Joint Research Centre (JRC)

Training Course on Animal Welfare During the Transport, Giulianova, 28 January 2009 – preliminary results of the STAT project 1
Joint Research Centre (JRC)
IPSC - Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen
Ispra - Italy
Study on
Temperatures during Transport
http://ipsc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
http://www.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
G Fiore, J Hofherr , F Natale, S Mainetti, E Ruotolo

Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
Objectives of the study
Very little information available on the temperatures
livestock is exposed to in commercial transports along the
main trade flows in Europe
JRC carries out a study for DG SANCO to provide a better
picture and to
• Compare actual practice with temperature standards in
force and standards proposed by scientists
– following the important flows of livestock in the EU
– reflecting variety of the climatic conditions
• Identify the possible gap and negative consequences of
existing practices and trade flows
2

Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
Temperature thresholds
The recorded temperatures have been compared with the following thresholds.
Species Type/
weight
/age
Pigs ≤ 30 kg
>30 kg
Cattle ≤ 6 months
>6 months
Sheep Full fleece
Shorn
Temperature range in
force (Reg.(EC) 1/2005)
Minimum
(ºC)
Minimum
(ºC)
5 (±5) 30 (±5)
Temperature ranges recommended by
EFSA
Minimum*
(ºC)
14
10
5
0
0
10
Maximum adjusted
for humidity (ºC)
RH 80 %
32
25 (30)*
30
30
28
32
29
25 (30)*
Goats 6 30 27
Equidae - - -
*with mechanical ventilation and misting devices
27
27
25
29
3

Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
Extent of the study
What period Feb – Oct 2008 (- Feb 2009)
What animal transports
○ Commercial
○ Mainly long journeys (> 8 hours)
○ Livestock:
• Pigs < > 30 kg
• Cattle < > 6 months of age
• Sheep < > 6 months of age
• Goats
• Horses
4

Some main long journey transport routes
Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
Pigs < 30 kg
Pigs > 30 kg
Cattle < 6 mo
Cattle > 6 mo
Sheep
Goats
Horses
Sources of data for trade flows
TRACES
Additional information from FVO
EUROSTAT Intra community trade
5

Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
Transporters and vehicles
Participating transport companies and trucks
Transport
companies
Number of vehicles
2 (DK, NL) 8
4 (DE, IT, PL)
1 (IT)
1 (IT)
2 (IT, PL)
10
7
2
2
2
21
Mainly used for Types of vehicle
Pigs 5 trucks (+ 2 trailers), 3 semi-trailers
Cattle 3 trucks, 4 semi-trailer
Sheep 2 semi-trailers
Pigs, cattle, sheep 2 semi-trailers
Horses 1 truck, 1 semi-trailer
9 trucks (+2 trailers),
12 semi-trailers
6

Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
Temperature and humidity recording
Temperature/relative humidity recorded with sensors combined with data
loggers
– Loggers set to record every 15 minutes over the entire data collection
period
Protected with a cage
7

Principle location of the sensors/data loggers
Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
• not to install in direct flow of a mechanical ventilator
• no direct contact of sensors with metal parts of the chassis
8

Problems encountered with recordings
Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
Very little problems with the temperature/humidity sensors,
Out of 113 sensors/data loggers initially installed in the trucks
• 1 damaged by animals,
• 4 sensors of 2 vehicles stopped functioning after several journeys
(probably due to the way to wash the vehicles),
• 1 not anymore accessible (vehicle breakdown)
Journey records
• Journey logs could not provide reliable time of start, rests and end of the
journeys – often not completely filled in, only information on the planning
• low returns of information by drivers on journey events (e.g. ventilation),
however in few cases this could be integrated with data from navigation
systems (exact position + speed)
9

Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
Data related to animal journeys
278,450 records related to 515 animal journeys (with more than
175,000 transported animals)
Category of animals Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Tot journeys Nr fo animals
Bovines < 6 Mo 2 8 9 10 5 4 5 5 1 49 7147
Bovines > 6 Mo 11 7 18 10 9 13 8 9 2 87 3098
Goats 2
1
3 2230
Horses 6 4 6 9 7 9 6 7 7 61 1029
Other 1 1 31
Pigs 30 kg 22 18 4 15 18 15 10 7 109 19517
Sheep < 6 Mo 3 9 4 4 3 3 2 28 19313
Sheep > 6 Mo 3 1 4 2 1 11 5895
Total 67 58 67 76 53 76 56 49 13 515 175811
17 Journeys included ferry transport
- 12 journeys with bovines
- 5 journeys with pigs
10

Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
Trade Flows
Main flows of commercial animal transports 2006 coverage in study
Pigs
Cattle
Sheep
Origin Destination % of trade % of journeys recorded in study
41 %
19 %
36 %
France, Germany Russia ?
of export 7 %
Hungary, Spain Italy 22 % of ICT in sheep 67 %
Romania Italy, Spain 22 % of import of sheep 14 %
Goats Netherlands France, Spain 75 % of ICT in goats 100 % of journeys with goats
Horses
Denmark Germany
Denmark, Netherlands Italy, Spain, Poland
France, Poland Italy, Spain
Poland Italy 36 % of ICT in horses 36 %
Romania, Bulgaria Italy
16 %
of ICT in pigs
of ICT in cattle
of import of horses
26 %
19 %
48 %
36 %
of journeys with pigs
of journeys with cattle
of journeys with sheep
of journeys with horses
11

Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
3 days, 108
Duration of animal journeys
4 days, 56
more than 4 days, 24
less than 8 hours, 82
2 days, 245
12

Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
13
Example of temp variation during one week
• strong variation among sensors in the different positions and over
time
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
00
00
00
00
01
01
01
01
02
02
02
02
03
03
03
03
04
04
04
04
05
05
05
05
06
06
06
06
07
07
07
07
08
08
08
08
09
09
09
09
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
00
00
00
00
01
01
01
01
02
02
02
02
03
03
03
03
04
04
04
04
05
05
05
05
06
06
06
06
07
07
07
07
08
08
08
08
09
09
09
09
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
00
00
00
00
01
01
01
01
02
02
02
02
03
03
03
03
04
04
04
04
05
05
05
05
06
06
06
06
07
07
07
07
08
08
08
08
09
09
09
09
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
00
00
00
00
01
01
01
01
02
02
02
02
03
03
03
03
04
04
04
04
05
05
05
05
06
06
06
06
07
07
07
07
08
08
08
08
09
09
09
09
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
00
00
00
00
01
01
01
01
02
02
02
02
03
03
03
03
04
04
04
04
05
05
05
05
06
06
06
06
07
07
07
07
08
08
08
08
09
09
09
09
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
00
00
00
00
01
01
01
01
02
02
02
02
03
03
03
03
04
04
04
04
05
05
05
05
06
06
06
06
07
07
07
07
08
08
08
08
09
09
09
09
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
00
00
00
00
01
01
01
01
02
02
02
02
03
03
03
03
04
04
04
04
05
05
05
05
06
06
06
06
07
07
07
07
08
08
08
08
09
09
09
09
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Temperature C
Animal journey back-down back-up front-down front-up

Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
Differences between positions
Differences of the 4 sensors within a vehicle
• On average 3.5° C difference between the highest and lowest
temperature at the different sensors for a given moment
• in 6.7% of cases differences of more than 10° C
• larger differences in central hours of the day
14

Correlations between sensors semi-trailer
Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
Back-down Back-up Front-down Front-up
Back-down 1.00 0.92 0.96 0.92
Back-up 0.92 1.00 0.87 0.98
Front-down 0.96 0.87 1.00 0.89
Front-up 0.92 0.98 0.89 1.00
Weakest points of correlation
15

Correlations between sensors truck and trailer
Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
back-downback-downback-upback-upfront-downfront-downfront-upfront-uptrailertrucktrailertrucktrailertrucktrailertruck back-down-trailer 1,00 0,90 0,91 0,84 0,98 0,91 0,92 0,88
back-down-truck 0,90 1,00 0,89 0,93 0,92 0,92 0,90 0,95
back-up-trailer 0,91 0,89 1,00 0,94 0,93 0,82 0,99 0,93
back-up-truck 0,84 0,93 0,94 1,00 0,87 0,83 0,94 0,98
front-down-trailer 0,98 0,92 0,93 0,87 1,00 0,90 0,95 0,90
front-down-truck 0,91 0,92 0,82 0,83 0,90 1,00 0,84 0,90
front-up-trailer 0,92 0,90 0,99 0,94 0,95 0,84 1,00 0,94
front-up-truck 0,88 0,95 0,93 0,98 0,90 0,90 0,94 1,00
Weakest points of correlation
16

Correlations on different types of vehicles
Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
• stronger correlations in mono-volume vehicles compared to multitier
vehicles
17

Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
Daily variations
• sinusoidal variation linked to the effect of solar radiation
• amplified effect for the sensors in the upper tier
25
20
15
10
5
0
00:00
00:30
01:00
01:30
02:00
02:30
03:00
03:30
04:00
04:30
05:00
05:30
06:00
06:30
07:00
07:30
08:00
08:30
09:00
09:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
13:00
13:30
14:00
14:30
15:00
15:30
16:00
16:30
17:00
17:30
18:00
18:30
19:00
19:30
back down
back up
external
front down
front up
20:00
20:30
21:00
21:30
22:00
22:30
23:00
23:30
18

Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
Movement of the vehicle
• movement of the vehicle mitigates the effect of solar radiation and
nightly irradiation on the roof of the vehicle
• movement of vehicle produces higher temp in front up compared to
back up
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
back down
back up
external
front down
front up
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thuersday Friday Saturday
19

Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
Temperatures with animals on vehicle
• differential of front down due to animals during winter and with temp

Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
Temperatures with animals
• differential of front down due to animals more evident in the case of
pigs
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Bovines < 6
Mo
Bovines > 6
Mo
Horses Other Pigs 30 kg Sheep < 6
Mo
Sheep > 6
Mo
front-down
ext
21

Relative humidity during animal transports
Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
• values on average around 80%
• decrease during movement of the vehicle
• negative correlation temperature-humidity (stronger in upper tier)
Sensor position Correlation coefficient
front-up -0.69
front-down -0.43
back-up -0.69
back-down -0.54
external -0.61
22

30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
Impact of high temperatures thresholds
% of times the
threshold was
exceeded
% of journeys with
at least one case
of non-compliance
average nr of noncompliances
per
journey
35º C 1% 13% 1
30º C 10% 48% 11
EFSA 13% 52% 14
February March April May June July August September October
40%
35%
30%
25%
Reg. 1/2005 + 5°C
Reg. 1/2005
20%
EFSA
15%
10%
5%
0%
Bovines < 6 Mo Bovines > 6 Mo Goats Horses Pigs 30 kg Sheep < 6 Mo Sheep > 6 Mo
23
Reg. 1/2005 + 5°C
Reg. 1/2005
EFSA

Duration of consecutive periods above 30º C
Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
13% (78/581)
24

60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
January (*)
February
Impact of low temperatures thresholds
% of times the
threshold was
exceeded
% of journeys with
at least one case
of non-compliance
average nr of noncompliances
per
journey
0º C 1%, 2%(*) 6% 1
5º C 6%, 10%(*) 26% 7
EFSA 14%, 20%(*) 44% 15
* Simulated on the basis of 2007/2008 climatic conditions
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November (*)
December (*)
35%
30%
25%
20%
Reg. 1/2005 - 5°C
Reg. 1/2005
EFSA
15%
10%
5%
0%
Bovines < 6 Mo Bovines > 6 Mo Goats Horses Pigs 30 kg Sheep < 6 Mo Sheep > 6 Mo
25
Reg. 1/2005 - 5°C
Reg. 1/2005
EFSA

Duration of consecutive periods below 5º C
Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
26

Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
High temperatures and humidity and THI
THI = 0.8 T + RH (T-14.4) + 46.4
0.5% THI>84
27
88.5% THI

Duration of consecutive periods with THI>74
Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
28

Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
Impact of climatic conditions
29

Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
Impact of climatic conditions
average number of days in the EU outside the 5 – 30° C
thresholds in force for the year 2008, 2007 and 2006.
nr of days
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2006 2007 2008
min temp=30
30

Training Course on Animal Welfare during the Transport – Giulianova 28/01/2009
Thanks for your attention
The JRC website about Animal Welfare in Transportation is regularly
updated including a mail box:
http://awt.jrc.it
Joint Research Centre
Institute for Protection and Security of the Citizen
Traceability and Vulnerability Assessment Unit
TP 361
I-21027 ISPRA (VA) / Italy
Tel: +39 0332 78 9515
Fax +39 0332 78 6280
31