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corpus. (Note, however, that Hockett 1958: 110 considers economy to be the “least useful
and most vague” of the basic principles for evaluating phonemic analyses.) Second, it
does not account for the co-occurrence restrictions between the off-glides and the
following vowel.
A second solution is suggested by Sampson (1985) for the Banda language
Tangbago. He posits two additional vowel phonemes, the diphthongs 9= 9= 9= and = =, = = where the
secondary articulations are interpreted as on-glides to the vowel =. This solution accounts
for the tautomorphemic distributional restriction of the secondary articulations before =.
In addition, there is an economy of phonemes in that only two additional ones are needed.
However, there are a couple of disadvantages to this solution. First, it does not
account for the co-occurrence restrictions between the secondary articulations and the
preceding consonants. These must be stipulated separately. Second, it does not account
for the data resulting from subminimal root augmentation, a process which prevents
monosyllabic nouns, which is discussed in Section 6.1. For example, the word C= C= C= C=
‘animal’ occurs in Mbandja, but the reduplicated forms, *=C= =C= =C= =C= and *C=C= C=C= C=C=, C=C= do not. In
Langbasi, the entire syllable is reduplicated resulting in the form C=C= C=C=. C=C= C=C= In Mono, only
the vowel is reduplicated in this set of nouns. For example: =@= =@= ‘leg’, K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( ‘water’, F
‘dance’, etc. If labialization or palatalization were the initial part of a phonemic
diphthong, we would expect the diphthong to reduplicate in its entirety, yielding =C= =C= =C= =C= in
Mono. Instead, only = reduplicates, giving =C= =C=. =C= =C= This suggests that the = = = = sequence is
analyzable, and is thus not a single phoneme.
A third solution is posited by Cloarec-Heiss (1969) for the Banda language Linda.
She adds an additional syllable pattern CVV to the inventory by virtue of the fact that
several vowel sequences are attested in Linda, E= E=, E= E E, E E = =, = = = =, = =
1 and that there are tones on
= =, = = K K, K K = =, = = =A =A.
=A
1 Diki-Kidiri & Cloarec-Heiss (1985) mention the following vowel sequences in Linda: EK
EK EK, EK E E, E E E= E=, E=
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