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(3) Tautomorphemic words containing contour tones
>=(=(=(= >=(=(=(= >=(=(=(= >=(=(=(= ‘shallow’
BJ5A BJ5A BJ5A BJ5A ‘fever’
C>=@A(A C>=@A(A C>=@A(A C>=@A(A ‘pineapple’
D=(= D=(= D=(= D=(=
‘empty-handed’
=BA(A =BA(A =BA(A =BA(A
‘coffee’ (borrowed from French)
J( J( J( J(
‘how much/how many’
F( F(@H F( F( @H @H @H ‘nudity’
F( F( F( F(
‘close together’
KK( KK( KK( KK(
‘anew’
@K(K @K(K @K(K @K(K ‘five’
C>=(=(H( C>=(=(H( C>=(=(H( C>=(=(H( ‘funeral’
J( J( J( J(
‘clean’
J5=(=C>A@A
J5=(=C>A@A J5=(=C>A@A
J5=(=C>A@A ‘calf’
J5==(= J5==(= J5==(= J5==(=
‘hyrax’
M=(= M=(=
‘very much’
‘smooth, flat’
Note that contour tones occur in three words which are common in discourse:
@K(K @K(K @K(K @K(K ‘five’, J( J( J( J( ‘how much/how many’, and M=(= M=(= ‘very much’.
Third, while minimal pairs are not found in my corpus due to the rarity of such
examples in Mono, my language resource persons differentiate three types of falling
tones in tautomorphemic environments, labeled HL, HM, and ML in (4). 1
(4) HL HM ML
[CS>=@AV CS>=@AV CS>=@AV] CS>=@AV *[CS>=@AU] *[CS>=@A] ‘pineapple’
*[M=V] [M=U M=U M=U] M=U *[M=] ‘very much’
*[BVJ5A] *[BUJ5A] [BJ5A BJ5A BJ5A] BJ5A ‘fever’
Finally, in at least one case, there is a minimal pair between two falling tones in a
heteromorphemic environment. According to my analysis, one results from a HM
combination, and one results from a HL combination, as shown in (5). The word =(
=(
=( ‘REL’
is a relative clause marker. See Section 2.1.4 for a discussion of the status of the glottal
stop in this example.
(5) a. =( =( =( = = = = [=V] ‘that we (incl.)’
b. =( =( = = = = [=U] ‘that we (excl.)’
respectively.
1 The tone letters [V U ] (IPA 1999) indicate falling, high-falling, and low-falling tones,
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