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Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1986. The lexicostatistical base of Bennett and Sterk’s reclassification of Niger-Congo with particular reference to the cohesion of Bantu. Studies in African Linguistics 17.69-83. Scott, David Clement. 1929. Dictionary of the Nyanja language: Being the encyclopaedic dictionary of the Mang’anja language. London: United Society for Christian Literature, Lutterworth Press. Sebeok, T. A. (ed.). 1971. Linguistics in sub-Saharan Africa. (Current trends in linguistics 7). The Hague, Paris: Mouton. Segerer, Guillaume. 1995. Remarques sur la phonologie de la langue duru. Paris: Université de Paris 3, Sorbonne Nouvelle, Mémoire de DEA. Semur, Serge. 1997. Lexique migaama-français. Édition provisoire. Chad: Catholic Church. Smalley, William A. 1989. Manual of articulatory phonetics. Revised edition. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. Stallcup, Kenneth Lyell. 1978. A comparative perspective on the phonology and noun classification of three Cameroon grassfields Bantu languages: Moghamo, Ngie, and Oshie. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Ph.D. dissertation. Stetson, R. H. 1951. Motor phonetics: A study of speech movement in action. 2nd edition. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co. Stewart, John M. 1965. Three Akan-Bantu sound correspondences. Paper presented at the Fifth West African Languages Congress, Legon, Ghana. Stewart, John M. 1976. Towards Volta-Congo reconstruction (inaugural lecture). Leiden: University Press. Stewart, John M. 1989. Kwa. The Niger-Congo languages, ed. by John Bendor-Samuel, 217-45. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. Tabu, Sunguyase. 1989. L’éducation traditionnelle de la femme mono et sa participation à l’effort de développement. Mbandaka: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural. Tadadjeu, Maurice, and Etienne Sadembouo (eds.) 1979. Alphabet général des langues camerounaises. (Collection PROPELCA 1.) Yaoundé: Université de Yaoundé. Thelwall, Robin. 1980. Trills and flaps. Linguistic studies in honour of Paul Christophersen. Occasional Papers in Linguistics and Language Learning 7, November 1980, 79-84. Coleraine, Northern Ireland: The New University of Ulster. 368
Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le parler ngbaka de Bokanga. Phonologie, morphologie, syntaxe. The Hague: Mouton. Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C.; Luc Bouquiaux; and France Cloarec-Heiss. 1976. Initiation à la phonétique: Phonétique articulatoire et phonétique distinctive. [Paris]: Presses Universitaires de France. Tingbo-nyi-Zonga. 1978. Étude grammaticale de la langue mbandza (dialecte de balawo). Lubumbashi: Centre de Linguistique Théorique et Appliquée. Tisserant, R. P. Charles. 1930. Essai sur la grammaire banda. (Travaux et mémoires de l’Institut d’Ethnologie 13.) Paris: Institut d’Ethnologie. Tisserant, R. P. Charles. 1931. Dictionnaire banda-français. (Travaux et mémoires de l’Institut d’Ethnologie 14.) Paris: Institut d’Ethnologie. Tisserant, R. P. Charles. 1950. Catalogue de la flore de l’Oubangui-Chari. (Mémoires de l’Institut d’Etudes Centrafricaines 2.) Brazzaville. Toqué, G. 1906. Essai sur le peuple et la langue banda. Paris: J. André. Toronzoni, Ngama. 1989. Description du ngbandi. Langue oubanguienne du nord-ouest du Zaïre. Brussels: Université Libre de Bruxelles Ph.D. dissertation. Trubetzkoy, N.S. 1969. Principles of phonology. Translated by Cristiane A. M. Baltaxe. Berkeley: University of California Press. Tucker, A.N. 1940. The Eastern Sudanic languages, Volume 1. London: Oxford University Press (for the International Institute of African Languages and Cultures). Tucker, A. N., and M. A. Bryan. 1956. The non-Bantu languages of North-Eastern Africa. (Handbook of African Languages 3.) London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute. Tucker, A.N., and M.A. Bryan. 1966. Linguistic analyses: The non-Bantu languages of North-Eastern Africa. London, New York, Capetown: Oxford University Press (for the International African Institute). Ubels, Edward, and Virginia Ubels. 1980. Phonology of Kara. Yaoundé: SIL. Ms. Van Bulck, G., and P. Hackett. 1956. Report of the Eastern team (Oubangui to Great Lakes). Linguistic Survey of the Northern Bantu Borderland 1 (part II). London: Oxford University Press (for the International African Institute). Van Everbroeck, René. n.d. Dictionnaire Lingala-Français (Maloba ma lokóta Lingála- Français). Kinshasa: Éditions l'Épiphanie. 369
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
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Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
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ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
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This dissertation is dedicated to t
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There are several languages in the
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The Bubanda region is located to th
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convincing. More will be said about
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Her phonological analysis consists
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study informing the internal classi
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men hunt small game, but large game
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third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
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of Lingala is reduced, both for men
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language. Also, code switching is n
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Finally, several documents dealing
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with the contrast between sounds, a
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CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
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4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
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Mono consonants share several trait
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Despite the fact that the labial fl
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The data in (1) show sample contras
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However, contrasts are readily atte
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case of the pronouns. If the pronou
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2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
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If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
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The data in (19) show sample contra
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= Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
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CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
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(3) Tautomorphemic words containing
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3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
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(13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
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Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
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CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
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tongue position in addition to a pr
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However, this is not what we find.
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4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
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each vowel in the sequence. She con
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consonant to be lower in sonority t
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entire word as its domain, which wo
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phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
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is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
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. Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
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this is that these words bear stres
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Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
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(3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
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the words, ‘far’, F F F F
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The adjective == == == == ‘small
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One question which arises is whethe
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1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
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In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
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contains several morphemes are term
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(2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
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Second, certain adjectives are lexi
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Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
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(13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
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element begins with a vowel, vowel
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Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
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121) considers this to be an unprod
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document clearly the formal propert
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Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
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(31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
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There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
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7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
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(45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
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(49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
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which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
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CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
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This chapter consists of four parts
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Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
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Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
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languages on one hand (Degema and t
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Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
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Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
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oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
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In the tokens I examined, then, I f
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ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
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labial-velar stops is shorter than
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formant transitions at the release
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(1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
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Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
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Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
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Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
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start of or H. The second vowel wa
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Words with only two syllables shoul
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presence of a nasal formant at the
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Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
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Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
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transition from the secondary artic
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linguistic universals and tendencie
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The two secondary articulations fou
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APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
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( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
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20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
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33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
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( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
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( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
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( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
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( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
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9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
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Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
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=@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
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== == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
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(( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
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@A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
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A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
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C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
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C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
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ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
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=5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
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=>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
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= = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
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F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
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C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
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H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
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— @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
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C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
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(C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
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I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
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J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
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— J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
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KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
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M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
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=M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
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APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
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changes to Greenberg’s work. This
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Williamson bases much of her classi
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original division between the two b
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Stewart and Williamson interpret th
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C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
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Third, the supposedly borrowed word
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Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
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Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
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is already satisfied, and thus form
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The second major issue with respect
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difference of syllable structure) a
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published and personally elicited.
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languages compared. Consider a triv
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sound correspondences, and thus has
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in that they most often come about
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approximating gross groupings, ther
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The International Phonetic Alphabet
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One question which arises immediate
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Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
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This is identical to what Catford (
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D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
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7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
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(4) Contrast with other labial soun
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(7) Sample lexical items in Karang
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which are shown in (11). Third, the
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distribution of the labial flap bea
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In addition, we provide evidence co
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South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
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the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
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ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
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words are found in those subgroups.
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‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
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Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
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the Méré dialect in the words CKL
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Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
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Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
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Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
Page 331 and 332: (23) Secondary articulations I(
Page 333 and 334: (36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
Page 335 and 336: MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
Page 337 and 338: Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
Page 339 and 340: Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
Page 341 and 342: Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
Page 343 and 344: Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
Page 345 and 346: Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
Page 347 and 348: Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
Page 349 and 350: Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
Page 351 and 352: Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
Page 353 and 354: Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
Page 355 and 356: Table F.3, continued. (12)
Page 357 and 358: Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
Page 359 and 360: Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
Page 361 and 362: Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
Page 363 and 364: Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
Page 365 and 366: Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
Page 367 and 368: Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
Page 369 and 370: REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
Page 371 and 372: Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
Page 373 and 374: Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
Page 375 and 376: Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
Page 377 and 378: International Phonetic Association.
Page 379 and 380: McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
Page 381: Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
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