OFR 151.pdf - CRC LEME

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5. TIME SLICE K-5 Age Range: Early Campanian [83- ~70 Ma] Zones: Nothofagidites senectus Zone Upper Nelsoniella aceras to Xenikoon australis Zones 5.1 Macrofloras Douglas (1994) has noted that leaf cuticle is often a major component in microfossil preparations. 5.2 Microfloras Marine and non-marine sediments, which preserve Early Campanian palynofloras, occur in offshore basins along the southern, western and northern margins. The first appearance of Nothofagidites is widely used as a marker for the basal Campanian and this may conceal diachronous or time-transgressive trends in the first occurrence of other botanically important species along the southern margin. Like Lagarostrobos and Dacrydium, the first appearance of Nothofagus is of potentially major palaeoclimatic significance, as three of the four living subgenera (Fuscospora, Lophozonia, Nothofagus) are confined to relatively cool to cold (microtherm range) and uniformly wet climates in Australia, New Zealand and southern South America. The fourth subgenus (Brassospora), which is endemic to New Caledonia, New Guinea, is also confined to uniformly wet climates but is tolerant of a wider temperature range (upper microthermlower mesotherm). The clade represented by Campanian Nothofagidites was ancestral to the four extant subgenera (Dettmann et al. 1990) and its palaeo-distribution makes it probable that the genus was adapted to extended periods of winter darkness (possibly deciduous) and high levels of environmental disturbance. The latter characteristic is retained by many living Nothofagus species whilst the deciduous trait occurs in several Nothofagus species that are confined to upper subalpine and alpine habitats, e.g. N. gunnii in Tasmania. Accordingly, the spectrum of responses to modern drought and temperature extremes makes it unwise to rely too closely on modern bioclimatic data when interpreting Late Cretaceous palaeoclimates. For example, the possibility exists that ancestral Nothofagus species were (or included) shrubs occupying exposed and/or disturbed sites such as along rivers and therefore that the relative abundance of its pollen may reflect edaphic factors rather than climate per se. Conversely, there is weak evidence that some ancestral Nothofagus were growing in the Eastern Highlands, implying some ecotypes were adapted to more stable environments. An example is the high relative abundance of Nothofagidites senectus in the Wild Dog-1 well, located on the southwestern margin of the Gippsland Basin adjacent to the South Gippsland Range (Macphail 1993). Systematic analysis of Campanian microfloras across the Gippsland Basin would help resolve this point. 189
5.2.1 North-West Australia 1. Bonaparte Basin Pollen data from Jacaranda-1 show that ferns (Cyathidites), podocarps (Podocarpus- Prumnopitys) and/or possible pteridosperms (Alisporites) remained common during the Late Santonian-Early Campanian (Nelsoniella aceras Zone). Newly arrived taxa include tree ferns (Lophosoria), gnetopsids (Ephedra), palms (Longapertites) and a fossil member of the Didymelaceae, now confined to angiosperm rainforest in Madagascar (Schizocolpus marlinensis). Pollen of an ancestral Nothofagus species (Nothofagidites sp. cf. N. senectus) are present but very rare. Inferred climate The presence of a palm implies humid-perhumid and seasonally very warm (upper mesotherm) conditions occurred along the palaeo-northern margin during the Campanian. 5.2.2 North-East Australia No known record. 5.2.3 Central Australia No known record. 5.2.4 South-West Australia 1. Carnarvon Basin Palynofloras are wholly dominated by dinoflagellates, e.g. Alpha North-1 (Ingram and Morgan 1989). No data are available from the Perth Basin whilst Campanian sediments are not preserved in the Eyre Basin (Jerboa-1). 5.2.5 Central southern Australia 1. Duntroon Basin Maastrichtian and/or Campanian microfloras are recorded in nearshore to marginal marine facies preserved in the Duntroon-1 (Morgan 1986a) and Vivonne-1 and Greenly-1 wells (Morgan and Hooker 1993b, 1993d). Dominants are ferns (Cyatheaceae), possible pteridosperms (Alisporites) and two podocarps (Podocarpus-Prumnopitys, Podosporites microsaccatus). Tertiary microfloral evidence indicates the latter species was produced by an extinct shrub related to Microcachrys, growing around or in freshwater swamps. Other gymnosperms are only sporadically common, e.g. araucarians (Araucaria, Agathis/Wollemia), or infrequent (Lagarostrobos, Microcachrys). Sphagnum, Osmundaceae, Proteaceae and ancestral Nothofagus values increase up section, with Nothofagus reaching up to 18% close to the top of the interval. Rare angiosperms include Callitrichaceae and unidentified taxa producing tricolpate and tricolporate grains. 190
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CRCLEME Cooperative Research Centre
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Electronic copies of the publicatio
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and, for Tertiary continental seque
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2. Analysis of a Plio-Pleistocene l
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Table A (cont.) Basin and related s
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Figure A: Generalised climatic curv
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Carpenter, R.J., Hill, R.S., Greenw
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Hill, S.M., Eggleton, R.A. and Tayl
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Macphail, M.K. and Stone, M.S., 200
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Swenson, U., Backlund, McLoughlin,
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This review prese
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Temperature Climates in palaeo-sout
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SUMMARY OF INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALA
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INTRODUCTION Mineral resources, whe
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Professor B. Balme (Geology Departm
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Section 7 (Tertiary climates) This
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vegetation. Moreover, individual ta
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1.3 Flora, vegetation and climate 1
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TABLE 2: Classification of vegetati
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Figure 2: Relationship of different
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Accordingly, only at sites with exc
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2.1.3 Palaeoecology Palaeoecology i
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wind-pollinated trees and shrubs bu
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1. The usual practice of equating t
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1. Palaeontological evidence Like p
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5. Facies architecture and lithostr
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Subsequent developments include mel
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SECTION 4 (GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES AN
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SECTION 5 (EARLY CRETACEOUS CLIMATE
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events on other continents and sugg
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If these considerations apply to th
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surrounding basins. Thick sands ero
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Haig and Lynch 1993, Erbacher et al
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SECTION 6 (LATE CRETACEOUS CLIMATES
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has highlighted the roles played by
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6.4.2 Palaeobotany Cenomanian flora
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Palaeo-southern Australia Dryland c
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6.7 Time Slice K-6. Late Campanian-
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7.1. Global backdrop SECTION 7 (TER
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Explanations for the PETM are centr
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East Antarctica and strengthening o
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amplifying, pacing and potentially
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southeastern Australia than elsewhe
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7.4 Time Slice T-1. Paleocene [65-5
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Palaeo-southern Australia Unlike no
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Palaeo-central Australia As for the
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7.6.2 Palaeobotany The palaeobotani
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Zone microfloras imply temporary wa
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in the Bass Basin, the basal Seaspr
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Similarly it is difficult to summar
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However, the data are emphatic that
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margin of plateau were cooler (~7 0
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fossil taxa that are morphologicall
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during Late Pleistocene glacial max
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SECTION 8 (CONCLUSIONS) Climatic in
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• On present indications, Early C
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TABLE 8a: INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALAE
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8.2 Results in prospect (recommenda
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The 10 μm sieved, oxidised extract
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phenology. The method also provides
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SECTION 9 (REFERENCES) Acton, G.D.
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Ashley, P.M., Duncan, R.A. and Feeb
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Birks, H.J.B. and Gordon, A.D., 198
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Burnham, R.J., 1989. Relationships
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Clarke, J.D.A., 1994. Evolution of
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Dettmann, M.E. and Playford, G., 19
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Evans, P.R., 1970b. Palynology of H
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Godthelp, H., Archer, M., Cifelli,
Page 140 and 141: Harris, W.K., 1974. Biostratigraphy
Page 142 and 143: Hill, R.S., 1994b. Nothofagus smith
Page 144 and 145: Holland, S.M. and Patzkowsky, M.E.,
Page 146 and 147: Australia: paleoceanographic implic
Page 148 and 149: Lindsay, J.M. and Harris, W.K., 196
Page 150 and 151: Macphail, M.K., Colhoun, E.A. and F
Page 152 and 153: McGowran, B. and Beecroft, A., 1985
Page 154 and 155: Morgan, R., 1977. Palynology of Ter
Page 156 and 157: Abstracts of the Annual General Mee
Page 158 and 159: Raymo, M.E., Grant, B., Horowitz, M
Page 160 and 161: Sereno, P.C., 1999. The evolution o
Page 162 and 163: Taylor, G., 1998. Prediction of mod
Page 164 and 165: Webb, L.G., 1968. Environmental rel
Page 166 and 167: Zachos, J.C., Stott, L.D. and Lohma
Page 168 and 169: APPENDIX 1 CRETACEOUS DATA 167
Page 170 and 171: 1. TIME SLICE K-1 Age Range: Berria
Page 172 and 173: Australian assemblages, located on
Page 174 and 175: 2. Officer Basin Dinoflagellates in
Page 176 and 177: 2. TIME SLICE K-2 Age Range: Aptian
Page 178 and 179: Inferred climate The combined data
Page 180 and 181: Dettmann et al. (1992) have argued
Page 182 and 183: 3. TIME SLICE K-3 Age Range: Cenoma
Page 184 and 185: 3.2.2 North-East Australia 1. Carpe
Page 186 and 187: 4. TIME SLICE K-4 Age Range: Turoni
Page 188 and 189: 1. Otway Basin Limited data (Macpha
Page 192 and 193: Inferred climate The data indicate
Page 194 and 195: 6. TIME SLICE K-6 Age Range: Late C
Page 196 and 197: Contrary to global cooling trends d
Page 198 and 199: Inferred climate The relatively goo
Page 200 and 201: Inferred climate As for regions to
Page 202 and 203: APPENDIX 2 TERTIARY DATA 201
Page 204 and 205: 1. TIME SLICE T-1 Age Range: Paleoc
Page 206 and 207: also include relatively frequent No
Page 208 and 209: Inferred climate Some differences b
Page 210 and 211: Microfloras preserved in the Lower
Page 212 and 213: subtropical affinities are rare, hi
Page 214 and 215: 2. TIME SLICE T-2 Age Range: Early
Page 216 and 217: Inferred climate Climates appear to
Page 218 and 219: northern New South Wales. The assem
Page 220 and 221: 2.2.5 Central southern Australia Ha
Page 222 and 223: a number of distinctive Proteaceae
Page 224 and 225: Inferred climate The Regatta Point
Page 226 and 227: 3. TIME SLICE T-3 Age Range: Middle
Page 228 and 229: 2. Lake Torrens Basin Abundant leaf
Page 230 and 231: Dominance is highly variable. For e
Page 232 and 233: types (M.K. Macphail unpubl. data).
Page 234 and 235: Dacrycarpus), Euphorbiaceae (Austro
Page 236 and 237: (possibly upper mesotherm) and drie
Page 238 and 239: Basin) on the Eyre Peninsula (Alley
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explanation is that a warm water gy
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several taxa, which first appear in
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4. TIME SLICE T-4 Age Range: Oligoc
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Inferred climate The southern limit
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The lowest and possibly the oldest
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Dominants include fresh to brackish
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Based on the relative abundance of
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(Morgan 1977, McMinn 1981a, Martin
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common (up to 5-6%) in the middle s
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Polypodiaceae, Palmae (Dicolpopolli
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Strasburgeriaceae. Proprietary info
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Rare taxa which first appear in the
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Correlative microfloras in the onsh
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impression of floristic impoverishm
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(Lophosoria) reached Tasmania befor
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2. Otway Basin Oxygen isotope strat
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5. TIME SLICE T-5 Age Range: Late M
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Casuarinaceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeoca
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maximum temperature of the hottest
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Nothofagus-gymnosperm temperate rai
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5.2.7 Tasmania Late Neogene sedimen
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