OFR 151.pdf - CRC LEME

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Inferred climate The combined data indicate that Aptian to possible Early Albian climates were very wet (perhumid) and strongly seasonal, with temperatures possibly falling below freezing during winter months (cf. Rich et al. 1988, Dettmann et al. 1992). 2. Early to Late Albian The Aptian/Albian (Zone C/D) boundary is marked by the disappearance of several major plant groups, which had been present in Australia since the Jurassic, such as pteridosperms (including Pentoxylales), sphenopsids and, possibly bennettitaleans. Gymnosperms (Araucariaceae, Podocarpaceae, Taxodiaceae) continued to dominate Albian (Zone D) forests and woodlands, but many of the more prominent species were different from those recorded in the Aptian (cf. Cantrill 1991). For example the prominent species Gingkoes australis was replaced by ginkgophyte with smaller leaves. Osmundaceae appear to have been a common ground cover based on the high relative abundance of their fronds. Angiosperms, were present but uncommon. Inferred climate Floristic change within the Albian is suggested to reflect a high level of environmental disturbance caused by fluctuating sea level, and tectonic or volcanic activity (Gledow and Duddy 1981, Douglas 1986). Cantrill and Douglas (1988) interpret fungi associated with the conifer roots as evidence for nutrient-deficient soils. Climates are interpreted as wet (perhumid) and cool-cold (microtherm range) due to the high palaeolatitude. These palaeotemperature inferences are supported by isotopic data (Gregory et al. 1989) which indicate mean annual temperatures in the catchments of rivers flowing into the Otway and Gippsland Basins were less than 5 0 C (lower microtherm) and possibly below freezing. 2.2 Microfloras Marked differences exist in the composition of Aptian-Albian microfloras in the palaeosouthwestern (~Victoria) and palaeo-eastern (~Queensland) regions of the continent. These may reflect differences in topography, edaphic conditions and/or depositional regimes, as well as differences in climate (Dettmann et al. 1992). Correlation of these microfloras with assemblages on the palaeo-northern margin (~Western Australia) is difficult due to absence of a number of biostratigraphically useful species in the latter region (Backhouse 1988, Burger 1994). 2.2.1 North-West Australia Range data (Helby et al. 1987) indicate that a number of phytogeographically significant taxa entered Australia during Late Aptian-Albian time. Examples include a brachyphyll araucarian (Hoegisporis), and several cryptogams. The latter include Cyatheacidites tectifera whose NLR (Lophosoria) is restricted to cool temperate habitats in South America, Plicatella (al. Appendicisporites) distocarinata whose NLR (Anemia subgen. Anemia) is restricted to wet tropical habitats, and an extinct clade within the Gleicheniaceae (Clavifera triplex). Balme (1964) has recorded tricolpate angiosperm pollen in Albian sediments in Western Australia. 177
Inferred climate The data confirm conditions were humid and probably warm (mesotherm range) relative to regions to the south. The environmental implications of the migration or expansion of angiosperms in northwestern Australia during the Aptian are unclear but may have been stimulated by transgression and regression events affecting the palaeo-northern margin. 2.2.2 North-East Australia 1. Carpentaria Basin Early Cretaceous palynofloras are preserved in the onshore Carpentaria Basin (M.K. Macphail pers. observations) but have not been systematically analysed or precisely dated. Thin coals accumulated at Nhulunbuy in the Northern Territory (palaeolatitude ~57 0 S) during the Late Albian (P.R. Evans cited in Dodson 1967). Inferred climate Conditions were humid rather than wet, or alternatively peat bog development during the Late Albian was limited by seasonal variations in temperature. 2. North-east Queensland Coal measures accumulated in the Stanwell district in northeastern Queensland (palaeolatitude ~65 0 S) and the Marlborough Basin in southeastern Queensland (palaeolatitude 70 0 S) during the latest Aptian-Early Albian (Dettmann et al. 1992). Inferred climate The presence of coal beds implies effectively wet (perhumid) conditions. Temperatures are likely to have been cool-cold (microtherm range) due to the high latitude location. 2.2.3 Central Australia Palynological data for the Eromanga (Alley 1998) and Surat Basin (Burger 1980, 1988) are the most detailed published record of Aptian-Albian floras available in Australia. 1. Eromanga Basin Palynofloras preserved in the marine Cadna-owie Formation deposited across the southwestern and central areas of the Eromanga Basin during Early Aptian time are dominated by podocarps (30-60%) and pteridosperms (4-18%). Araucarians and cheirolepidiacean pollen are less common (
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CRCLEME Cooperative Research Centre
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Electronic copies of the publicatio
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and, for Tertiary continental seque
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2. Analysis of a Plio-Pleistocene l
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Table A (cont.) Basin and related s
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Figure A: Generalised climatic curv
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Carpenter, R.J., Hill, R.S., Greenw
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Hill, S.M., Eggleton, R.A. and Tayl
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Macphail, M.K. and Stone, M.S., 200
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Swenson, U., Backlund, McLoughlin,
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This review prese
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Temperature Climates in palaeo-sout
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SUMMARY OF INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALA
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INTRODUCTION Mineral resources, whe
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Professor B. Balme (Geology Departm
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Section 7 (Tertiary climates) This
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vegetation. Moreover, individual ta
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1.3 Flora, vegetation and climate 1
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TABLE 2: Classification of vegetati
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Figure 2: Relationship of different
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Accordingly, only at sites with exc
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2.1.3 Palaeoecology Palaeoecology i
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wind-pollinated trees and shrubs bu
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1. The usual practice of equating t
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1. Palaeontological evidence Like p
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5. Facies architecture and lithostr
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Subsequent developments include mel
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SECTION 4 (GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES AN
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SECTION 5 (EARLY CRETACEOUS CLIMATE
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events on other continents and sugg
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If these considerations apply to th
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surrounding basins. Thick sands ero
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Haig and Lynch 1993, Erbacher et al
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SECTION 6 (LATE CRETACEOUS CLIMATES
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has highlighted the roles played by
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6.4.2 Palaeobotany Cenomanian flora
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Palaeo-southern Australia Dryland c
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6.7 Time Slice K-6. Late Campanian-
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7.1. Global backdrop SECTION 7 (TER
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Explanations for the PETM are centr
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East Antarctica and strengthening o
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amplifying, pacing and potentially
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southeastern Australia than elsewhe
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7.4 Time Slice T-1. Paleocene [65-5
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Palaeo-southern Australia Unlike no
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Palaeo-central Australia As for the
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7.6.2 Palaeobotany The palaeobotani
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Zone microfloras imply temporary wa
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in the Bass Basin, the basal Seaspr
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Similarly it is difficult to summar
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However, the data are emphatic that
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margin of plateau were cooler (~7 0
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fossil taxa that are morphologicall
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during Late Pleistocene glacial max
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SECTION 8 (CONCLUSIONS) Climatic in
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• On present indications, Early C
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TABLE 8a: INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALAE
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8.2 Results in prospect (recommenda
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The 10 μm sieved, oxidised extract
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phenology. The method also provides
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SECTION 9 (REFERENCES) Acton, G.D.
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Ashley, P.M., Duncan, R.A. and Feeb
Page 128 and 129: Birks, H.J.B. and Gordon, A.D., 198
Page 130 and 131: Burnham, R.J., 1989. Relationships
Page 132 and 133: Clarke, J.D.A., 1994. Evolution of
Page 134 and 135: Dettmann, M.E. and Playford, G., 19
Page 136 and 137: Evans, P.R., 1970b. Palynology of H
Page 138 and 139: Godthelp, H., Archer, M., Cifelli,
Page 140 and 141: Harris, W.K., 1974. Biostratigraphy
Page 142 and 143: Hill, R.S., 1994b. Nothofagus smith
Page 144 and 145: Holland, S.M. and Patzkowsky, M.E.,
Page 146 and 147: Australia: paleoceanographic implic
Page 148 and 149: Lindsay, J.M. and Harris, W.K., 196
Page 150 and 151: Macphail, M.K., Colhoun, E.A. and F
Page 152 and 153: McGowran, B. and Beecroft, A., 1985
Page 154 and 155: Morgan, R., 1977. Palynology of Ter
Page 156 and 157: Abstracts of the Annual General Mee
Page 158 and 159: Raymo, M.E., Grant, B., Horowitz, M
Page 160 and 161: Sereno, P.C., 1999. The evolution o
Page 162 and 163: Taylor, G., 1998. Prediction of mod
Page 164 and 165: Webb, L.G., 1968. Environmental rel
Page 166 and 167: Zachos, J.C., Stott, L.D. and Lohma
Page 168 and 169: APPENDIX 1 CRETACEOUS DATA 167
Page 170 and 171: 1. TIME SLICE K-1 Age Range: Berria
Page 172 and 173: Australian assemblages, located on
Page 174 and 175: 2. Officer Basin Dinoflagellates in
Page 176 and 177: 2. TIME SLICE K-2 Age Range: Aptian
Page 180 and 181: Dettmann et al. (1992) have argued
Page 182 and 183: 3. TIME SLICE K-3 Age Range: Cenoma
Page 184 and 185: 3.2.2 North-East Australia 1. Carpe
Page 186 and 187: 4. TIME SLICE K-4 Age Range: Turoni
Page 188 and 189: 1. Otway Basin Limited data (Macpha
Page 190 and 191: 5. TIME SLICE K-5 Age Range: Early
Page 192 and 193: Inferred climate The data indicate
Page 194 and 195: 6. TIME SLICE K-6 Age Range: Late C
Page 196 and 197: Contrary to global cooling trends d
Page 198 and 199: Inferred climate The relatively goo
Page 200 and 201: Inferred climate As for regions to
Page 202 and 203: APPENDIX 2 TERTIARY DATA 201
Page 204 and 205: 1. TIME SLICE T-1 Age Range: Paleoc
Page 206 and 207: also include relatively frequent No
Page 208 and 209: Inferred climate Some differences b
Page 210 and 211: Microfloras preserved in the Lower
Page 212 and 213: subtropical affinities are rare, hi
Page 214 and 215: 2. TIME SLICE T-2 Age Range: Early
Page 216 and 217: Inferred climate Climates appear to
Page 218 and 219: northern New South Wales. The assem
Page 220 and 221: 2.2.5 Central southern Australia Ha
Page 222 and 223: a number of distinctive Proteaceae
Page 224 and 225: Inferred climate The Regatta Point
Page 226 and 227: 3. TIME SLICE T-3 Age Range: Middle
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2. Lake Torrens Basin Abundant leaf
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Dominance is highly variable. For e
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types (M.K. Macphail unpubl. data).
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Dacrycarpus), Euphorbiaceae (Austro
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(possibly upper mesotherm) and drie
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Basin) on the Eyre Peninsula (Alley
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explanation is that a warm water gy
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several taxa, which first appear in
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4. TIME SLICE T-4 Age Range: Oligoc
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Inferred climate The southern limit
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The lowest and possibly the oldest
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Dominants include fresh to brackish
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Based on the relative abundance of
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(Morgan 1977, McMinn 1981a, Martin
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common (up to 5-6%) in the middle s
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Polypodiaceae, Palmae (Dicolpopolli
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Strasburgeriaceae. Proprietary info
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Rare taxa which first appear in the
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Correlative microfloras in the onsh
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impression of floristic impoverishm
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(Lophosoria) reached Tasmania befor
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2. Otway Basin Oxygen isotope strat
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5. TIME SLICE T-5 Age Range: Late M
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Casuarinaceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeoca
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maximum temperature of the hottest
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Nothofagus-gymnosperm temperate rai
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5.2.7 Tasmania Late Neogene sedimen
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