OFR 151.pdf - CRC LEME

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1. TIME SLICE K-1 Age Range: Berriasian – Barremian [141-115 Ma] Zones: Cicatricosisporites australiensis to Foraminisporis wonthaggiensis Zones (eastern)/Biretisporites eneabbaensis Zone (western) Pseudoceratium iehensis to Muderongia australis Zones 1.1 Macrofloras 1.1.1 North-West Australia The Early Cretaceous possibly Necomian Bauhinia Downs Flora from the Northern Territory is dominated by bennettitaleans. Inferred climate The flora is indicative of overall humid conditions. Fronds of one species (Otozamites bengalensis) are illustrated in White (1986), who suggests conditions were subject to occasional aridity. Temperatures are presumed to be at the lower end of the mesotherm range due to the moderate palaeolatitude (~ 60 0 S). 1.1.2 North-East Australia 1. North-east Queensland The ginkgophyte Ginkgoites australis is recorded in probable Necomian coal measures in the Mt. Morgan-Stanwell district, west of Rockhampton, Queensland (McLoughlin 1996). This, and the central Australian records of ginkgophytes (see below), appear to pre-date its first occurrences in Victoria. 2. Laura Basin Macrofossils of several cryptogams and corystosperms (primitive seed plants first described from Triassic beds in South Africa) are present in the Laura Basin. The Dalrymple Sandstone flora from the same basin is now considered to be Jurassic. Inferred climate The data indicate conditions were humid. Temperatures are likely to have been seasonally cool-cold (microtherm range) due to the location of northeastern Queensland on the palaeosouthern margin at about palaeolatitudes 70-80 0 S. 1.1.3 Central Australia A number of formations previously regarded as Early Cretaceous, are now considered to be from the Late Jurassic, for example the Hooray sandstone (Eromanga Basin). The associated macrofloras are dominated by bennettitalean fronds and conifer twigs, but otherwise do not share any other taxa with the Cretaceous floras from Western Australia (S. McLoughlin pers. comm.). Necomian plant impressions, which are preserved in silcrete (Algebuckina Sandstone) in the Eromanga Basin, imply that brachyphyll araucarians (Brachyphyllum) were canopy tree taxa. 169
Pteridosperms, cycads, bennettitaleans, ferns and fern allies, including isoetalean lycophytes, formed the understorey. Necomian macrofossil collections from the Surat Basin indicate conifers and ginkgophytes formed possibly open forests and woodlands. Here, the understorey included relations of the horsetails (sphenopsids), as well as pteridosperms, and ferns. Inferred climate The data indicate that conditions were humid. Temperatures are presumed to have been seasonally cool-cold (microtherm range) due to the relatively high palaeolatitudes and intraplate location. However the only firm evidence that temperatures fell below freezing point during winter is geological (see below). 1.1.4 South-West Australia Abundant Early Cretaceous macrofossils occur in the Collie Basin (Nakina Formation), Perth Basin (Bullsbrook and Leederville Formations), Carnarvon Basin (Birdrong Sandstone and Nanutarra Formation), Canning Basin (Broome Sandstone and Callawa Formation) and Officer Basin (Cronin Sandstone) (references in McLoughlin 1996, McLoughlin and Hill 1996). The age of these formations vary but most pre-date the Aptian (Fig. 2 in McLoughlin 1996). Shared taxa suggest that many of the Western Australian macrofloras are correlatives of the Necomian (Zone B) macrofloras of southeastern Australia. Brachyphyll araucarians and podocarps appear to have been the dominant tree taxa. Subcanopy taxa included bennettitaleans (abundant), pteridosperms, diverse ferns and fern allies. Ferns included Gleicheniaceae, Osmundaceae and a possible Dipteridaceae (a family whose one living representative is confined to tropical wet sclerophyll forest in northeastern Queensland). Fern allies included isoetaleans. The macrofloras differ from those in southeastern Australia in that ginkgophytes, equisetaleans and bryophytes had become extinct by the end of the Necomian. Inferred climate Climates were humid throughout the region whilst mean temperatures are presumed to have been relatively warm, possibly lower mesotherm, due to the relatively low palaeolatitude (~47-50 0 S). Strong seasonal contrasts in climate are indicated by prominent growth rings in fossilised conifer wood preserved in Carnarvon and Perth Basins. Fungal growth, which also may have been seasonal, is evident in wood from the Carnarvon Basin (McLoughlin et al. 1995a). 1.1.5 Centra southern Australia No known record. 1.1.6 South-East Australia Early Cretaceous floras preserved in the Otway and Gippsland Basins, then located on the palaeo-western margin, are amongst the best studied in Australia (references in Douglas and Williams 1982, Douglas 1994). Macrofossils assigned to the Tithonian-Berriasian (Megafloral Zone A of Douglas 1969) in the Otway Basin are dominated by bennettitaleans, with sphenopsids forming the understorey. Significantly, a number of the bennettitalean leaf-forms are not found in coeval Western 170
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CRCLEME Cooperative Research Centre
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Electronic copies of the publicatio
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and, for Tertiary continental seque
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2. Analysis of a Plio-Pleistocene l
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Table A (cont.) Basin and related s
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Figure A: Generalised climatic curv
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Carpenter, R.J., Hill, R.S., Greenw
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Hill, S.M., Eggleton, R.A. and Tayl
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Macphail, M.K. and Stone, M.S., 200
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Swenson, U., Backlund, McLoughlin,
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This review prese
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Temperature Climates in palaeo-sout
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SUMMARY OF INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALA
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INTRODUCTION Mineral resources, whe
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Professor B. Balme (Geology Departm
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Section 7 (Tertiary climates) This
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vegetation. Moreover, individual ta
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1.3 Flora, vegetation and climate 1
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TABLE 2: Classification of vegetati
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Figure 2: Relationship of different
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Accordingly, only at sites with exc
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2.1.3 Palaeoecology Palaeoecology i
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wind-pollinated trees and shrubs bu
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1. The usual practice of equating t
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1. Palaeontological evidence Like p
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5. Facies architecture and lithostr
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Subsequent developments include mel
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SECTION 4 (GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES AN
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SECTION 5 (EARLY CRETACEOUS CLIMATE
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events on other continents and sugg
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If these considerations apply to th
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surrounding basins. Thick sands ero
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Haig and Lynch 1993, Erbacher et al
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SECTION 6 (LATE CRETACEOUS CLIMATES
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has highlighted the roles played by
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6.4.2 Palaeobotany Cenomanian flora
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Palaeo-southern Australia Dryland c
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6.7 Time Slice K-6. Late Campanian-
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7.1. Global backdrop SECTION 7 (TER
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Explanations for the PETM are centr
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East Antarctica and strengthening o
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amplifying, pacing and potentially
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southeastern Australia than elsewhe
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7.4 Time Slice T-1. Paleocene [65-5
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Palaeo-southern Australia Unlike no
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Palaeo-central Australia As for the
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7.6.2 Palaeobotany The palaeobotani
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Zone microfloras imply temporary wa
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in the Bass Basin, the basal Seaspr
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Similarly it is difficult to summar
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However, the data are emphatic that
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margin of plateau were cooler (~7 0
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fossil taxa that are morphologicall
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during Late Pleistocene glacial max
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SECTION 8 (CONCLUSIONS) Climatic in
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• On present indications, Early C
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TABLE 8a: INFERRED CRETACEOUS PALAE
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8.2 Results in prospect (recommenda
Page 120 and 121: The 10 μm sieved, oxidised extract
Page 122 and 123: phenology. The method also provides
Page 124 and 125: SECTION 9 (REFERENCES) Acton, G.D.
Page 126 and 127: Ashley, P.M., Duncan, R.A. and Feeb
Page 128 and 129: Birks, H.J.B. and Gordon, A.D., 198
Page 130 and 131: Burnham, R.J., 1989. Relationships
Page 132 and 133: Clarke, J.D.A., 1994. Evolution of
Page 134 and 135: Dettmann, M.E. and Playford, G., 19
Page 136 and 137: Evans, P.R., 1970b. Palynology of H
Page 138 and 139: Godthelp, H., Archer, M., Cifelli,
Page 140 and 141: Harris, W.K., 1974. Biostratigraphy
Page 142 and 143: Hill, R.S., 1994b. Nothofagus smith
Page 144 and 145: Holland, S.M. and Patzkowsky, M.E.,
Page 146 and 147: Australia: paleoceanographic implic
Page 148 and 149: Lindsay, J.M. and Harris, W.K., 196
Page 150 and 151: Macphail, M.K., Colhoun, E.A. and F
Page 152 and 153: McGowran, B. and Beecroft, A., 1985
Page 154 and 155: Morgan, R., 1977. Palynology of Ter
Page 156 and 157: Abstracts of the Annual General Mee
Page 158 and 159: Raymo, M.E., Grant, B., Horowitz, M
Page 160 and 161: Sereno, P.C., 1999. The evolution o
Page 162 and 163: Taylor, G., 1998. Prediction of mod
Page 164 and 165: Webb, L.G., 1968. Environmental rel
Page 166 and 167: Zachos, J.C., Stott, L.D. and Lohma
Page 168 and 169: APPENDIX 1 CRETACEOUS DATA 167
Page 172 and 173: Australian assemblages, located on
Page 174 and 175: 2. Officer Basin Dinoflagellates in
Page 176 and 177: 2. TIME SLICE K-2 Age Range: Aptian
Page 178 and 179: Inferred climate The combined data
Page 180 and 181: Dettmann et al. (1992) have argued
Page 182 and 183: 3. TIME SLICE K-3 Age Range: Cenoma
Page 184 and 185: 3.2.2 North-East Australia 1. Carpe
Page 186 and 187: 4. TIME SLICE K-4 Age Range: Turoni
Page 188 and 189: 1. Otway Basin Limited data (Macpha
Page 190 and 191: 5. TIME SLICE K-5 Age Range: Early
Page 192 and 193: Inferred climate The data indicate
Page 194 and 195: 6. TIME SLICE K-6 Age Range: Late C
Page 196 and 197: Contrary to global cooling trends d
Page 198 and 199: Inferred climate The relatively goo
Page 200 and 201: Inferred climate As for regions to
Page 202 and 203: APPENDIX 2 TERTIARY DATA 201
Page 204 and 205: 1. TIME SLICE T-1 Age Range: Paleoc
Page 206 and 207: also include relatively frequent No
Page 208 and 209: Inferred climate Some differences b
Page 210 and 211: Microfloras preserved in the Lower
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Page 214 and 215: 2. TIME SLICE T-2 Age Range: Early
Page 216 and 217: Inferred climate Climates appear to
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2.2.5 Central southern Australia Ha
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a number of distinctive Proteaceae
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Inferred climate The Regatta Point
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3. TIME SLICE T-3 Age Range: Middle
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2. Lake Torrens Basin Abundant leaf
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Dominance is highly variable. For e
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types (M.K. Macphail unpubl. data).
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Dacrycarpus), Euphorbiaceae (Austro
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(possibly upper mesotherm) and drie
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Basin) on the Eyre Peninsula (Alley
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explanation is that a warm water gy
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several taxa, which first appear in
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4. TIME SLICE T-4 Age Range: Oligoc
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Inferred climate The southern limit
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The lowest and possibly the oldest
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Dominants include fresh to brackish
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Based on the relative abundance of
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(Morgan 1977, McMinn 1981a, Martin
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common (up to 5-6%) in the middle s
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Polypodiaceae, Palmae (Dicolpopolli
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Strasburgeriaceae. Proprietary info
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Rare taxa which first appear in the
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Correlative microfloras in the onsh
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impression of floristic impoverishm
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(Lophosoria) reached Tasmania befor
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2. Otway Basin Oxygen isotope strat
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5. TIME SLICE T-5 Age Range: Late M
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Casuarinaceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeoca
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maximum temperature of the hottest
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Nothofagus-gymnosperm temperate rai
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5.2.7 Tasmania Late Neogene sedimen
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