OFR 151.pdf - CRC LEME

More documents

Recommendations

Info

also include relatively frequent Nothofagus (Fuscospora) spp. and tricolpate angiosperms. Rare taxa include Sphagnum, probable shrub podocarps (Microcachrys, Podosporites), Gambierina, Ilex, and a probable Caryophyllaceae (Periporopollenites polyoratus). Charcoal is common in the Mt. Royal assemblage, and this microflora and those from Tamworth also preserve halophytic dinoflagellate cysts (Ceratopsis spp.) similar to those found in the Lake Eyre Basin (see below). Inferred climate During the Late Tertiary, Araucariaceae are typically associated with weakly seasonal, warm and wet climates (Macphail and Truswell 1989). Paleocene araucarians may have had similar preferences, based on the higher relative abundance of Araucaria in Late Paleocene microfloras on the Northeastern Tablelands than in correlative assemblages on the Southeastern Highlands (see below). If correct, seasonally warm (mesotherm range) and wet (humid-perhumid) climates were in existence in northeastern New South Wales sometime during the Late Paleocene despite isotope data indicating cooler (microtherm) SSTs in northeastern Queensland. 1.2.3 Central Australia 1. Lake Eyre Basin Probable Late Paleocene (Upper Lygistepollenites balmei Zone Equivalent) microfloras are preserved at the base of the Eyre Formation in the Clayton-3 well (Alley 1986) and BMR Muloorina-2 and Poonarunna-1 wells in the Lake Eyre Basin (Sluiter 1991, Martin 1998b). The latter wells preserve the earliest recorded evidence of extensive burr-reed (Sparganiaceae) swamps in inland Australia (Alley 1998). The Clayton-3 microfloras are co-dominated by ferns (Blechnaceae, Cyathea, Cyathidites, Gleicheniaceae), Podocarpaceae (Dacrydium, Lagarostrobos, Microcachrys, Podocarpus- Prumnopitys) and Callitrichaceae. Rare taxa include the extinct Dacrydium clade (Lygistepollenites balmei) as well as taxa that are more typical of Early Eocene microfloras, e.g. Cupanieae, Pandanaceae (Freycinetia), Sapotaceae and extinct species such as Tricolpites incisus (possibly Loranthaceae) and Tricolporites leuros (possibly Meliaceae). Rare taxa in Lake Eyre Bore 8A include a probable early species of Eucalyptus (Myrtaceidites tenuis) and Proteacidites pachypolus (Alley 1983a). The Muloorina-2 and Poonarunna-1 sequences are equally difficult to date due to the cooccurrence in the same assemblage of species that are used to subdivide Late Paleocene and Early Eocene time in the Gippsland Basin. Relative abundance data compounds this problem since the closest analogues of the Paleocene assemblages in Poonarunna-1 occur in an interval (17-34 m) in Muloorina-2, which may be Early Eocene in age (M.K. Macphail, unpubl. observ.). Other unusual features of the two palynosequences are: a. The only common gymnosperm(s) in Muloorina-2 are families (Cupressaceae and/or Taxodiaceae) that now are most common on the sub-humid-humid Southeastern Highlands and adjacent central west slopes of New South Wales and in the alpine zone in Tasmania. Podocarps are rare (Dacrydium, Lagarostrobos) to frequent (Microcachrys, Podocarpus) whilst Araucariaceae occur in isolated samples only. Correlative microfloras in Poonarunna- 1, located 280 km to the south of Muloorina-2, are dominated by podocarps, chiefly Podocarpus but include frequent to common (up to 10%) Dacrydium, Lagarostrobos and Microcachrys. Conversely, Cupressaceae-Taxodiaceae pollen occur in trace numbers only. 205
. The dominant angiosperm types in Muloorina-2 are Cunoniaceae (now characteristic of warm temperate rainforest in New South Wales and southern Queensland), Myrtaceae and Proteaceae whilst Casuarinaceae and ancestral Nothofagus (Nothofagidites endurus) occur in low to trace numbers only. Cyatheaceae and Callitrichaceae are common to abundant in the lower and upper samples, respectively. Cryptogams are frequent to common overall in Poonarunna-1 but the individual species are uncommon or rare. c. Some microfloras include a dinoflagellate cyst (Morkallacysta spp.) that is closely related to the marine species, Deflandrea obliquipes and D. pachyceros. High salinity values are inconsistent with the presence of rainforest species but may have arisen due to infrequent or short-term droughts or (preferred) the local discharge of possibly warm saline groundwater. Inferred climate Because of the poor age control, it is uncertain whether the data represent floristic successions during the Late Paleocene-Early Eocene transition or heterogeneous (mosaic) plant communities growing at about the same time during the Late Paleocene (cf. Macphail et al. 1994, Alley 1998). The data confirm conditions were wet (humid) and warm (mesotherm range) but are not inconsistent with a short dry season. Mean values inferred by Sluiter (1991) are >1400 mm pa and 18-19 0 C (upper mesotherm), respectively. 1.2.4 South-West Australia 1. Carnarvon Basin Basal Early Paleocene microfloras in Alpha North-1 are dominated by dinoflagellates. The low spore-pollen yield is dominated (>50%) by extinct species of Proteaceae (M.K. Macphail, unpubl. results). Rare taxa include Lycopodiaceae, Gleicheniaceae, podocarps (chiefly Podocarpus-Prumnopitys), Casuarinaceae (Haloragacidites harrisii) and Anacolosa (Anacolosidites acutullus). Early Late Paleocene assemblages are similar but include Dacrydium (Lygistepollenites florinii) and at least one Proteaceae (Propylipollis annularis) that can be linked to a living shrub (Xylomelum occidentale) confined to south-west Western Australia. Anacolosa indicates very warm (upper mesotherm) and humid conditions, possibly with a pronounced dry season. By mid Late Paleocene time, Casuarinaceae (Gymnostoma) had become the dominant pollen type (50%). Proteaceae comprise 20%, and unidentified angiosperms and cryptogams 7-9%, of the pollen sum. Rare to frequent taxa include shrubs and herbs characteristic of modern coastal wetlands, e.g. Restionaceae (Milfordia) and Sparganiaceae (Aglaoreidia). Rainforest trees and shrubs include Araucariaceae (Dilwynites), Cupressaceae, Podocarpaceae (Lygistepollenites florinii), Austrobuxus-type (Malvacipollis spp.), Ilex and Nothofagus (Nothofagidites brachyspinulosus, N. emarcidus). The same assemblage preserves the earliest confirmed record in Australia of the mangrove palm Nypa (Spinizonocolpites prominatus). 2. Perth Basin Kemp (1978) has reported Nothofagus pollen from the probable Late Paleocene-Early Eocene Kings Park Shale, near Perth but few other details are available. Microfloras from the Langley-1 bore which intersected a 200 m thick section of the Kings Park Shale are dominated by Gleicheniaceae and Proteaceae but appear to be extensively contaminated by older and younger palynomorphs (M.K. Macphail pers. observ.). Many of the Proteaceae appear to be undescribed or are geographical variants of described species. 206
Page 1 and 2:
CRCLEME Cooperative Research Centre
Page 3 and 4:
Electronic copies of the publicatio
Page 5 and 6:
and, for Tertiary continental seque
Page 7 and 8:
2. Analysis of a Plio-Pleistocene l
Page 9 and 10:
Table A (cont.) Basin and related s
Page 11 and 12:
Figure A: Generalised climatic curv
Page 13 and 14:
Carpenter, R.J., Hill, R.S., Greenw
Page 15 and 16:
Hill, S.M., Eggleton, R.A. and Tayl
Page 17 and 18:
Macphail, M.K. and Stone, M.S., 200
Page 19 and 20:
Swenson, U., Backlund, McLoughlin,
Page 22 and 23:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This review prese
Page 24 and 25:
Temperature Climates in palaeo-sout
Page 26 and 27:
SUMMARY OF INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALA
Page 28 and 29:
INTRODUCTION Mineral resources, whe
Page 30 and 31:
Professor B. Balme (Geology Departm
Page 32:
Section 7 (Tertiary climates) This
Page 35 and 36:
vegetation. Moreover, individual ta
Page 37 and 38:
1.3 Flora, vegetation and climate 1
Page 39 and 40:
TABLE 2: Classification of vegetati
Page 41 and 42:
Figure 2: Relationship of different
Page 43 and 44:
Accordingly, only at sites with exc
Page 45 and 46:
2.1.3 Palaeoecology Palaeoecology i
Page 47 and 48:
wind-pollinated trees and shrubs bu
Page 49 and 50:
1. The usual practice of equating t
Page 51 and 52:
1. Palaeontological evidence Like p
Page 53 and 54:
5. Facies architecture and lithostr
Page 55 and 56:
Subsequent developments include mel
Page 58 and 59:
SECTION 4 (GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES AN
Page 60 and 61:
SECTION 5 (EARLY CRETACEOUS CLIMATE
Page 62 and 63:
events on other continents and sugg
Page 64 and 65:
If these considerations apply to th
Page 66 and 67:
surrounding basins. Thick sands ero
Page 68 and 69:
Haig and Lynch 1993, Erbacher et al
Page 70 and 71:
SECTION 6 (LATE CRETACEOUS CLIMATES
Page 72 and 73:
has highlighted the roles played by
Page 74 and 75:
6.4.2 Palaeobotany Cenomanian flora
Page 76 and 77:
Palaeo-southern Australia Dryland c
Page 78 and 79:
6.7 Time Slice K-6. Late Campanian-
Page 80 and 81:
7.1. Global backdrop SECTION 7 (TER
Page 82 and 83:
Explanations for the PETM are centr
Page 84 and 85:
East Antarctica and strengthening o
Page 86 and 87:
amplifying, pacing and potentially
Page 88 and 89:
southeastern Australia than elsewhe
Page 90 and 91:
7.4 Time Slice T-1. Paleocene [65-5
Page 92 and 93:
Palaeo-southern Australia Unlike no
Page 94 and 95:
Palaeo-central Australia As for the
Page 96 and 97:
7.6.2 Palaeobotany The palaeobotani
Page 98 and 99:
Zone microfloras imply temporary wa
Page 100 and 101:
in the Bass Basin, the basal Seaspr
Page 102 and 103:
Similarly it is difficult to summar
Page 104 and 105:
However, the data are emphatic that
Page 106 and 107:
margin of plateau were cooler (~7 0
Page 108 and 109:
fossil taxa that are morphologicall
Page 110 and 111:
during Late Pleistocene glacial max
Page 112 and 113:
SECTION 8 (CONCLUSIONS) Climatic in
Page 114 and 115:
• On present indications, Early C
Page 116 and 117:
TABLE 8a: INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALAE
Page 118 and 119:
8.2 Results in prospect (recommenda
Page 120 and 121:
The 10 μm sieved, oxidised extract
Page 122 and 123:
phenology. The method also provides
Page 124 and 125:
SECTION 9 (REFERENCES) Acton, G.D.
Page 126 and 127:
Ashley, P.M., Duncan, R.A. and Feeb
Page 128 and 129:
Birks, H.J.B. and Gordon, A.D., 198
Page 130 and 131:
Burnham, R.J., 1989. Relationships
Page 132 and 133:
Clarke, J.D.A., 1994. Evolution of
Page 134 and 135:
Dettmann, M.E. and Playford, G., 19
Page 136 and 137:
Evans, P.R., 1970b. Palynology of H
Page 138 and 139:
Godthelp, H., Archer, M., Cifelli,
Page 140 and 141:
Harris, W.K., 1974. Biostratigraphy
Page 142 and 143:
Hill, R.S., 1994b. Nothofagus smith
Page 144 and 145:
Holland, S.M. and Patzkowsky, M.E.,
Page 146 and 147:
Australia: paleoceanographic implic
Page 148 and 149:
Lindsay, J.M. and Harris, W.K., 196
Page 150 and 151:
Macphail, M.K., Colhoun, E.A. and F
Page 152 and 153:
McGowran, B. and Beecroft, A., 1985
Page 154 and 155:
Morgan, R., 1977. Palynology of Ter
Page 156 and 157: Abstracts of the Annual General Mee
Page 158 and 159: Raymo, M.E., Grant, B., Horowitz, M
Page 160 and 161: Sereno, P.C., 1999. The evolution o
Page 162 and 163: Taylor, G., 1998. Prediction of mod
Page 164 and 165: Webb, L.G., 1968. Environmental rel
Page 166 and 167: Zachos, J.C., Stott, L.D. and Lohma
Page 168 and 169: APPENDIX 1 CRETACEOUS DATA 167
Page 170 and 171: 1. TIME SLICE K-1 Age Range: Berria
Page 172 and 173: Australian assemblages, located on
Page 174 and 175: 2. Officer Basin Dinoflagellates in
Page 176 and 177: 2. TIME SLICE K-2 Age Range: Aptian
Page 178 and 179: Inferred climate The combined data
Page 180 and 181: Dettmann et al. (1992) have argued
Page 182 and 183: 3. TIME SLICE K-3 Age Range: Cenoma
Page 184 and 185: 3.2.2 North-East Australia 1. Carpe
Page 186 and 187: 4. TIME SLICE K-4 Age Range: Turoni
Page 188 and 189: 1. Otway Basin Limited data (Macpha
Page 190 and 191: 5. TIME SLICE K-5 Age Range: Early
Page 192 and 193: Inferred climate The data indicate
Page 194 and 195: 6. TIME SLICE K-6 Age Range: Late C
Page 196 and 197: Contrary to global cooling trends d
Page 198 and 199: Inferred climate The relatively goo
Page 200 and 201: Inferred climate As for regions to
Page 202 and 203: APPENDIX 2 TERTIARY DATA 201
Page 204 and 205: 1. TIME SLICE T-1 Age Range: Paleoc
Page 208 and 209: Inferred climate Some differences b
Page 210 and 211: Microfloras preserved in the Lower
Page 212 and 213: subtropical affinities are rare, hi
Page 214 and 215: 2. TIME SLICE T-2 Age Range: Early
Page 216 and 217: Inferred climate Climates appear to
Page 218 and 219: northern New South Wales. The assem
Page 220 and 221: 2.2.5 Central southern Australia Ha
Page 222 and 223: a number of distinctive Proteaceae
Page 224 and 225: Inferred climate The Regatta Point
Page 226 and 227: 3. TIME SLICE T-3 Age Range: Middle
Page 228 and 229: 2. Lake Torrens Basin Abundant leaf
Page 230 and 231: Dominance is highly variable. For e
Page 232 and 233: types (M.K. Macphail unpubl. data).
Page 234 and 235: Dacrycarpus), Euphorbiaceae (Austro
Page 236 and 237: (possibly upper mesotherm) and drie
Page 238 and 239: Basin) on the Eyre Peninsula (Alley
Page 240 and 241: explanation is that a warm water gy
Page 242 and 243: several taxa, which first appear in
Page 244 and 245: 4. TIME SLICE T-4 Age Range: Oligoc
Page 246 and 247: Inferred climate The southern limit
Page 248 and 249: The lowest and possibly the oldest
Page 250 and 251: Dominants include fresh to brackish
Page 252 and 253: Based on the relative abundance of
Page 254 and 255: (Morgan 1977, McMinn 1981a, Martin
Page 256 and 257:
common (up to 5-6%) in the middle s
Page 258 and 259:
Polypodiaceae, Palmae (Dicolpopolli
Page 260 and 261:
Strasburgeriaceae. Proprietary info
Page 262 and 263:
Rare taxa which first appear in the
Page 264 and 265:
Correlative microfloras in the onsh
Page 266 and 267:
impression of floristic impoverishm
Page 268 and 269:
(Lophosoria) reached Tasmania befor
Page 270 and 271:
2. Otway Basin Oxygen isotope strat
Page 272 and 273:
5. TIME SLICE T-5 Age Range: Late M
Page 274 and 275:
Casuarinaceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeoca
Page 276 and 277:
maximum temperature of the hottest
Page 278 and 279:
Nothofagus-gymnosperm temperate rai
Page 280:
5.2.7 Tasmania Late Neogene sedimen
show all

OFR 151.pdf - CRC LEME

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?