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Ohala, John J., and Haruko Kawasaki. 1984. Prosodic phonology and phonetics. Phonology Yearbook 1.113-27. Olivier, Roland. 1979. Cameroun - the Bantu cradleland? Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 1.7-20. Olson, Kenneth S. 1996. On the comparison and classification of Banda dialects. CLS 32: Papers from the Main Session, ed. by Lise M. Dobrin, Kora Singer, and Lisa McNair, 267-83. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society. Olson, Kenneth S., and Brian E. Schrag. 1997. An overview of Mono phonology. Paper presented at the 2nd World Congress on African Linguistics, July 27 through August 3, 1997, Leipzig, Germany. Pairault, Claude. 1969. Documents du parler d’Iro. Paris: Klincksieck. Palayer, Pierre. 1970. Éléments de grammaire sar (Tchad) (Études linguistiques 2.) Lyon: Afrique et langage/Fort-Archambault: College Charles Lwanga. Palayer, Pierre. 1992. Dictionnaire sar-français, Tchad. Paris: Geuthner. Parker, Kirk. 1985. Baka phonology. Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages 4.63-85. Juba, Sudan: Summer Institute of Linguistics, Institute of Regional Languages and University of Juba College of Education. Pasch, Helma. 1986. Die Mba-Sprachen: Die Nominalklassensysteme und die genetische Gliederung einer Gruppe von Ubangi-Sprachen. Hamburg: Helmut Buske. Payne, Thomas E. 1997. Describing morphosyntax: A guide for field linguists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Perrin, Mona, and Margaret V. Hill. 1969. Mambila (parler d'Atta): Description phonologique. Yaoundé: Université Fédérale du Cameroun, Section de Linguistique Appliquée. Peterson, Gordon E., and Harold L. Barney. 1952. Control methods used in a study of the vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 24.175-84. Peterson, Gordon E., and Ilse Lehiste. 1960. Duration of syllable nuclei in English. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 32.693-703. Phillipson, D.W. 1977. The spread of the Bantu language. Scientific American 236.106- 14. Pike, Kenneth L. 1947. Phonemics: A technique for reducing languages to writing. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Pike, Kenneth L., and Eunice V. Pike. 1947. Immediate constituents of Mazateco syllables. International Journal of American Linguistics 13.78-91. 366
Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario Ndogo - Italiano - Ndogo. Trieste: Universita di Trieste/Roma: Missionari Comboniani. Pulleyblank, Douglas. 1986. Tone in lexical phonology. Dordrecht: D. Reidel. Richardson, Irvine. 1957. Linguistic survey of the northern Bantu borderland, vol 2. London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute. Robbins, Camille. c1984. Mbanza phonology. Ms. Robins, R.H. 1970 [1957]. Aspects of prosodic analysis. Prosodic analysis, ed. by F.R. Palmer, 188-200. London: Oxford University Press. Russell, Jann M. 1985. Moba phonology. Sydney: Macquarie University M.A. thesis. Samarin, William J. 1966. The Gbeya language: Grammar, texts, and vocabularies. (University of California Publications in Linguistics 44.) Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Sampson, Douglas. 1985. A preliminary phonological overview of Banda-Tangbago. Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages 4.133-52. Juba, Sudan: Summer Institute of Linguistics, Institute of Regional Languages, and University of Juba College of Education. Santandrea, Stefano. 1950. Indri - Togoyo - Ndogo - Feroge - Mangaya - Mondu: comparative linguistics. Verona, Italy: Missioni Africane. Santandrea, Stefano. 1961. Comparative outline-grammar of Ndogo, Sere, Tagbu, Bai, Bviri. Bologna, Italy: Editrice Nigrizia. Santandrea, Stefano. 1965. Languages of the Banda and Zande groups: A contribution to a comparative study. Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale. Santandrea, Stefano. 1970. Brief grammar outlines of the Yulu and Kara languages. Bologna, Italy: Editrice Nigrizia. Sapir, Edward. 1921. Language: An introduction to the study of speech. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Company. Schachter, Paul. 1971. The present state of African linguistics. Linguistics in sub-Saharan Africa (Current trends in linguistics 7), ed. by T. A. Sebeok, 30-44. The Hague/Paris: Mouton. Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1981. Das Kordofanische. Die Sprachen Afrikas, Band 1, Niger- Kordofanisch, ed. by B. Heine, T.C. Schadeberg, and E. Wolff, 117-28. Hamburg: Helmut Buske. 367
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
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Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
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ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
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This dissertation is dedicated to t
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There are several languages in the
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The Bubanda region is located to th
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convincing. More will be said about
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Her phonological analysis consists
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study informing the internal classi
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men hunt small game, but large game
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third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
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of Lingala is reduced, both for men
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language. Also, code switching is n
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Finally, several documents dealing
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with the contrast between sounds, a
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CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
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4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
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Mono consonants share several trait
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Despite the fact that the labial fl
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The data in (1) show sample contras
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However, contrasts are readily atte
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case of the pronouns. If the pronou
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2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
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If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
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The data in (19) show sample contra
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= Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
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CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
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(3) Tautomorphemic words containing
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3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
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(13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
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Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
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CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
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tongue position in addition to a pr
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However, this is not what we find.
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4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
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each vowel in the sequence. She con
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consonant to be lower in sonority t
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entire word as its domain, which wo
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phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
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is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
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. Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
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this is that these words bear stres
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Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
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(3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
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the words, ‘far’, F F F F
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The adjective == == == == ‘small
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One question which arises is whethe
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1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
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In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
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contains several morphemes are term
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(2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
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Second, certain adjectives are lexi
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Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
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(13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
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element begins with a vowel, vowel
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Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
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121) considers this to be an unprod
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document clearly the formal propert
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Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
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(31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
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There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
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7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
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(45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
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(49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
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which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
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CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
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This chapter consists of four parts
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Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
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Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
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languages on one hand (Degema and t
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Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
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Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
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oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
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In the tokens I examined, then, I f
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ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
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labial-velar stops is shorter than
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formant transitions at the release
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(1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
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Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
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Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
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Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
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start of or H. The second vowel wa
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Words with only two syllables shoul
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presence of a nasal formant at the
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Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
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Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
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transition from the secondary artic
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linguistic universals and tendencie
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The two secondary articulations fou
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APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
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( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
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20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
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33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
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( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
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( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
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( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
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( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
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9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
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Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
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=@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
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== == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
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(( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
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@A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
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A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
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C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
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C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
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ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
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=5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
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=>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
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= = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
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F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
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C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
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H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
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— @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
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C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
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(C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
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I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
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J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
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— J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
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KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
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M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
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=M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
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APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
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changes to Greenberg’s work. This
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Williamson bases much of her classi
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original division between the two b
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Stewart and Williamson interpret th
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C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
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Third, the supposedly borrowed word
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Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
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Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
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is already satisfied, and thus form
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The second major issue with respect
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difference of syllable structure) a
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published and personally elicited.
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languages compared. Consider a triv
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sound correspondences, and thus has
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in that they most often come about
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approximating gross groupings, ther
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The International Phonetic Alphabet
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One question which arises immediate
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Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
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This is identical to what Catford (
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D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
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7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
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(4) Contrast with other labial soun
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(7) Sample lexical items in Karang
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which are shown in (11). Third, the
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distribution of the labial flap bea
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In addition, we provide evidence co
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South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
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the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
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ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
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words are found in those subgroups.
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‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
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Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
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the Méré dialect in the words CKL
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Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
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Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
Page 329 and 330: Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
Page 331 and 332: (23) Secondary articulations I(
Page 333 and 334: (36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
Page 335 and 336: MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
Page 337 and 338: Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
Page 339 and 340: Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
Page 341 and 342: Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
Page 343 and 344: Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
Page 345 and 346: Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
Page 347 and 348: Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
Page 349 and 350: Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
Page 351 and 352: Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
Page 353 and 354: Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
Page 355 and 356: Table F.3, continued. (12)
Page 357 and 358: Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
Page 359 and 360: Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
Page 361 and 362: Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
Page 363 and 364: Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
Page 365 and 366: Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
Page 367 and 368: Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
Page 369 and 370: REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
Page 371 and 372: Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
Page 373 and 374: Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
Page 375 and 376: Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
Page 377 and 378: International Phonetic Association.
Page 379: McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
Page 383 and 384: Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
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