OFR 151.pdf - CRC LEME

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4. TIME SLICE K-4 Age Range: Turonian-Santonian [91-83 Ma] Zones: Phyllocladidites mawsonii to Tricolporites apoxyexinus Zones Palaeohystrichophora infusorioides to lower Nelsoniella aceras Zones 4.1 Macrofloras Douglas (1994) has noted that an unidentified cuticle is a major component in microfossil preparations. 4.2 Microfloras Marine and non-marine sediments preserving Turonian-Santonian palynofloras occur in offshore basins along the southern, western and northern margins. Dettmann (1973) reviewed records of angiosperm pollen and noted that, unlike earlier geological intervals, it is possible to assign a number of newly evolved or arrived gymnosperms and angiosperms to modern genera with a moderate to good degree of confidence. For example it is highly probable that Dilwynites represents the araucarian genera Agathis and/or Wollemia, whilst Lygistepollenites and Phyllocladidites represent the podocarp genera Dacrydium and Lagarostrobos, respectively. 4.2.1 North-West Australia 1. Bathurst Island Dinoflagellate evidence does not support the claim (Norvick and Burger 1975) that palynosequences from Bathurst Island range into Early Turonian time. However, exploration wells drilled on the North West Shelf occasionally intersect Turonian-Santonian, Phyllocladidites mawsonii Zone Equivalent units, which preserve significant numbers of pollen and spores. None of these have been systematically documented thus far. 2. Bonaparte Basin Limited evidence from Jacaranda-1, in the Bonaparte Basin (Helby and Partridge 1985, M.K. Macphail unpubl. results) points to ferns (Cyatheaceae), podocarps (Podocarpus- Prumnopitys) and/or pteridosperms (Alisporites) being amongst the more common taxa during Santonian (Isabelidinium cretaceum Zone) time. Rare angiosperms include Callitrichaceae (Australopollis obscurus), Gunnera (Tricolpites reticulatus), Liliaceae (diverse), Ilex, Proteaceae and a probable palm (Dicolpopollis sp.) plus a range of extinct angiosperms producing small tricolpate and tricolporate pollen types. Inferred climate The combined data point to seasonally humid-perhumid and probably very warm (upper mesotherm) conditions along the palaeo-northern margin despite its palaeolatitude (~50 0 S). 185
4.2.2 North-East Australia Deposits of Turonian-Santonian age have not been identified and may not have been preserved due to deep weathering (Struckmeyer and Totterdell 1990). 4.2.3 Central Australia No known record. 4.2.4 South-West Australia 1. Carnarvon and Perth Basins It is probable that Turonian-Santonian dinocyst-dominated assemblages from the Perth and Carnarvon Basins also preserve spores and pollen. However the terrestrial miospores have not been analysed due to the overwhelming industry focus on marine microfossils (Marshall 1984, Ingram and Morgan 1989). 4.2.5 Central southern Australia 1. Duntroon Basin Morgan (1986a) and Morgan and Hooker (1993a, 1993d) provide basic (raw count) data for microfossils occurring in a number of exploration wells drilled in this basin. These tabulations indicate a possible pteridosperm (cited as Alisporites), araucarians (Agathis/Wollemia) and podocarps (chiefly Microcachrys) continued to dominate gymnosperm vegetation types in the eastern Bight region during the Turonian to Early Santonian. The only common cryptogam is Cyatheaceae. Lagarostrobos (Phyllocladidites mawsonii) and Gleicheniaceae become frequent during the later Santonian. Rare species include Callitrichaceae, Lophosoria (Cyatheacidites tectifera) and, recorded for the first time on the southern margin, Dacrydium (Lygistepollenites florinii). Other arrivals include Dacrycarpus (Dacrycarpites australiensis), Tricolporites apoxyexinus and a range of undescribed or extinct trifoliate and tricolporate types. Proteaceae (Proteacidites) only become frequent towards the top of the T. apoxyexinus Zone. Inferred climate Extant Lagarostrobos and Dacrycarpus often occur along riverbanks or form swamp forests. Migration of these taxa into the Australo-Antarctic Rift System implies rainfall increased or became more uniformly distributed during Turonian-Santonian time (humid-perhumid). Temperatures are likely to have remained seasonally cool-cold (upper microtherm-lower mesotherm), consistent with the relatively high palaeolatitude (~70 0 S). 4.2.6 South-East Australia Phyllocladidites mawsonii (Turonian-basal Santonian) and Tricolporites apoxyexinus Zone (Santonian) sediments are routinely intersected by the deeper exploration wells drilled in the offshore Gippsland, Bass and eastern Otway Basins. Santonian strata outcrop in submarine canyons in the Gippsland Basin (Marshall 1988). The most detailed records come from deep rift valley lakes, which also preserve a distinctive fresh-brackish water dinoflagellate assemblage (Marshall 1989). 186
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CRCLEME Cooperative Research Centre
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Electronic copies of the publicatio
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and, for Tertiary continental seque
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2. Analysis of a Plio-Pleistocene l
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Table A (cont.) Basin and related s
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Figure A: Generalised climatic curv
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Carpenter, R.J., Hill, R.S., Greenw
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Hill, S.M., Eggleton, R.A. and Tayl
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Macphail, M.K. and Stone, M.S., 200
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Swenson, U., Backlund, McLoughlin,
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This review prese
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Temperature Climates in palaeo-sout
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SUMMARY OF INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALA
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INTRODUCTION Mineral resources, whe
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Professor B. Balme (Geology Departm
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Section 7 (Tertiary climates) This
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vegetation. Moreover, individual ta
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1.3 Flora, vegetation and climate 1
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TABLE 2: Classification of vegetati
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Figure 2: Relationship of different
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Accordingly, only at sites with exc
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2.1.3 Palaeoecology Palaeoecology i
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wind-pollinated trees and shrubs bu
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1. The usual practice of equating t
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1. Palaeontological evidence Like p
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5. Facies architecture and lithostr
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Subsequent developments include mel
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SECTION 4 (GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES AN
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SECTION 5 (EARLY CRETACEOUS CLIMATE
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events on other continents and sugg
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If these considerations apply to th
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surrounding basins. Thick sands ero
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Haig and Lynch 1993, Erbacher et al
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SECTION 6 (LATE CRETACEOUS CLIMATES
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has highlighted the roles played by
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6.4.2 Palaeobotany Cenomanian flora
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Palaeo-southern Australia Dryland c
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6.7 Time Slice K-6. Late Campanian-
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7.1. Global backdrop SECTION 7 (TER
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Explanations for the PETM are centr
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East Antarctica and strengthening o
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amplifying, pacing and potentially
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southeastern Australia than elsewhe
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7.4 Time Slice T-1. Paleocene [65-5
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Palaeo-southern Australia Unlike no
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Palaeo-central Australia As for the
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7.6.2 Palaeobotany The palaeobotani
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Zone microfloras imply temporary wa
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in the Bass Basin, the basal Seaspr
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Similarly it is difficult to summar
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However, the data are emphatic that
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margin of plateau were cooler (~7 0
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fossil taxa that are morphologicall
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during Late Pleistocene glacial max
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SECTION 8 (CONCLUSIONS) Climatic in
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• On present indications, Early C
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TABLE 8a: INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALAE
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8.2 Results in prospect (recommenda
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The 10 μm sieved, oxidised extract
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phenology. The method also provides
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SECTION 9 (REFERENCES) Acton, G.D.
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Ashley, P.M., Duncan, R.A. and Feeb
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Birks, H.J.B. and Gordon, A.D., 198
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Burnham, R.J., 1989. Relationships
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Clarke, J.D.A., 1994. Evolution of
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Dettmann, M.E. and Playford, G., 19
Page 136 and 137: Evans, P.R., 1970b. Palynology of H
Page 138 and 139: Godthelp, H., Archer, M., Cifelli,
Page 140 and 141: Harris, W.K., 1974. Biostratigraphy
Page 142 and 143: Hill, R.S., 1994b. Nothofagus smith
Page 144 and 145: Holland, S.M. and Patzkowsky, M.E.,
Page 146 and 147: Australia: paleoceanographic implic
Page 148 and 149: Lindsay, J.M. and Harris, W.K., 196
Page 150 and 151: Macphail, M.K., Colhoun, E.A. and F
Page 152 and 153: McGowran, B. and Beecroft, A., 1985
Page 154 and 155: Morgan, R., 1977. Palynology of Ter
Page 156 and 157: Abstracts of the Annual General Mee
Page 158 and 159: Raymo, M.E., Grant, B., Horowitz, M
Page 160 and 161: Sereno, P.C., 1999. The evolution o
Page 162 and 163: Taylor, G., 1998. Prediction of mod
Page 164 and 165: Webb, L.G., 1968. Environmental rel
Page 166 and 167: Zachos, J.C., Stott, L.D. and Lohma
Page 168 and 169: APPENDIX 1 CRETACEOUS DATA 167
Page 170 and 171: 1. TIME SLICE K-1 Age Range: Berria
Page 172 and 173: Australian assemblages, located on
Page 174 and 175: 2. Officer Basin Dinoflagellates in
Page 176 and 177: 2. TIME SLICE K-2 Age Range: Aptian
Page 178 and 179: Inferred climate The combined data
Page 180 and 181: Dettmann et al. (1992) have argued
Page 182 and 183: 3. TIME SLICE K-3 Age Range: Cenoma
Page 184 and 185: 3.2.2 North-East Australia 1. Carpe
Page 188 and 189: 1. Otway Basin Limited data (Macpha
Page 190 and 191: 5. TIME SLICE K-5 Age Range: Early
Page 192 and 193: Inferred climate The data indicate
Page 194 and 195: 6. TIME SLICE K-6 Age Range: Late C
Page 196 and 197: Contrary to global cooling trends d
Page 198 and 199: Inferred climate The relatively goo
Page 200 and 201: Inferred climate As for regions to
Page 202 and 203: APPENDIX 2 TERTIARY DATA 201
Page 204 and 205: 1. TIME SLICE T-1 Age Range: Paleoc
Page 206 and 207: also include relatively frequent No
Page 208 and 209: Inferred climate Some differences b
Page 210 and 211: Microfloras preserved in the Lower
Page 212 and 213: subtropical affinities are rare, hi
Page 214 and 215: 2. TIME SLICE T-2 Age Range: Early
Page 216 and 217: Inferred climate Climates appear to
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Page 220 and 221: 2.2.5 Central southern Australia Ha
Page 222 and 223: a number of distinctive Proteaceae
Page 224 and 225: Inferred climate The Regatta Point
Page 226 and 227: 3. TIME SLICE T-3 Age Range: Middle
Page 228 and 229: 2. Lake Torrens Basin Abundant leaf
Page 230 and 231: Dominance is highly variable. For e
Page 232 and 233: types (M.K. Macphail unpubl. data).
Page 234 and 235: Dacrycarpus), Euphorbiaceae (Austro
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(possibly upper mesotherm) and drie
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Basin) on the Eyre Peninsula (Alley
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explanation is that a warm water gy
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several taxa, which first appear in
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4. TIME SLICE T-4 Age Range: Oligoc
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Inferred climate The southern limit
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The lowest and possibly the oldest
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Dominants include fresh to brackish
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Based on the relative abundance of
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(Morgan 1977, McMinn 1981a, Martin
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common (up to 5-6%) in the middle s
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Polypodiaceae, Palmae (Dicolpopolli
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Strasburgeriaceae. Proprietary info
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Rare taxa which first appear in the
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Correlative microfloras in the onsh
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impression of floristic impoverishm
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(Lophosoria) reached Tasmania befor
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2. Otway Basin Oxygen isotope strat
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5. TIME SLICE T-5 Age Range: Late M
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Casuarinaceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeoca
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maximum temperature of the hottest
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Nothofagus-gymnosperm temperate rai
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5.2.7 Tasmania Late Neogene sedimen
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