricolporate angiosperms. Rare taxa include Dacrydium (Lygistepollenites balmei, L. florinii), Callitrichaceae, Casuarinaceae, Cupanieae, Cunoniaceae (Gillbeea), Euphorbiaceae, Gambierina and Myrtaceae. Inferred climate Within the limits of the data, relative pollen dominance points to Austral Conifer Forest being the dominant vegetation type on the Bassian Plain and in northern and western Tasmania during the Paleocene. The diversity is low relative to the Gippsland Basin, possibly due to reduced photoperiods during winter months. Species with modern warm temperate or 210
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CRCLEME Cooperative Research Centre
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Electronic copies of the publicatio
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and, for Tertiary continental seque
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2. Analysis of a Plio-Pleistocene l
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Table A (cont.) Basin and related s
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Figure A: Generalised climatic curv
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Carpenter, R.J., Hill, R.S., Greenw
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Hill, S.M., Eggleton, R.A. and Tayl
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Macphail, M.K. and Stone, M.S., 200
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Swenson, U., Backlund, McLoughlin,
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This review prese
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Temperature Climates in palaeo-sout
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SUMMARY OF INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALA
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INTRODUCTION Mineral resources, whe
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Professor B. Balme (Geology Departm
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Section 7 (Tertiary climates) This
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vegetation. Moreover, individual ta
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1.3 Flora, vegetation and climate 1
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TABLE 2: Classification of vegetati
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Figure 2: Relationship of different
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Accordingly, only at sites with exc
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2.1.3 Palaeoecology Palaeoecology i
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wind-pollinated trees and shrubs bu
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1. The usual practice of equating t
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1. Palaeontological evidence Like p
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5. Facies architecture and lithostr
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Subsequent developments include mel
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SECTION 4 (GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES AN
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SECTION 5 (EARLY CRETACEOUS CLIMATE
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events on other continents and sugg
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If these considerations apply to th
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surrounding basins. Thick sands ero
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Haig and Lynch 1993, Erbacher et al
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SECTION 6 (LATE CRETACEOUS CLIMATES
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has highlighted the roles played by
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6.4.2 Palaeobotany Cenomanian flora
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Palaeo-southern Australia Dryland c
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6.7 Time Slice K-6. Late Campanian-
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7.1. Global backdrop SECTION 7 (TER
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Explanations for the PETM are centr
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East Antarctica and strengthening o
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amplifying, pacing and potentially
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southeastern Australia than elsewhe
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7.4 Time Slice T-1. Paleocene [65-5
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Palaeo-southern Australia Unlike no
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Palaeo-central Australia As for the
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7.6.2 Palaeobotany The palaeobotani
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Zone microfloras imply temporary wa
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in the Bass Basin, the basal Seaspr
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Similarly it is difficult to summar
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However, the data are emphatic that
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margin of plateau were cooler (~7 0
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fossil taxa that are morphologicall
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during Late Pleistocene glacial max
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SECTION 8 (CONCLUSIONS) Climatic in
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• On present indications, Early C
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TABLE 8a: INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALAE
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8.2 Results in prospect (recommenda
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The 10 μm sieved, oxidised extract
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phenology. The method also provides
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SECTION 9 (REFERENCES) Acton, G.D.
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Ashley, P.M., Duncan, R.A. and Feeb
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Birks, H.J.B. and Gordon, A.D., 198
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Burnham, R.J., 1989. Relationships
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Clarke, J.D.A., 1994. Evolution of
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Dettmann, M.E. and Playford, G., 19
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Evans, P.R., 1970b. Palynology of H
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Godthelp, H., Archer, M., Cifelli,
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Harris, W.K., 1974. Biostratigraphy
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Hill, R.S., 1994b. Nothofagus smith
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Holland, S.M. and Patzkowsky, M.E.,
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Australia: paleoceanographic implic
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Lindsay, J.M. and Harris, W.K., 196
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Macphail, M.K., Colhoun, E.A. and F
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McGowran, B. and Beecroft, A., 1985
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Morgan, R., 1977. Palynology of Ter
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Abstracts of the Annual General Mee
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Raymo, M.E., Grant, B., Horowitz, M
Page 160 and 161: Sereno, P.C., 1999. The evolution o
Page 162 and 163: Taylor, G., 1998. Prediction of mod
Page 164 and 165: Webb, L.G., 1968. Environmental rel
Page 166 and 167: Zachos, J.C., Stott, L.D. and Lohma
Page 168 and 169: APPENDIX 1 CRETACEOUS DATA 167
Page 170 and 171: 1. TIME SLICE K-1 Age Range: Berria
Page 172 and 173: Australian assemblages, located on
Page 174 and 175: 2. Officer Basin Dinoflagellates in
Page 176 and 177: 2. TIME SLICE K-2 Age Range: Aptian
Page 178 and 179: Inferred climate The combined data
Page 180 and 181: Dettmann et al. (1992) have argued
Page 182 and 183: 3. TIME SLICE K-3 Age Range: Cenoma
Page 184 and 185: 3.2.2 North-East Australia 1. Carpe
Page 186 and 187: 4. TIME SLICE K-4 Age Range: Turoni
Page 188 and 189: 1. Otway Basin Limited data (Macpha
Page 190 and 191: 5. TIME SLICE K-5 Age Range: Early
Page 192 and 193: Inferred climate The data indicate
Page 194 and 195: 6. TIME SLICE K-6 Age Range: Late C
Page 196 and 197: Contrary to global cooling trends d
Page 198 and 199: Inferred climate The relatively goo
Page 200 and 201: Inferred climate As for regions to
Page 202 and 203: APPENDIX 2 TERTIARY DATA 201
Page 204 and 205: 1. TIME SLICE T-1 Age Range: Paleoc
Page 206 and 207: also include relatively frequent No
Page 208 and 209: Inferred climate Some differences b
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Page 214 and 215: 2. TIME SLICE T-2 Age Range: Early
Page 216 and 217: Inferred climate Climates appear to
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Page 220 and 221: 2.2.5 Central southern Australia Ha
Page 222 and 223: a number of distinctive Proteaceae
Page 224 and 225: Inferred climate The Regatta Point
Page 226 and 227: 3. TIME SLICE T-3 Age Range: Middle
Page 228 and 229: 2. Lake Torrens Basin Abundant leaf
Page 230 and 231: Dominance is highly variable. For e
Page 232 and 233: types (M.K. Macphail unpubl. data).
Page 234 and 235: Dacrycarpus), Euphorbiaceae (Austro
Page 236 and 237: (possibly upper mesotherm) and drie
Page 238 and 239: Basin) on the Eyre Peninsula (Alley
Page 240 and 241: explanation is that a warm water gy
Page 242 and 243: several taxa, which first appear in
Page 244 and 245: 4. TIME SLICE T-4 Age Range: Oligoc
Page 246 and 247: Inferred climate The southern limit
Page 248 and 249: The lowest and possibly the oldest
Page 250 and 251: Dominants include fresh to brackish
Page 252 and 253: Based on the relative abundance of
Page 254 and 255: (Morgan 1977, McMinn 1981a, Martin
Page 256 and 257: common (up to 5-6%) in the middle s
Page 258 and 259: Polypodiaceae, Palmae (Dicolpopolli
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Strasburgeriaceae. Proprietary info
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Rare taxa which first appear in the
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Correlative microfloras in the onsh
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impression of floristic impoverishm
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(Lophosoria) reached Tasmania befor
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2. Otway Basin Oxygen isotope strat
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5. TIME SLICE T-5 Age Range: Late M
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Casuarinaceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeoca
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maximum temperature of the hottest
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Nothofagus-gymnosperm temperate rai
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5.2.7 Tasmania Late Neogene sedimen
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