OFR 151.pdf - CRC LEME

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3. TIME SLICE K-3 Age Range: Cenomanian [97.5-91 Ma] Zones: Plicatella (al. Appendicisporites) distocarinatus Zone Xenascus asperatus to Palaeohystrichophora infusorioides Zones 3.1 Macrofloras The only detailed macrofloral evidence for Cenomanian climates comes from the eastern Eromanga Basin in central southwestern Queensland. At this time, the region was located at about 60 0 S and relatively close to the palaeo-eastern margin. 3.1.1 North-West Australia No known record. 3.1.2 North-East Australia No known record. 3.1.3 Central Australia 1. Eromanga Basin Macrofossils preserved in the Winton Formation in central southwestern Queensland (McLoughlin et al. 1995b) include Araucariaceae, Taxodiaceae (including Austrosequoia), Podocarpaceae, Ginkgo, pteridosperms/Pentoxylales (Taeniopteris), sphenopsids (the youngest record in Australia) and ground ferns (Gleicheniaceae, Osmundaceae). Also present are leaves from eight broadleaf angiosperms. These are mostly of (possibly deciduous) betulaceous-fagaceous affinity. The communities these represent appear to be transitional between the gymnosperm (Austral Conifer Forest) and angiosperm-dominated floras in central Australia. Inferred climate Conditions appear to have been wet (humid-perhumid), possibly due to rivers draining the ranges along the (uplifted) eastern margin. Temperature are likely to have been seasonally cool (microtherm range) in winter due to the relatively high latitude (~60 0 S) but there is no mineralogical evidence for ice. 3.1.4 South-West Australia No known record. 3.1.5 Central southern Australia No known record. 3.1.6 South-East Australia No known record. 181
3.2 Microfloras Partridge (1999) has challenged earlier interpretations that Plicatella (al. Appendicisporites) distocarinata Zone microfloras are preserved in the Gippsland Basin. If correct, then the only reliable palynostratigraphic evidence for the nature of the Cenomanian vegetation in southern Australia comes from basins in, or bordering, the Great Australia Bight (Otway, Duntroon, Eucla and Perth Basins). Most of these microfloras are preserved in marine facies and are likely to be biased towards well-represented species such as gymnosperms due to the Neves Effect. The only detailed correlative records for northern Australia come from two boreholes (Bathurst-1, Bathurst-2) drilled on Bathurst Island, 65 km north of Darwin (Norvick and Burger 1975, Burger 1975) and in the Carpentaria Basin (BMR Dobbyn-1) in northwestern Queensland (Playford et al. 1975). During the Cenomanian, this region was part of a very shallow, regressive sea located at a palaeolatitude of ~49 0 S on the palaeo-northwestern margin. Non-marine Cenomanian sediments are preserved further to the south in the Eromanga and Surat Basins. 3.2.1 North-West Australia 1. Bathurst Island Microfloras recovered from the Bathurst-2 well (Norvick and Burger 1975) appear to represent two distinct vegetation types: (1) fern swamps growing along the palaeoshoreline and (2) mixed Communities of Cheirolepidiacean conifer woodland and Austral Conifer Forest, which may have been restricted to adjacent uplands. Dominant taxa within the forests and/or woodlands were Cheirolepidaceae (Corollinia), pteridosperms (Alisporites, Vitreisporites), brachyphyll araucarians (Balmeiopsis, Hoegisporis) and Microcachrys (Microcachrydites antarcticus). It is possible the last species was a shrub. The relative abundance of individual angiosperm species is very low but the total angiosperm count is significant. The only types referable to modern taxa (in parentheses) are Clavatipollenites (Chloranthaceae), Liliacidites (Palmae, Iridaceae or Liliaceae) and Dicolpopollis (Palmae). Coastal communities were dominated by cryptogams. The more common taxa are: Triporoletes (liverworts), Perotriletes and Retitriletes (Lycopodiales), Crybelosporites (aquatic ferns), Laevigatosporites, Cyathidites, Clavifera and Gleicheniidites (ferns). Two extinct species of Anemia (Plicatella distocarinatus, Ruffordiaspora australiensis) are common in many samples. Sphagnum spores occur only sporadically. Inferred climate Norvick and Burger (1975) suggest that the lowland vegetation grew in a temperate to warm, possibly dry climate. This is inconsistent with the observed high diversity of cryptogams (including obligate aquatic types). The preferred explanation is that humidity was seasonally high (perhumid and/or monsoonal) due to warm sea surface temperatures off the palaeo-north coast. Whether rainfall was uniformly distributed or strongly seasonal is unclear. The relative paucity of Austral Conifer Forest and virtual absence of Sphagnum is consistent with very warm (upper mesotherm) temperatures and/or a pronounced dry season. 182
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CRCLEME Cooperative Research Centre
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Electronic copies of the publicatio
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and, for Tertiary continental seque
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2. Analysis of a Plio-Pleistocene l
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Table A (cont.) Basin and related s
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Figure A: Generalised climatic curv
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Carpenter, R.J., Hill, R.S., Greenw
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Hill, S.M., Eggleton, R.A. and Tayl
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Macphail, M.K. and Stone, M.S., 200
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Swenson, U., Backlund, McLoughlin,
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This review prese
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Temperature Climates in palaeo-sout
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SUMMARY OF INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALA
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INTRODUCTION Mineral resources, whe
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Professor B. Balme (Geology Departm
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Section 7 (Tertiary climates) This
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vegetation. Moreover, individual ta
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1.3 Flora, vegetation and climate 1
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TABLE 2: Classification of vegetati
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Figure 2: Relationship of different
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Accordingly, only at sites with exc
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2.1.3 Palaeoecology Palaeoecology i
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wind-pollinated trees and shrubs bu
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1. The usual practice of equating t
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1. Palaeontological evidence Like p
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5. Facies architecture and lithostr
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Subsequent developments include mel
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SECTION 4 (GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES AN
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SECTION 5 (EARLY CRETACEOUS CLIMATE
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events on other continents and sugg
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If these considerations apply to th
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surrounding basins. Thick sands ero
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Haig and Lynch 1993, Erbacher et al
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SECTION 6 (LATE CRETACEOUS CLIMATES
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has highlighted the roles played by
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6.4.2 Palaeobotany Cenomanian flora
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Palaeo-southern Australia Dryland c
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6.7 Time Slice K-6. Late Campanian-
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7.1. Global backdrop SECTION 7 (TER
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Explanations for the PETM are centr
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East Antarctica and strengthening o
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amplifying, pacing and potentially
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southeastern Australia than elsewhe
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7.4 Time Slice T-1. Paleocene [65-5
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Palaeo-southern Australia Unlike no
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Palaeo-central Australia As for the
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7.6.2 Palaeobotany The palaeobotani
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Zone microfloras imply temporary wa
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in the Bass Basin, the basal Seaspr
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Similarly it is difficult to summar
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However, the data are emphatic that
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margin of plateau were cooler (~7 0
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fossil taxa that are morphologicall
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during Late Pleistocene glacial max
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SECTION 8 (CONCLUSIONS) Climatic in
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• On present indications, Early C
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TABLE 8a: INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALAE
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8.2 Results in prospect (recommenda
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The 10 μm sieved, oxidised extract
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phenology. The method also provides
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SECTION 9 (REFERENCES) Acton, G.D.
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Ashley, P.M., Duncan, R.A. and Feeb
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Birks, H.J.B. and Gordon, A.D., 198
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Burnham, R.J., 1989. Relationships
Page 132 and 133: Clarke, J.D.A., 1994. Evolution of
Page 134 and 135: Dettmann, M.E. and Playford, G., 19
Page 136 and 137: Evans, P.R., 1970b. Palynology of H
Page 138 and 139: Godthelp, H., Archer, M., Cifelli,
Page 140 and 141: Harris, W.K., 1974. Biostratigraphy
Page 142 and 143: Hill, R.S., 1994b. Nothofagus smith
Page 144 and 145: Holland, S.M. and Patzkowsky, M.E.,
Page 146 and 147: Australia: paleoceanographic implic
Page 148 and 149: Lindsay, J.M. and Harris, W.K., 196
Page 150 and 151: Macphail, M.K., Colhoun, E.A. and F
Page 152 and 153: McGowran, B. and Beecroft, A., 1985
Page 154 and 155: Morgan, R., 1977. Palynology of Ter
Page 156 and 157: Abstracts of the Annual General Mee
Page 158 and 159: Raymo, M.E., Grant, B., Horowitz, M
Page 160 and 161: Sereno, P.C., 1999. The evolution o
Page 162 and 163: Taylor, G., 1998. Prediction of mod
Page 164 and 165: Webb, L.G., 1968. Environmental rel
Page 166 and 167: Zachos, J.C., Stott, L.D. and Lohma
Page 168 and 169: APPENDIX 1 CRETACEOUS DATA 167
Page 170 and 171: 1. TIME SLICE K-1 Age Range: Berria
Page 172 and 173: Australian assemblages, located on
Page 174 and 175: 2. Officer Basin Dinoflagellates in
Page 176 and 177: 2. TIME SLICE K-2 Age Range: Aptian
Page 178 and 179: Inferred climate The combined data
Page 180 and 181: Dettmann et al. (1992) have argued
Page 184 and 185: 3.2.2 North-East Australia 1. Carpe
Page 186 and 187: 4. TIME SLICE K-4 Age Range: Turoni
Page 188 and 189: 1. Otway Basin Limited data (Macpha
Page 190 and 191: 5. TIME SLICE K-5 Age Range: Early
Page 192 and 193: Inferred climate The data indicate
Page 194 and 195: 6. TIME SLICE K-6 Age Range: Late C
Page 196 and 197: Contrary to global cooling trends d
Page 198 and 199: Inferred climate The relatively goo
Page 200 and 201: Inferred climate As for regions to
Page 202 and 203: APPENDIX 2 TERTIARY DATA 201
Page 204 and 205: 1. TIME SLICE T-1 Age Range: Paleoc
Page 206 and 207: also include relatively frequent No
Page 208 and 209: Inferred climate Some differences b
Page 210 and 211: Microfloras preserved in the Lower
Page 212 and 213: subtropical affinities are rare, hi
Page 214 and 215: 2. TIME SLICE T-2 Age Range: Early
Page 216 and 217: Inferred climate Climates appear to
Page 218 and 219: northern New South Wales. The assem
Page 220 and 221: 2.2.5 Central southern Australia Ha
Page 222 and 223: a number of distinctive Proteaceae
Page 224 and 225: Inferred climate The Regatta Point
Page 226 and 227: 3. TIME SLICE T-3 Age Range: Middle
Page 228 and 229: 2. Lake Torrens Basin Abundant leaf
Page 230 and 231: Dominance is highly variable. For e
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types (M.K. Macphail unpubl. data).
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Dacrycarpus), Euphorbiaceae (Austro
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(possibly upper mesotherm) and drie
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Basin) on the Eyre Peninsula (Alley
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explanation is that a warm water gy
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several taxa, which first appear in
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4. TIME SLICE T-4 Age Range: Oligoc
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Inferred climate The southern limit
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The lowest and possibly the oldest
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Dominants include fresh to brackish
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Based on the relative abundance of
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(Morgan 1977, McMinn 1981a, Martin
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common (up to 5-6%) in the middle s
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Polypodiaceae, Palmae (Dicolpopolli
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Strasburgeriaceae. Proprietary info
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Rare taxa which first appear in the
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Correlative microfloras in the onsh
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impression of floristic impoverishm
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(Lophosoria) reached Tasmania befor
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2. Otway Basin Oxygen isotope strat
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5. TIME SLICE T-5 Age Range: Late M
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Casuarinaceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeoca
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maximum temperature of the hottest
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Nothofagus-gymnosperm temperate rai
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5.2.7 Tasmania Late Neogene sedimen
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